introduced by Tulving to refer to what he

considered a uniquely human capacity—

Line
the ability to recollect specific past events,

(5)
to travel back into the past in one’s own

mind—as distinct from the capacity simply

to use information acquired through past

experiences.
Subsequently, Clayton et al.

developed criteria to test for episodic

(10)
memory in animals.
According to these

criteria, episodic memories are not of

individual bits of information; they involve

multiple components of a single event

“bound” together.
Clayton sought to

(15)
examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate

memory of “what,” “where,” and “when”

information and their binding of this infor-

mation.
In the wild, these birds store food

for retrieval later during periods of food

(20)
scarcity.
Clayton’s experiment required

jays to remember the type, location, and

freshness of stored food based on a unique

learning event.
Crickets were stored in one

location and peanuts in another.
Jays

(25)
prefer crickets, but crickets degrade

more quickly.
Clayton’s birds switched

their preference from crickets to peanuts

once the food had been stored for a certain

length of time, showing that they retain

(30)
information about the what, the where,

and the when.
Such experiments cannot,

however, reveal whether the birds were

reexperiencing the past when retrieving the

information.
Clayton acknowledged this by

using the term “episodic-like” memory.

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7. Q8:

According to the passage, part of the evidence that scrub jays can bind information is that they

showed by their behavior that they were reexperiencing the past used information acquired through past experiences assessed the freshness of food that had been stored by other jays remembered what kind of food was stored in a particular location
• recollected single bits of information about sources of food

我选B，D和B好像很难区分对错耶

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8. Q9:

It can be inferred that the author of the passage and Clayton would both agree that

the food preferences of the scrub jays in Clayton’s experiment are difficult to explain the presence of episodic memory cannot be inferred solely on the basis of observable behavior Clayton’s experiment demonstrated that scrub jays do not reexperience the past but do exhibit episodic-like memory Tulving substantially underestimated the ability of animals to bind different kinds of information
• Clayton’s experiment had certain fundamental design flaws that make it difficult to draw any conclusions about scrub jay’s memories

我选C，为什么B是对的呢？C没有错啊