The term “episodic memory” was

introduced by Tulving to refer to what he

considered a uniquely human capacity—

Line the ability to recollect specific past events,

(5) to travel back into the past in one’s own

mind—as distinct from the capacity simply

to use information acquired through past

experiences. Subsequently, Clayton et al.

developed criteria to test for episodic

(10) memory in animals. According to these

criteria, episodic memories are not of

individual bits of information; they involve

multiple components of a single event

“bound” together. Clayton sought to

(15) examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate

memory of “what,” “where,” and “when”

information and their binding of this infor-

mation. In the wild, these birds store food

for retrieval later during periods of food

(20) scarcity. Clayton’s experiment required

jays to remember the type, location, and

freshness of stored food based on a unique

learning event. Crickets were stored in one

location and peanuts in another. Jays

(25) prefer crickets, but crickets degrade

more quickly. Clayton’s birds switched

their preference from crickets to peanuts

once the food had been stored for a certain

length of time, showing that they retain

(30) information about the what, the where,

and the when. Such experiments cannot,

however, reveal whether the birds were

reexperiencing the past when retrieving the

information. Clayton acknowledged this by

using the term “episodic-like” memory.

Q9:

It can be inferred that the author of the passage and Clayton would both agree that

1. the food preferences of the scrub jays in Clayton’s experiment are difficult to explain
2. the presence of episodic memory cannot be inferred solely on the basis of observable behavior
3. Clayton’s experiment demonstrated that scrub jays do not reexperience the past but do exhibit episodic-like memory

4. Tulving substantially underestimated the ability of animals to bind different kinds of information
5. Clayton’s experiment had certain fundamental design flaws that make it difficult to draw any conclusions about scrub jay’s memories

我选c,答案是b，why？就要考试了，望牛牛指点

顶，这个题我的答案是c,而我选的是b，所以到底哪一个对，为什么？

b的原因：episodic memory” as distinct from the capacity simply