ISSUE:
Recently there is a debate over whether …..Some people assert
that.., while other people believe that…As a matter of fact, the
issue of whether ….. is a complex and controversial one. Different
people hold different views due to their distinct backgrounds.
Therefore, there is not a universal answer to this question, and
whether one choice takes precedence over the other may quite depend
on the specific situation. The decision, nevertheless, is not an
easy one to make. Actually, the final judgment should rely on a
case-by-case analysis. As far as I am concerned, however, I agree
that …. , and do not agree that….. My view can be greatly
substantiated by the following discussions.
The first argument that can be presented to develop my position is
that… A good example may be found in the case that… Under this
circumstance, it is obvious that….
In addition, there is another reason for me to choose this
statement. The reason is not far to seek…. To illustrate, let us
consider that … Hence, another equally important aspect is that….
Admittedly, it may be true that …. in some conditions. However, this
alone does not constitute a sufficient support to claim that
….,Actually, these cases are rare and therefore are too specific and
too weak to strengthen the view that…When the advantages and
disadvantages of x and y are carefully examined, the most striking
conclusion is obvious that…
To sum up, due to the above mentioned reasons, which sometimes
correlate with each other to generate an integrate whole and thus
become more convincing than any single one of them, we may be
comfortable to say that …., because….
ARGUMENT
In this argument, the author concludes that… To support his
conclusion, the author points out that…. In addition, the author
reasons that… Further more, he also assumes that … . At first
glance, the author’s argument appears to be somehow appealing, while
a close examination will reveal how groundless it is. We do not have
to look very far to see the invalidity of this argument. This
argument is problematic for the following reasons.
In the first place, this argument rests on a gratuitous assumption
that …. The author unfairly assumes that…. However, the assumption
is questionable because the author provides no evidence to support
this argument. The arguer fails to take into account other facts
that might contribute to the result that …….. It is likely that ,
……………..; it is also likely that ………………………… Any of these
scenarios,
if true, would show that ………………….. (72)
Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such
possibility.
In the second place, the argument commits a logic fallacy of “after
this and therefore because of this”. In no case can the mere fact
that… be cited as evidence to support the assumption that there is a
causal-effect relationship between A and B. Moreover, that just
because B can be statistically correlated with A does not
necessarily mean that A is the cause of B. In fact, the author has
obviously neglected the possibility of other alternative facts such
as…, or … may contribute to a certain extent to B. It may be only a
coincidence that …… . Unless the author can rule out other factors
relevant to …, this assumption in question can not be accepted.
In the third place, the evidence that the author provides is
insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. One example is
rarely sufficient to establish a general conclusion. Unless the
arguer can show that A1 is representative of all A, the conclusion
that B… is completely unwarranted. In fact, in face of such limited
evidence, it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all.
In the fourth place, the argument has also committed a false analogy
fallacy. The argument rests on the assumption that A is analogous to
B in all respects, and the author assumes without justification that
all things are equal, and that the background conditions have
remained the same at different times or at different locations.
There is, however, no guarantee that this is the case. Nor does the
author cite any evidence to support this assumption. Lacking this
assumption, the conclusion that … is entirely unfounded. In fact, it
is highly doubtful that the facts drawn from B are applicable to A.
Differences between A and B clearly out weight the similarities,
thus making the analogy highly less than valid. For example, A...,
however, B.... Thus, it is likely much more difficult for B to
do....
In addition, the conclusion unjustifiably relies on the poll while
the validity of the survey itself is doubtful. The poll cited by the
author is too vague to be informative. The claim does not indicate
who, when, how and by whom the survey is conducted, neither does it
mention what is the sample size, or how the samples are selected.
Until these questions are answered the results are worthless as
evidence to support that….
Besides, the author assumes that A and B are mutually exclusive
alternatives. However, the author has never offered any reasons or
evidences for imposing an either/or choice. Common sense and
observation tells us that adjoining both A and B might produce
better results.
To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence
cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the
author claims. To make the argument more convincing concerning…. ,
the arguer would have to provide more information that………………. The
arguer should also demonstrate that……………….to make this argument
logically acceptable. (51)
Since the author commits the above mentioned logical mistakes and
fails to consider the whole situation comprehensively, his ideas
should not be adopted. The conclusion would be strengthened if he….
In conclusion, the arguer fails to substantiate his claim that ….
Because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong
support to what the arguer claims. To strengthen the argument, the
arguer must convince us that…. In addition, the arguer could have to
provide more precise information to support his claim.
It is entirely possible that management has become lax regarding any
number of factors that can affect the bottom line such as inferior
products, careless product pricing, inefficient production, poor
employee expense monitoring, ineffective advertising, sloppy buying
policies and other wasteful spending.
