☆☆内容☆☆
本心法包含以下几部分：一、新东方GMAT班孙远的作文讲义（分为arguement和issue两部分）；二、800SCORE作文指导的关键部分（Ch 4: About the E-rater，对机器判分的说明）（本部分全是英文，再懒的人也必须耐着性子一个字一个字地看进去）；三、其他要注意的问题；四、提防假冒机经和假冒大侠（闲话）。
★GMAT作文之Argument讲义★
一、 Prep Tips
1. 熟悉题库里的所有题目，弄懂每个词、每句话，对题中的逻辑错误了如指掌。
2. 掌握开头、结尾的模式。
3. 理解、背诵写作提纲。
4. 背诵基本句型。
5. 多多练习写作。
二、 开头句式
略
三、 Cracking Surveys
1. What Procedure was used in conducting the survey? #117
2. How large was the Sample? #26
3. Are the statistics complete? #99 #132
4. Do the statistics make a difference? #105
5. When was the survey conducted? #94
6. Who conducted the survey? #12
7. Are the statistics misleadingly precise or too vague?
数据是否“精确”得无法获得？（与题库无关）
Too vague: many/majority/百分比无基数 #116
8. What questions will be asked? （误导）#8
a. Loaded Questions （有暗示的问题）
“如果中国的未来依赖于国企的繁荣，那我们是否该将国企私有化？”
b. Complex Questions（复合型问题）
“为了找到一个理想的结婚伴侣，你希望尝试交往几个异性朋友呢？”
c. False Dilema （虚假的非此即彼选项）
“解决台湾问题应该采取空中打击还是抢滩登陆？”（实际上还有其他选择）
9. Are the respondents forthright? （被访者是否如实回答了问题）（与题库无关）
四、 Cracking Logical Fallacies:
1. 论据不足就下结论 Hasty Generalization/Neglect of Relevant Evidence #118 #96
2. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc (After this, therefore because of this)
即时序性因果错误，仅因A发生于B之前，就推定A导致B。#108
3. Concurrence（同时性逻辑错误，仅因两者同时发生，就推定有因果关系。）#27
4. Causal oversimplification #106
即因果关系简单化，对复杂的问题给予过于简单的回答。
5. False analogy（不考虑背景差异的错误类比）#124
6. Incomplete or selective comparison #36
7. Composition（整体与部分关系的逻辑错误）#74
对于整体来说是正确的判断，对于其组成部分却不一定适用；反之亦然。
8. Begging the question/Circular reasoning #112
把有待证实的关键假设当作以被证明的事实来使用。
如：她对我说她爱我。她说的是真话，因为没有人会对自己所爱的人撒谎。
9. False or questionable authority #68
10. Equivocation #35
模棱两可，同一概念在上下文中的含义不一致。
11. False dilemma（参见Cracking Survey的相关部分）
12. Non sequitur（非因果关系）
13. Straw argument/Straw man argument
树立一个很容易攻击的靶子，而回避实质性的问题或要害问题。
将对方未讲的话强加于对方然后进行批驳。
14. Ad hominem(Personal attack)
15. Red herring（转移注意力）
16. Slippery slope
如：你不来上我的课——你的作文考不好——你出不了国——你的人生是个彻底的失败，即从你不来上我的课推出你的人生是个彻底的失败这个结论。
（以上12~16在题库中未涉及）
五、 正文部分的写作
一般写两个成熟的段落即可，对于复杂的题目可以写三段，最多四段（一般不用，段数太多每段都很难写完整）。
正文每段开头都应该是清楚、明确的主题句，或指出逻辑错误类型，或说arguer错误地假设了什么(The arguer unfairly assumes that...)。
1. 句型
略
2. 正文的论证方法
1) 推测
句型
It is likely/possible that...
It is equally possible that...
It is unlikely/impossible that...
Perhaps/Possibly,...
One/Another possibility is that...
May/Might...
p.108第三段
2) 假设
If从句
... , if so/in this case, ...
Even if...
Granted that..., 从句(We cannot insure/assume that)
Unless...
p.117最后一段 p.230#3
六、 结尾段落的写作
p.69 p.71 p.72
第一句：说明作者没能支持自己的结论；第二、三句：说明作者可以从正文主题句所表明的几个方面加强原论证（不要重复正文主题句的老话，要换种说法）。
★GMAT作文之ISSUE讲义★
一、 ISSUE的特点：
1. 题目是有争议的话题，不是简单的yes或no的问题，不是简单的“喜欢哪个”的问题。#87；p.6例文
2. 提倡创造性，有独到视角。高分关键：思想深度/语言完美。低分：模式化、雷同/观点浅薄/语法错误。建议：不要背范文/下苦功夫提高语言水平/选取立场时要注意考虑在哪个观点上有发挥的余地，而不要考虑谁对谁错。
二、 Prep Tips
1. 内容上：
1) 有清晰的立场
2) 有大量的证据，正文部分的分析要用事实（数据、事例、名人名言、故事、亲身经历等）说话。
2. 结构上：
文章开头、正文、结尾清楚
长度比例：正文>开头+结尾
头尾各一段，正文三段，共五段
“让步”的问题
3. 论证上：
策略：
逻辑：避免过于绝对、武断
不用：undoubtedly/always/certainly/I strongly hold/I firmly believe
可用：may/to a large degree
4. 语言上：
1) 承上启下（过渡）
段与段之间/段落内部——用信号词（见教材）
2) 句式变换
3) 词汇多样性
4) 语法错误尽量少（十个以内小错误不会影响拿五分）
5) 标点（见教材）
6) 语言与证据：用好“工具箱”
三、 写作步骤（六步）p.238 限时训练 自查清单
四、 “头脑风暴”
在草稿纸上进行：
☆ 自由联想（练习时）
☆ 定向联想（考试时）
有个定向的立场 #89
寻找突破口：
1. 政治、经济、文化、社会
2. 衣食住行（常识）
3. 物质、精神
4. 个人、社会
5. 古今中外
☆ 快速纪录
☆ 三级结构：立场-->观点-->例子（详见笔记）
五、 Case Study p.63
六、 开头模式：
1. 提问——回答——立场
排比结构
人称问题：正文部分不要过多使用I/You/You see/You can imagine
七、 典型立场
1. 完全赞同Agree #15
#46#47#74#105#106#108#110#119#129
2. 完全反对Disagree #13
#23#28#31#109#117#120
3. 有保留地赞同Agree with Concession #51
#57#107#111#112#114
4. 有保留地反对Disagree with Concession #101
5. 具体问题具体分析Refuse to Take a Side
#44#69#94#104#118
八、 文章结构：
1. 正文三段：support1-support2-support3
p.83例13（#33）
2. 正文三段：support1-support2-concession
或concession-support1-support2
注意过渡：
3. 正文三段：side A support1-side A support2-side B support1
正文四段：
side A support1-side A support2-side B support1-side B support2
正文两段：side A support-side B support
p.79例9（#23）p.88例20（#62）
另：p.220~221练习。
九、 Issue开头模式及写法：(p.211~213)
1. 背景描述+立场申明p.73.#1
p.12.#3
2. 陈述相互冲突的观点+表明立场
p.96-29.(#86)
3. 问句+典型回答（题目中的基本观点）+自己的立场 p.64;p.65
4. 问句+立场
5. 题目观点+做出回答（提出立场）p.90-22.(#70)
p.211-6 p.212-19
6. 申明立场+简要说明理由 p.92-24
7. 格言、谚语或引语+自己立场God helps those who help themselves.
十、 正文部分的论证技巧和基本策略：
1. 例证 p.92-24 (#74)
p.14 #16不太好写
2. 故事、案例、个人经历 p.93-25 (#77)
Topic Sentence+过渡句
数据
3. 权威
4. 类比 p.75-4 (#15)
p.13 #10（较难）
5. 演绎：大前提—小前提—结论 p.12 #5 p.354-15
“善用工具箱”
十一、结尾部分的模式：
1. 重申自己的立场 p.81-10 (#24) p.215
2. 重申立场+总结理由 p.85-15 (#37)
☆☆第二部分：800SCORE作文指导的关键部分：Chapter 4: About the E-rater☆☆
（内有机器判分的原理、方法、过程，让你准备作文更有针对性，免得在“文学”方面瞎费功夫。）
☆What the E-rater Grades☆
The E-rater is a distant cousin of the search engine robots that scan content of web sites to determine how relevant they are to search terms (such as that used by Alta Vista or the "concept searching" Excite search engine). The E-rater will read your essays and look for phrases that indicate competent reasoning.
The E-rater uses a stored battery of hundreds graded essays for each of the 280 essay questions. The E-rater has sample 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 score essays for each topic. The E-rater will evaluate your essay in terms of the stored essays in the E-rater's database. If the essay you wrote resembles the stored "6" essays in the E-rater's database, you will get that score. If your essay better resembles the "5's" in the E-rater's memory, you will get a "5" from the E-rater.
That is why it is so important to read the 20 sample essays we have. You will see how well written arguments are structured and you will learn the proper style necessary to impress both the E-rater and the human grader.
☆What the E-rater doesn't grade☆
The E-rater cannot detect certain things, such as humor, spelling errors or grammar. It analyzes structure through using transitional phrases, paragraph changes, etc. It evaluates content through comparing your score to that of other students. If you have a brilliant argument that uses an unusual argument style, the E-rater will not detect it.
The E-rater does, however, detect spelling and grammar indirectly. If your transition phrases and logical identifiers (e.g.- "therefore", "for example") are not properly spelled the E-rater will not detect them. Since the E-rater uses the presence of such transitional phrases as an indicator of effective writing, you are indirectly penalized if they are not spelled correctly.
☆Does the E-rater impact human graders? ☆
The E-rater potentially puts pressure on human graders. Human graders will create problems if they constantly disagree with the E-rater and force third graders to look over the essay (this raises cost). Although this is speculative and ETS employees refuse to confirm it, the only logical conclusion is that human graders must try to conform to E-rater standards. In this way, the E-rater acts as a managerial tool to double-check graders and keep them in line. Subjectivity and bias are an anathema to standardized tests such as the GMAT. The bottom line: don't rely on your essay being appealing to the human grader and hope he will give you a high grade to counter a low E-rater grade. Try to follow the E-rater rules.
☆What are the implications for the GMAT student? ☆
On the Issue Essay:
You should not try any bold or original approaches in your essay. The essay should be written in a simple and organized fashion. If you write a boldly original piece, do not expect the human grader to acknowledge the quality of your writing.
On the Argument Essay:
The E-rater makes more sense on the Argument Essay because it is able to tell if you have identified the argument's logical flaw. The E-rater stores hundreds of essays for each essay question and you should use keywords that correspond the stored "6" essays. When you have identified the logical flaws the essay questions, (use our "usual suspects" section to identify logical flaws), make sure to state the precise logical flaws. This way the E-rater is able to detect that you have identified the correct logical flaws.
☆Fooling the E-rater: ☆
Make your essay highly rigid in structure. Make it look, in its organization, like other 5 and 6 essays.
Clearly demarcate sections using phrases such as "for example", "therefore", etc..
Use qualifiers judiciously. The E-rater will associate careful use of qualifiers with high scorers.
Read our 20 Real Essays essays to get a flavor for how "6" score writing is done. （这20篇范文我仔细研读了一下，写得又短又懒，还有仇华情绪——有个地方称中国为流氓国家，所以没列在这里。好奇的战友可去“GMAT之路”下载：http://mygmat.myetang.com/，或者去http://www.5117.com/forgmat/ 下载800score的完全版。）
Use the exact terminology we do in the Usual Suspects section to identify logical reasoning flaws in the Argument Section.
☆Errors that will ruin your score with the E-rater (DO NOT): ☆
1. Write an essay in a unique and creative fashion. The E-rater will be evaluating you relative to other writers, so a unique argument structure will always backfire.
2. Misspell key phrases, such as "for example" and "therefore". The E-rater will not pick this up and assume that you did not use transition phrases.
3. Throw in jokes and other unneeded commentary. The E-rater will not detect the meaning under your writing, only its structure, so making clever comments will not raise your score.
4. Use unusual references that no other business school student would use. The E-rater uses other scorers as a template based on how well you resemble other scorers. On the Analysis of Issue question, if you do use unusual examples, try to use concept keywords and a tight structure.
5. Avoid or overuse qualifiers such as "likely", "should", etc...(link to qualifiers). Smart people use qualifiers, which means the high scorers in the E-rater's database will be filled with essays saturated with qualifiers. However, do not overuse qualifiers or it will dilute your essay.
6. Use a unique and clever rhetorical device that spices up your essay.
7. Follow Steve Jobs' clever advertising campaign for Apple "Think Different". For the AWA it is "Think the Same". You want to write as "6" scorers write. The Analysis of Issue section, in particular, is an exercise in conformity. Write opinions in the mainstream of intellectual thought.作者: gigi 时间: 2002-11-12 09:35
