第一部分：argument的结构
     这个只是我个人的一个总结罢了，如果有不对的地方，希望大家给我指出来。
     1、一般传统的argument结构是，premise-premise-conclusion,或者premise-premise-premise-conclusion。这类结构比较容易认识，一般最后一句话就是结论，或者由于一些像hence,therefore等单词引导。
比如：  Vague laws set vague limits on people’s freedom, which makes it impossible for them to know for certain whether their actions are legal. Thus, under vague laws people cannot feel secure.
  这个结构就是：premise: vague laws set vague limits on people's freedom
             premise: which makes it impossible for them to know for certain whether their action are legal
             conclusion: thus, under vague laws people cannot feel secure.
       还有就是一种是四句式的，第一句往往给你介绍一个事物的背景。
比如：  The retina scanner, a machine that scans the web of tiny blood vessels in the retina, stores information about the pattern informed by the blood vessels. This information allows it to recognize any pattern it has previously scanned. No two eyes have identical patterns of blood vessels in the retina. A retina scanner can therefore be used successfully to determine for any person whether it has ever scanned a retina of that person before.
       这里，premise 1：the retina scanner, a machine that scans the web fo tiny blood vessels int he restina, stores information about the pattern informed by the blood vessels.就是介绍背景的。这样的结构很多，往往是第一句介绍某个理论或者一些人对于某件事情的看法，基于什么原因，然后陈述的是另外一批人发现了新的、不一样的理论，然后得出不同的结论。
比如：  Marine biologists have long thought that variation in the shell color of aquatic snails evolved as a protective camouflage against birds and others predators. Brown shells seem to be more frequent when the underlying seafloor is dark-colored and white shells more frequent when the underlying seafloor is light-colored. A new theory has been advanced, however, that claims that shell color is related to physiological stress associated with heat absorption. According to this theory, brown shells will be more prevalent in areas where the wave action of the sea is great and thus heat absorption from the Sun is minimized, whereas white shells will be more numerous in calmer waters where the snails will absorb more heat from the Sun's rays.
    个人感受：这类结构非常容易找到conclusion,往往最后一句句子就是整个argment的结论，因为关注了结论，这类题目在assumption/strengthen/weaken类型的题目中很容易辨别和得出正确的答案。
     2、几种特殊的argument结构：
    （1）结论在首句：这类题目一般有3个完整句子组成，有时候还有四个句子组成。特点是结论在首句，不容易辨别，如果结论辨别错了，会影响对于整个argument的理解。
     比如： The current pattern of human consumption of resources, in which we rely on nonrenewable resources, for example metal ore, must eventually change. Since there is only so much metal ore available, ultimately we must either do without or turn to renewable resources to take its place.
     这个argument的结论就是首句，既有限定从句，又有插入语，结论是人类现代消耗资源的模式最终会逐步的改变。premise是由一个since连接的因果关系，其中ultimately we must either do without or turn to renewable resources to take its place既是一个premise,还是一个subsidiary conclusioin，它充当了2个角色。
    比如有一例子：
    Pedigreed dogs, including those officially classified as working dogs, must conform to standards set by organizations that issue pedigrees. Those standards generally specify the physical appearance necessary for a dog to be recognized as belonging to a breed but stipulate nothing about other genetic traits, such as those that enable breeds originally developed as working dogs to perform the work for which they were developed. Since dog breeders try to maintain only those traits specified by pedigree organizations, and traits that breeders do not try to maintain risk being lost, certain traits like herding ability risk being lost among pedigreed dogs. Therefore, pedigree organizations should set standards requiring working ability in pedigreed dogs classified as working dogs.
   The phrase “certain traits like herding ability risk being lost among pedigreed dogs” serves which one of the following functions in the argument?
      A. It is a claim on which the argument depends but for which no support is given.
      B. It is a subsidiary conclusion used in support of the main conclusion.
      C. It acknowledges a possible objection to the proposal put forth in the argument.
      D. It summarizes the position that the argument as a whole is directed toward discrediting
      E. It provides evidence necessary to support a claim stated earlier in the argument.
   这道题目中，since后面逗号的这句也是一个subsidiary conclusion,这类结构比较复杂，往往需要关注。
    （2）句子只有两句，但是第一句句子往往非常长和难懂。这类结构看懂复杂的那句是关键，不是让你推断两句句子的关系就是问你他们中缺的东西。
    比如： People who have specialized knowledge about a scientific or technical issue are systematically excluded from juries for trials where the issue is relevant. Thus, trial by jury is not a fair means of settling disputes involving such issues.
    再如：The two newest employees at this company have salaries that are too high for the simple tasks normally assigned to new employees and duties that are too complex for inexperienced workers. Hence, the salaries and the complexity of the duties of these two newest employees should be reduced.

第三部分：各个题型分析argument的部位

Luis: There are already traffic reports on the radio. Why would a “smart highway” system be any better?
Eva's argument depends on the assumption that
A. on “smart highways” there would not be the breakdowns of vehicles that currently cause traffic congestion.
B. traffic lights, if coordinated by the system, would assure a free flow of traffic
C. traffic flow in and around cities is not now so congested that significant improvement is impossible
D. the type of equipment used in “smart highway” systems would vary from one city to another.

第四部分：正确答案的模样

第五部分：错误答案的模样

1、在must be的选项中：

（1）有可能正确的选项-can be true or likely to be true:这类选项有可能对，但不是绝对的。

（2）夸大的选项-exaggerated answers:这类选项往往范围过大，和原文不符。比如说：some software vendors,答案会变成most software vendors，还比如Recent advances in the field of molecular biology make it likely that many school textbooks will be rewritten，答案变成Many school textbooks about molecular biology will be rewritten，这里把make it likely给省去了，结果意思全变了。

（3）新元素的选项-new element answer:答案中有新元素是非常有意思的一件事情，在must be 中出现新元素，那一定是错误选项，还有在cannot be 中出现的新元素很多时候也是需要好好推敲的。在assumption/weaken/strengthen/justify/resolve the paradox等类型出现新元素，那就有可能是对的，在以assumption为代表的类型题目，新元素视为整个argument的一部分。

（4）帽子戏法的选项-shell game ：这类选项往往张冠李戴，把A的特性用到了B中去，A和B在argument中都出现过。这类错误选项也是整个logical reasoning出现频率最多的选项中，有时候还利用相似的概念来偷梁换柱，比如dropout rate变成dropout student或者highest dropout rate，这些都需要格外注意的。

（5）相反的答案-opposite answers:这类选择在assumption中可能起到作用，但是在must be 题目中会增强或者削弱题目。

（6）因果关系倒置的选项-reverse answers:比如A导致了B,选项中是B导致了A，这类选项往往和原文中的用词语句都很相似，但是里面的因果关系弄反了。

2、在main idea的选择中：

（1）选项有悖于作者观点的-Answers that are true but do not encapsulate the author’s point.

（2）选项是片面的或者只是重复假设条件的-Answers that repeat premises of the argument.

3、在method of reasoning的选择中：

（1）新元素的选项-new element answer:由于method of reasoning是一个高度概括的题目，所以很多选项都是很抽象，但是会出现一个新元素。

（2）半对半错的选项-half right, half wrong.

（3）夸大的选项-exaggerated answer:

（4）相反的选项-opposite answer

（5）因果关系倒置的选项-reverse answer

比如：

Garbage in this neighborhood probably will not be collected until Thursday this week. Garbage is

usually collected here on Wednesdays, and the garbage collectors in this city are extremely reliable.

However, Monday was a public holiday, and after a public holiday that falls on a Monday, garbage

throughout the city is supposed to be collected one day later than usual.

The argument proceeds by

(A) treating several pieces of irrelevant evidence as though they provide support for the conclusion

(B) indirectly establishing that one thing is likely to occur by directly ruling out all of the alternative possibilities B就是一个半对半错的选项，one thing is likely to是对的，all of the alternative possibilities就是错的，文中没有讲所有的可能性。

• providing information that allows application of a general rule to a specific case

  
  

• generalizing about all actions of a certain kind on the basis of a description of one such action D选项就是过度概括的选项，也是一个因果倒置的选项，文中是总体到一个应用例子，它说反了，而且D的语言也不符合argument的语气，all action说法过于极端。

  
  

(E) treating something that is probable as though it were inevitable. E选项是夸大的选项，没有说inevitable不可避免的，文中只是说supposed to be有可能罢了。

4、在point at issue选择中:

（1）合乎道德和事实的选项-ethical vs factual situation:比如两个讨论一战，一个说是1910年，一个说是1914年，那point at issue是一战的具体时间，而不是一战的参与国有哪些。

（2）双方都同意或者双方都不同意的选项-dual agreement or dual disagreement,比如双方讨论一种食用油里含有危害人体健康的物质，但是A说替代品可以杜绝这类物质危害健康，B说这类食用油里的物质含量没有肉类里的含量高，就算有替代品，人类还是会从别的渠道吸入这类危害物质的，那他们双方讨论的是食用油，但是真正的意思是替代品是不是一个有效的方法杜绝人类吸入这类危害物质。双方涉及的话题，但是不一定是整个argument的焦点所在，有时候只是“影子”部分。

（3）一方不能肯定的选项，就是argument中一方没有具体表达观点的错误选项。

比如：Lea: Contemporary art has become big business. Nowadays art has less to do with selfexpression than with making money. The work of contemporary artists is utterly bereft of spontaneity and creativity, as a visit to any art gallery demonstrates.

Susan: I disagree. One can still find spontaneous, innovative new artwork in most of the smaller, independent galleries.

Lea’s and Susan’s remarks provide the most support for holding that they disagree about whether

(B) most galleries contain some artwork that lacks spontaneity and creativity

(D) some smaller art galleries still exhibit creative new artwork

我当初选了B，我的思路是双方都出现了spontaneity and innovative/creativity的意思，我想那Susan是不同意Lea的大观点，但是在Susan回答Lea中，并没有她的具体表达，而是说了小画廊可以找到一些原创的和新颖的作品。

另外，在point at issue中解法有两种思路：一种是双方很直接的就某个观点提出不同看法，然后找两个人对话的共同点就可以了，还有一种思路是，一方提出一个观点，另一方没有表达整个事物的看法，就表达了自己的不同观点，这个时候只要看后者的不同观点就是正确选项。

第六部分：选项出现新元素的问题

选项出现新元素的问题，即new element在选项中，哪些需要注意的：

1、在must be true、main idea、method of reasoning、point at issue中出现，必定是错误的答案。

2、在assumption、weaken、strengthen、justify、resolve the paradox中出现，可以认为是对于argument的补充，应该细细考虑，很多情况都是正确答案。

第七部分：可以预测答案和不能预测答案

可以预测答案的题型是：must be true、cannot be true、 main idea、method of reasoning、point at issue、 flaw in the reasoning、assumption中的supporter题型、resolve the paradox中surprising low/high success的题型。

不可以预测答案的题型是：weaken、strengthen、 justify、assumption中的defender题型、resolve the paradox中的其余题型、parallel reasoning、evaluate the argument的几种题型，不过不可预测的题型中，weaken/strengthen/justify/assumption可以关注conclusion，parallel reasoning可以推导出模式，evaluate the argument出题人往往从premise入手，其实这些还是可以有路可循的。

第八部分：新旧对比argument

我自己觉得这类题目是很容易错的。新旧对比题目其实需要三个元素：新元素、旧元素和总量，这个和销售额、卖出产品的数量和销售利润是一个模子里的题目。

一般，新+旧=总量；

销售额×卖出的产品数量=总的利润

凡是看到这类题目中的两个元素，马上需要想到第三个元素的存在。

比如：

Beverage company representative: The plastic rings that hold six-packs of beverage cans together

pose a threat to wild animals, which often become entangled in the discarded rings and suffocate as a result. Following our lead, all beverage companies will soon use only those rings consisting of a new plastic that disintegrates after only three days’ exposure to sunlight. Once we all complete the switchover from the old to the new plastic rings, therefore, the threat of suffocation that plastic rings pose to wild animals will be eliminated.

Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the representative’s argument?

这道题目是说新东西替代了旧东西，但是结论是the threat of suffocation that plastic rings，结论是整个旧的和新的加起来，所以很容易认为新的会使威胁野生动物减低，其实是总量能够降低，那weaken的部分必然在old上。