标题: AA 全总结![转帖] [打印本页] 作者: Q30 时间: 2002-10-27 21:03 标题: AA 全总结![转帖]
我的AA心得--这次只在这里发表了!总结了前人的经验,也有些自己的观点.
希望对大家有帮助!
Argument
1st paragraph
In this argument, the arguer concludes/recommends that ______.To support this conclusion, the arguer pointed out/provides evidence that ____.In addition, he reasons/asserts/infers that _______.Furthermore/moreover, he also indicates that ____. At first glance, the author's arguments appears to be somehow appealing/convincing, but further reflection reveals that it suffers from several logical flaws. /that it is based on some doubtful /questionable /problematic /unwarranted assumption.
The editorial recommends that___ /According to the article in the magazine ____.
Last paragraph
1. To sum up, the author's conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer claims. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to provide more/specific information concerning____ /that ____. The arguer should also demonstrate that_______ to make this argument logically acceptable.
2.Since the author commits the above mentioned logical mistakes and fails to consider the whole situation comprehensively, his conclusion should not be adopted. The conclusion would be strengthened if the author could convince us that _____.Additionally, the author should consider _______.
中间段
1. 错误类比 (false analogy)
In the first place, the apparent fallacy is that the argument suffers from a reasoning that is based on a false analogy./he arguments is based on a false analogy. The fact that A____/the example the arguer cites that A___ has nothing to do with B___./ The assertion that "the same principle applies to do with B" is too presumptuous to be accepted. It may be true that certain similar aspects do exist, but the striking differences between A and B should be the first focus as far as this issue is concerned. For example, A___, however, B___. Clearly /therefore, the argument is unwarranted.
2. 无因果联系 (Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc/ After This and Therefore Because of This")
The argument suffers/commits a logic fallacy of "After This and Therefore Because of This". The author has never established any casual relationship between A and B. The mere fact that A coincide with B does not necessarily prove the author's assumption that A caused B./is insufficient to conclude that A was the case of B. Many other factors, (such as _____)could bring about these same results. (for example____).In addition, it may be only a coincidence that _____. Unless the author can provide sound evidence to demonstrate that it was A that solely account for B, the conclusion is problematic.
The author has never established any casual relationship between A and B. A, just one element of the whole operation, is neither sufficient or essential in accounting for B. Based only on this phenomenon that B follows A, the author arbitrarily concludes that A causes B.
In no case can the mere fact that ___ be cited as evidence to support the assumption that there is a casual-effect relationship between A and B. In fact, it is an unwarranted assumption. The author has obviously neglected the possibility that other alternative facts such as ___, _____, or _____may contribute to a certain extent to B. It may be only a coincidence that ______. Because the author has never eliminate these possibilities, the assumption in question can not be accepted.
加强:
The author must provide detailed information about other factors besides A that may exert impacts, negative or beneficial on profits.
It must be established that A was the principal cause of B.
To strengthen this argument, the author should rule out the factors that contribute to B.
3. Insufficient-sample
In the first place, the evidence that the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. One example is rarely sufficient to establish a general conclusion. Unless it can be shown that A1 is representative of all A, the conclusion that B is completely unwarranted. In fact, in face of such limited evidence, it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all.
The argument has also committed insufficient-sample fallacy. The conclusion that _____must be based on assumption that what is true of A will likewise be true of most other business. But there must have a colossal differences may have significant implication to how A works. In this case, it is unconvincing to conclude that all business will ________.
加强
the author has to offer information about the difference between A and other business.
4. All things are equal
The author also commits the fallacy of "all things are equal". The fact that happened two years ago is not a sound evidence to draw a conclusion that ___.
The author assumes without justification that the background conditions have remained the same at different times or at different location. However, it is not clear in this argument whether the current conditions at A are the same as they used to be two years ago. Thus It is impossible to conclude that ____.
The author claims that____ because ____.This is an unwarranted assumption because things rarely remain the same from place to place/over extended periods of time. Even ____,but there are all kinds of difference between A and B, such as ___. We cannot safely assumes that _____.
5. Survey/poll is doubtful
The conclusion unjustifiably relies on the poll/study while the validity of the survey is doubtful./the poll cited by the author is too vague to be informative /reliable. The claims does not indicate who/wen/how/by whom the survey is conducted/what can the survey shows/what is the sample size/are the samples randomly taken or with bias. Until these question are answered, the results are worthless as evidence for _____.
6. Eithor-Or choice
The author assumes that____ and ____ are mutually exclusive alternatives. However, the author has never offered any reason or evidence for imposing an either/or choice. Adjusting both A and B might produce better results/common sense tells us that ___ can succeed by doning in both.
7. gratuitous assumption
The author falsely depends on gratuitous assumption that ____./The author unfairly assumes that ____. However, the author does not provide facts to support this argument./there is no necessary case/no evidence is stated in the argument to support this assumption. It is possible that___(反例).Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.
8. Inconsistent fallacy
The major problem with the view expressed in the article is that inconsistent recommendations are endorsed in the argument. On the hand, _____. On the other hand, ____. Obviously,_____ cannot be expected to adhere to both of these recommendations.
