1.The growth of the railroads led to the abolition of local times, from city to city, and to the establishment of regional times.
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2.Scientists have recently discovered what could be the largest and oldest living organism on Earth, a giant fungus that is an interwoven filigree of mushrooms and rootlike tentacles
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1中黑体部分修饰临近的local times，而2中黑体部分则修饰an interwoven filigree。请问：
1.1中黑体部分为什么不会被看作修饰the abolition（只能修饰最近的名词？）？
1'.去掉determined前的逗号会产生什么效果？
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2.2中黑体部分为什么不会被看作修饰rootlike tentacles（of mushrooms and rootlike tentacles也是定语，不能双层修饰？）？
2'.在spawned by前加逗号会产生什么效果？
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