Passage 1 (Q7-Q9)

Seventeenth-century

philosopher John Locke

stated that as much as

Line 99 percent of the value of

(5) any useful product can be

attributed to “the effects of

labor.” For Locke’s intellec-

tual heirs it was only a short

step to the “labor theory of

(10) value,” whose formulators

held that 100 percent of the

value of any product is gen-

erated by labor (the human

work needed to produce

(15) goods) and that therefore the

employer who appropriates

any part of the product’s

value as profit is practicing

theft.

(20) Although human effort is

required to produce goods

for the consumer market,

effort is also invested in

making capital goods (tools,

(25) machines, etc.), which are

used to facilitate the produc-

tion of consumer goods. In

modern economies about

one-third of the total output of

(30) consumer goods is attribut-

able to the use of capital

goods. Approximately two-

thirds of the income derived

from this total output is paid

(35) out to workers as wages and

salaries, the remaining third

serving as compensation

to the owners of the capital

goods. Moreover, part

(40) of this remaining third is

received by workers who

are shareholders, pension

beneficiaries, and the like.

The labor theory of value

(45) systematically disregards

the productive contribution of

capital goods-- a failing for

which Locke must bear part

of the blame.

你有21套？？还没有见过这套题哦