Recently biologists have been
interested in a tide-associated
periodic behavior displayed by
Line the diatom Hantzschia virgata, a
(5) microscopic golden-brown alga that
inhabits that portion of a shoreline
washed by tides (the intertidal zone).
Diatoms of this species, sometimes
called “commuter” diatoms, remain
(10) burrowed in the sand during high
tide, and emerge on the sand sur-
face during the daytime low tide.
Just before the sand is inundated by
the rising tide, the diatoms burrow
(15) again. Some scientists hypothesize
that commuter diatoms know that it
is low tide because they sense an
environmental change, such as an
alteration in temperature or a change
(20) in pressure caused by tidal move-
ment. However, when diatoms are
observed under constant conditions
in a laboratory, they still display
periodic behavior, continuing to bur-
(25) row on schedule for several weeks.
This indicates that commuter diatoms,
rather than relying on environmental
cues to keep time, possess an inter-
nal pacemaker or biological clock
(30) that enables them to anticipate peri-
odic changes in the environment.
A commuter diatom has an unusu-
ally accurate biological clock, a
consequence of the unrelenting
(35) environmental pressures to which
it is subjected; any diatoms that do
not burrow before the tide arrives
are washed away.
This is not to suggest that the
(40) period of this biological clock is
immutably fixed. Biologists have
concluded that even though a
diatom does not rely on the envi-
ronment to keep time, environmental
(45) factors—including changes in the
tide’s hydrostatic pressure, salin-
ity, mechanical agitation, and
temperature—can alter the period
of its biological clock according to
(50) changes in the tidal cycle. In short,
the relation between an organism’s
biological clock and its environment
is similar to that between a wristwatch
and its owner: the owner cannot
(55) make the watch run faster or slower,
but can reset the hands. However,
this relation is complicated in intertidal
dwellers such as commuter diatoms
by the fact that these organisms are
(60) exposed to the solar-day cycle as
well as to the tidal cycle, and some-
times display both solar-day and
tidal periods in a single behavior.
Commuter diatoms, for example,
(65) emerge only during those low tides
that occur during the day.
Q28:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
确认E，题目问的是写做目的。所以E的identify符合题意。
我觉得选D。
这篇文章应该是包含2个方面的：1 生物钟的作用2 生物钟被环境所调节。
E的主要问题是它只提了第2个方面：环境因素对生物钟的影响。
而且limit effectiveness这个词感觉用的不准确。
我也是在D和E之间徘徊了好久，最终选了E，文章开头科学家针对一个现象提出假说，后来试验反驳了这个假说。进而进一步解释文章开头的现象。题干问写作目的，D和E之间区别很小。我最后排除D就觉得D的这个词examine.觉得E的identify这个词用的好。
不过现在觉得还是D好，examine的意思应该是调查，不是测试，下午把他看成测试了，觉得不对。理解成检查D就非常正确了。
Q15 to Q18; V03-Q23-26
Why firms adhere to or deviate
from their strategic plans is poorly
understood. However, theory and
Line limited research suggest that the
(5) process through which such plans
emerge may play a part. In particular,
top management decision-sharing—
consensus-oriented, team-based
decision-making—may increase the
(10) likelihood that firms will adhere to their
plans, because those involved in the
decision-making may be more com-
mitted to the chosen course of action,
thereby increasing the likelihood that
(15) organizations will subsequently adhere
to their plans.
However, the relationship between
top management decision-sharing and
adherence to plans may be affected
(20) by a firm’s strategic mission (its fun-
damental approach to increasing
sales revenue and market share, and
generating cash flow and short-term
profits). At one end of the strategic
(25) mission continuum, “build” strategies
are pursued when a firm desires to
increase its market share and is willing
to sacrifice short-term profits to do so.
At the other end, “harvest” strategies
(30) are used when a firm is willing to
sacrifice marked share for short-term
profitability and cash-flow maximiza-
tion. Research and theory suggest
that top management decision-sharing
(35) may have a more positive relationship
with adherence to plans among firms
with harvest strategies than among
firms with build strategies. In a study
of strategic practices in several large
(40) firms, managers in harvest strategy
scenarios were more able to adhere
to their business plans. As one of the
managers in the study explained it,
this is partly because “typically all a
(45) manager has to do when implementing
a harvest strategy is that which was
done last year.” Additionally, man-
agers under harvest strategies may
have fewer strategic options than do
(50) those under build strategies; it may
therefore be easier to reach agreement
on a particular course of action
through decision-sharing, which will
in turn tend to promote adherence
(55) to plans. Conversely, in a “build”
strategy scenario, individual leader-
ship, rather than decision-sharing,
may promote adherence to plans.
Build strategies—which typically
(60) require leaders with strong perso-
nal visions for a firm’s future, rather
than the negotiated compromise
of the team-based decision—may
be most closely adhered to when
(65) implemented in the context of a clear
strategic vision of an individual leader,
rather than through the practice of
decision-sharing.
17:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
这篇文章的答案选E到是没什么争议的。
我认为选D是正确的。这个要从全文理解。
原文作者写了那么多，最终的目的不是为了要identify certain environmental factors的(E答案中that引导从句修饰这个factor，句子的重心在environmental factors),如果是要达到这样的目的，那么开头一般应该提出一种说法说以前有人认为environmental factors是怎样怎样，然后经过作者的调查，identify了一些environmental factors。但这篇文章开头明显是说大家要开始研究这个生物的一些习性啦。然后后面提出有人假设是环境影响，但实验证明环境不是主要影响，主要影响是biological方面的。第二段又说虽然环境不是主要影响因素，但也影响了一些东西。
D答案完美的展现了这两个方面，而且包含全文主要的讨论对象behavioral rhythms displayed by the diatom Hantzschia virgata，呵呵。
所以D是正确答案
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