1, The town of Cresset has recently banned smoking in all restaurants within the town limits. There is strong evidence that the ban will prove very damaging to the restaurant business in Cresset. Obviously, smokers who normally dine in Cresset’s restaurants will not want to refrain from smoking during their meals, and since there are plenty of restaurants in adjacent communities, （none of which has antismoking regulations,） that is where those smokers will go. In fact, even （groups composed mostly of nonsmokers will probably choose restaurants outside Cresset,） since, presumably, they would wish to accommodate the smokers among them. Towns other than cresset that have instituted smoking ban in situations similar to Cresset’s have already seen business volume in their restaurants decline.
In the argument given, the two boldface portions play which of the following roles?
A) The first provides evidence to support each of two intermediate conclusions that support the main conclusion; the second states on of those intermediate conclusions.
B) The first is evidence supporting an intermediate conclusion that supports the main conclusion; the second states the main conclusion.
C) The first states an objection to the main conclusion; the second provides evidence to overcome that objection.
D) The first provides support for the main conclusion; the second is evidence that has been used to support the position opposed by the argument.
E) Each states an assumption that is made in argue
A
2, Consumer advocate: It is generally true, at least in this state, that lawyers who advertise a specific service charge less for that service than lawyers who do not advertise. It is also true that （each time restrictions on the advertising of legal services have been eliminated, the number of lawyers advertising their services has increased and legal costs to consumers have declined in consequence. ）However, eliminating the state requirement that legal advertisements must specify fees for specific services would almost certainly increase rather than further reduce consumer’s legal costs. Lawyers would no longer have an incentive to lower their fees when they begin advertising and （if no longer required to specify fee arrangement, many lawyers who now advertising would increase their fees. ）
In the consumer advocate’s argument, the boldface play which of the following roles?
(c) the first is a pattern of cause and effect that the consumer advocate predicts will not hold in the case at issue; the second offers a consideration in support of the prediction.
3, Many cement workers suffer persistent skin ailments that are caused by chromium compounds in cement. （Cement processed in kilns that use hazardous waste as fuel contains substantially higher overall chromium levels than other cement.） There is concern that,（ if the use of hazardous waste as fuel for cement kilns becomes the norm, the incidence of those skin ailments among cement worker will increase）. However, the cement processed in kilns fueled by hazardous waste contains the same levels of the chromium compounds that cause skin ailments as does other cement. Clearly, therefore, it si unlikely that the incidence among cement workers of skin ailments caused by chromium compounds will change because of the use of hazardous waste as fuel.
In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
A) The first provides supports for the position being opposed by the argument as a whole; the second provides support for the conclusion of the argument as a whole.
B) The first provides support for the position being opposed by the argument as a whole; the second states the position being opposed by the argument as a whole.
C) The first states the position being opposed by the argument as a whole; the second provides support for the position being opposed
B
4, Union Official: Several workers who operate a certain type of machine have developed repetitive-motion injury, which is often caused by operation poorly designed machinery. Because physiologist employed by the machine’s manufacturer have found that workers who maintain good posture while using the machine do not risk developing the condition, the manufacture argues that （the machine’s design is not responsible for the worker’s condition）. However, when our own experts （conducted careful trial using both new and experienced machine operators,） they concluded that the machine’s design makes it difficult for workers to maintain good posture while operation it over long periods.
In the union official’s argument, the two boldface portions play which of the following roles?
A) The first gives the position that the union official supports; the second identifies the source of evidence that is offered in support of the union official’s position.
B) The first gives the position that the union official opposes; the second describes the source of evidence that is offered to undermine the manufacturer’s position.
C) The first gives the position that the union official opposes; the second identifies the source of evidence that was offered in support of the manufacturer’s position.
D) The first states an intermediate conclusion that is used to support a further conclusion; the second identifies the source of additional information that is offered in support of that further conclusion.
E) The first provides evidence offered in support of the argument’s conclusion; the second identifies the source of some additional evidence.
B
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