1－Q9 to Q12

自然科学 现象解释型:

Over the last 150 years, large

stretches of salmon habitat have

been eliminated by human activity[z1] :

Line mining, livestock grazing, timber

(5) harvesting, and agriculture as well

as recreational and urban devel-

opment. The numerical effect is

obvious: there are fewer salmon

in degraded regions than in pris-

(10) tine ones; however, habitat loss

also has the potential to reduce

genetic diversity. This is most

evident in cases where it results

in the extinction of entire salmon

(15) populations. Indeed, most

analysts believe that some kind

of environmental degradation

underlies the demise of many

extinct salmon populations.

(20) Although some rivers have

been recolonized, the unique

genes of the original populations

have been lost.

Large-scale disturbances in

(25) one locale also have the potential

to alter the genetic structure of

populations in neighboring areas,

even if those areas have pristine

habitats. Why? Although the

(30) homing instinct of salmon to their

natal stream is strong, a fraction

of the fish returning from the sea

(rarely more than 15 percent)

stray and spawn in nearby

(35) streams. Low levels of straying

are crucial, since the process

provides a source of novel

genes and a mechanism

by which a location can be

(40) repopulated should the fish

there disappear.[z2] Yet high rates

of straying can be problematic

because misdirected fish may

interbreed with the existing stock

(45) to such a degree that any local

adaptations that are present

become diluted. Straying

rates remain relatively low when

environmental conditions are

(50) stable, but can increase dramati-

cally when streams suffer severe

disturbance. The 1980 volcanic

eruption of Mount Saint Helens,

for example, sent mud and debris

(55) into several tributaries of the

Columbia River. For the next

couple of years, steelhead trout

(a species included among the

salmonids) returning from the

(60) sea to spawn were forced to

find alternative streams. As

a consequence, their rates of

straying, initially 16 percent,

rose to more than 40 percent

(65) overall.

Although no one has quantified

changes in the rate of straying

as a result of the disturbances

caused by humans, there is no

(70) reason to suspect that the effect

would be qualitatively different

than what was seen in the

aftermath of the laceType w:st="on">MountlaceType> laceName w:st="on">SaintlaceName>

Helens eruption. Such a dra-

(75) matic increase in straying from

damaged areas to more pristine

streams results in substantial

gene flow, which can in turn lower

the overall fitness of subsequent

generations.

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Q9:主题题（关注转折句）

The primary purpose of the passage is to

1. argue against a conventional explanation for the extinction of certain salmon populations and suggest an alternative
2. correct a common misunderstanding about the behavior of salmon in response to environmental degradation caused by human activity
3. compare the effects of human activity on salmon populations with the effects of natural disturbances on salmon populations 只有在二段中有提及，细节。

4. differentiate the particular effects of various human activities on salmon habitats
5. describe how environmental degradation can cause changes in salmon populations that extend beyond a numerical reduction

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Q10:信息题－可以定位

It can be inferred from the passage that the occasional failure of some salmon to return to their natal streams in order to spawn provides a mechanism by which 产生的一个机制

which a location can be repopulated should the fish there disappear.

1. pristine streams that are near polluted streams become polluted themselves
2. the particular adaptations of a polluted stream’s salmon population can be preserved without dilution
3. the number of salmon in pristine habitats decreases relative to the number in polluted streams
4. an environmentally degraded stream could be recolonized by new salmon populations should the stream recover
5. the extinction of the salmon populations that spawn in polluted streams is accelerated

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Q11直接事实题:

According to the passage, human activity has had which of the following effects on salmon populations?

been eliminated

1. An increase in the size of salmon populations in some previously polluted rivers 反
2. A decline in the number of salmon in some rivers

3. A decrease in the number straying salmon in some rivers 二段细节
4. A decrease in the gene flow between salmon populations that spawn in polluted streams and populations that spawn in pristine streams
5. A decline in the vulnerability of some salmon populations to the effects of naturally occurring habitat destruction

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Q12:in order to 题型

The author mentions the “aftermath of the Mount Saint Helens eruption” (lines 73-74) most likely in order to

主要是进行对比

1. provide an example of the process that allows the repopulation of rivers whose indigenous salmon population has become extinct
2. indicate the extent to which the disturbance of salmon habitat by human activity in one stream might affect the genetic structure of salmon populations elsewhere

3. provide a standard of comparison against which the impact of human activity on the gene flow among salmon populations should be measured
4. show how salmons’ homing instinct can be impaired as a result of severe environmental degradation of their natal streams
5. show why straying rates in salmon populations remain generally low except when spawning streams suffer severe environmental disturbance

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