Essay #6.  196     

According to P. F. Drucker, themanagement philosophy known as Total Quality Management (TQM), which isdesigned to be adopted consistently throughout an organization and to improvecustomer service by using sampling theory to reduce the variability of a product'squality, can work successfully in conjunction with two older managementsystems.  As Drucker notes, TQM'sscientific approach is consistent with the statistical sampling techniques ofthe "rationalist" school of scientific management, and the organizationalstructure associated with TQM is consistent with the social and psychologicalemphases of the "human relations" school of management.

However, TQM cannot simply begrafted onto these systems or onto certain other non-TQM managementsystems.  Although, as Drucker contends,TQM shares with such systems the ultimate objective of increasingprofitability, TQM requires fundamentally different strategies.  While the other management systems referredto use upper management decision-making and employee specialization to maximizeshareholder profits over the short term, TQM envisions the interests ofemployees, shareholders, and customers as convergent.  For example, lower prices not only benefitconsumers but also enhance an organization's competitive edge and ensure itscontinuance, thus benefiting employees and owners.  TQM's emphasis on shared interests isreflected in the decentralized decision-making, integrated production activity,and lateral structure of organizations that achieve the benefits of TQM.

Question #19.  196-01  

The primary purpose of the passageis to

(A) point out contradictions in anew management system

(B) compare and contrast theobjectives of various management systems

(C) identify the organizational features shared by variousmanagement systems

(D) explain therelationship of a particular management system to certain other managementsystems

(E) explain the advantages of aparticular management system over certain other management systems

为什么答案是d。。。。不懂。。