10. Some people say that the scarcity of food is a function of the finite limits of the earth’s resources, coupled with a relentless rate of population growth. This analysis fails to recognize, however, that much of the world’s agricultural resources are used to feed livestock instead of people. In the United States, for example, almost one-half of the agricultural acreage is devoted to crops fed to livestock. A steer reduces twenty-one pounds of inexpensive grain to one pound of expensive meat. Thus, the scarcity of food is not merely a function of limited resources and population growth.
Which one of the following is an assumption that would allow the conclusion in the argument to be properly drawn?
(A) People prefer eating meat to eating grain.
(B) Meat is twenty-one times more expensive than grain.
(C) The limits of the earth’s agricultural resources are not finite.
(D) More than one-half of the agricultural acreage in the United States is devoted to crops fed to humans.
(E) Growing crops for human consumption of the acreage currently devoted to crops for livestock will yield more food for more people.
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本题的关键点是：土地的有限性 与 人口增长之间的关系。
作者的论据：有相当一部分土地被用来种植饲料类作物。
作者的结论：人口增长不会导致粮食的缺乏。
他的前提是：若这部分土地用来种植人类消费的粮食，可以保证增长人口的需要。
A：有部分weaken的作用。因为由于人们偏肉食，则随人口的增长，最肉类的需求会不断增高。由之导致耕种饲料的土地总面积也会增加（由于题目没提到生产技术的问题，所以不用考虑技术的提高，也可提到农业产出），这些土地面积的增加，必定导致生产人类消费的粮食的土地面积的减少。这就会导致粮慌。
B：无关选项。题目中有关这样的信息一点也没有。
最多能考虑成weaken选项，因为肉贵会促使人们种牲口粮食，导致人类消费粮食土地面积的减少，从而导致粮慌。当然，这个推想只是推想。实际上是属于超题目信息的考虑方式。这是GMAT逻辑思维的大忌！
C：直接与原文的信息相反。
D：也是与原文的信息相反。原文是几乎，而D中是肯定。
E：正确选项。
就是我前面写的前提。作者: robert 时间: 2002-10-23 23:19
一个小问题: 9 呢 ？作者: zyh79 时间: 2002-10-23 23:42
9. Free public education is the best form of education there is. Therefore, we must fight to ensure its continued existence; that is, we must be ready to defend the principle of equality of educational opportunity. Because this principle is well worth defending, it is clear that free public education is better than any other form of education.
Which one of the following illustrates the same weak reasoning as found in the passage?
(A) I love music, and that’s why I listen to it constantly. I have my stereo or radio on every waking minute. Since I play music all the time, I must really love it.
(B) Books are my most valuable possessions. My books are like my friends—each pleases me in different ways. Just as I would give up everything to save my friends, so too with my books.
(C) I would much rather be poor and respected than be rich and despised. To have the respect of others is far more valuable than to have millions of dollars.
(D) I have never been betrayed by any of my friends. They have been true to me through good times and bad. Therefore I will never betray any of my friends.
(E) Because every plant I have ever seen has green leaves, I have concluded that all plants must have green leaves. This looks like a plant but it does not have green leaves, so it cannot be a plant.
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这一题是lsat中常见的逻辑相似题，这种题型比较简单，只要弄清楚原文的论证过程即可，无需对结论，前提产生过多联想。
原文中的论证顺序就是因为A，所以B；又因为B，所以A。（循环论证）
符合这种双重因果论证的只有a.
b,d一层因果关系，c,无因果，e,因为A，所以B；又因为非B，所以非A作者: cook 时间: 2002-10-24 03:15
Can I Try 10-17 as the following:
Conclusion: Thus, the (scarcity) of food is not merely a function of limited resources and population growth.
Premise: that much of the world’s agricultural resources are used to feed livestock instead of people. ( eg: In U.S, 1/2 the agricultural acreage -> Livestock. A steer consume 21 pounds gain, produing 1 pound meat)
Asking: Assumption to make the conclusion reasonable.
D.Growing crops for human consumption of the acreage (currently devoted to crops for livestock)will yield more food for more people. Saying: Growing corps devoted to livestock is a reason for the scarcity of food, that is , other two reasons mentioned are not the whole .
Is it complicated, isn't ? How to quickly fix the question?作者: cook 时间: 2002-10-24 03:28
Actually, check the premise ( mention a new reason) and conclusion( the two reasons is incompleted) ,you want to make the conclusion reasonable and then you need a assumption that :the new reason is a reason for the phenomenon.作者: cook 时间: 2002-10-24 03:32
Actually, checking the premise ( mention a new reason) and conclusion( the two reasons is incompleted),you will get a hint for a assumption to make the conclusion reasonable that :the new reason is a reason for the phenomenon.作者: tongxun 时间: 2002-10-24 11:47
11. Hanifah: A recent survey shows that there are fewer people who drive only on weekends than there are people who drive to work each weekday. As a result, weekend-only drives are involved in fewer accidents. Therefore, insurance rates should be adjusted so that rates would be significantly higher for the regular commuters.
Katsu: I can’t agree with your conclusion. The same study also showed that, although weekend-only drives are involved in fewer accidents, when considered on the basis of accidents-per-mile-driven their records are worse than those of regular commuters. Therefore, insurance rates should be adjusted to increase the rates of weekend-only drivers over those of regular commuters.
In the conversation above, Katus does which one of the following?
(A) Katsu disagrees with each of the premises of the argument that Hanifah offers.
(B) Katsu cites additional evidence stating that weekend-only drivers are actually involved in a greater number of accidents than regular commuters.
(C) Katsu accuses Hanifah of using inaccurate statistical information.
(D) Kasu proves that Hanifah didn’t read the entire report that was cited.
(E) Katsu disagrees with Hanifah over how accident records are to be evaluated for insurance rates.
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读完题目的感觉：两人用了不同的论据支持各自的结论。其中K 在开始还承让了一下。
A：错误选项。因为两人的前提是一样的：事故发生率高，则应承担较高的保险费。
B：前半段是可取的。虽然是在同一个调查中，但K用的是另外的evidence。
后半段是错误的。因为K已经承认weekend-only drives are involved in fewer accidents
C：错误选项。因为K在开始的阶段，即承让部分，是同意H的部分说法的。
D：最无聊的选项。不知道怎么评价这个选项。
E：正确选项。因为两人用来确定保险的指标是不一样的。作者: z_weining 时间: 2002-11-5 19:52
Section IV-15
1. In a yearlong study, half of the participants were given a simple kit to use at home for measuring the cholesterol level of their blood. They reduced their cholesterol levels on average 15 percent more than did participants without the kit. Participants were selected at random form among people with dangerously high cholesterol levels.
Which one of the following, if true, most helps to explain the study抯 finding?
(A) The lower a blood-cholesterol level is the less accurate are measurements made by the kit.
(B) Participants with the kit used it more frequently during the first two months of the study.
(C) All the participants in the study showed some lowering of cholesterol levels, the most striking decreases having been achieved in the first three months.
(D) Participants using the kit reported that each reading reinforced their efforts to reduce their cholesterol levels.
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I agree on D whereas the answer is E which is lacking.
8. The year 1917,1937,1956,1968,1979, and 1990 are all notable for the occurrence of both popular uprisings and near-maximum sunspot activity. During heavy sunspot activity, there is a sharp rise in positively charged ions in the air people breathe, and positively charged ions are known to make people anxious and irritable. Therefore, it is likely that sunspot activity has actually been a factor in triggering popular uprisings.
Which one of the following exhibits a pattern of reasoning most similar to that in the passage?
(A) The ancient Greeks sometimes attempted to predict the outcome of future events by watching the flight patterns of birds. Since the events themselves often matched the predictions, the birds were probably responding to some factor that also influenced the events.
(B) Martha, Sidney, and Hilary are the city's three most powerful politicians, and all three graduated from Ridgeview high School. Although Ridgeview never had a reputation for excellence, it must have been a good school to have produced three such successful graduates.
(C) Unusually cold weather last December coincided with a rise in fuel prices. When it is cold, people use more fuel to keep warm: and when more fuel is used, prices rise. Therefore if prices are high next winter, it will be the result of cold weather.
(D) The thirty healthiest people in a long-term medical study turned out to be the same thirty whose regular diets included the most vegetables. Since specific substances in vegetables are known to help the body flight disease, vegetables should be part of everyone's diet.
(E) Acme's most productive managers are consistently those who occupy the corner offices, which have more windows than other offices at Acme. Since people are more alert when they are exposed to abundant natural light, the greater productivity of these managers is probably at least in part a result of their working in the corner offices.
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why E? I was thinking A,D E
14. The commissioner has announced that Judge Khalid, who was on the seven-member panel appointed to resolve the Amlec labor dispute will have sole responsibility for resolving the Simdo labor dispute. Since in its decision the Amlec panel showed itself both reasonable and fair, the two sides in the Simdon dispute are undoubtedly justified in the confidence they have expressed in the reasonableness and fairness of the arbitrator assigned to their case.
Which one of the following contains flawed reasoning most parallel to that contained in the passage?
(A) Representing the school board. Matein Barthes presented to the school's principal a list of recently elected school board members. Since only an elected member of the school board can act as its representative. Ms. Barthes's name undoubtedly appears on that list.
(B) Alan Caldalf, who likes being around young children, has decided to become a pediatrician. Since the one characteristic common to all good pediatricians is that they like young children. Mr. Caldalf will undoubtedly be a very good pediatrician.
(C) Jorge Diaz is a teacher at a music school nationally known for the excellence of its conducting faculty. Since Mr. Diaz has recently been commended for the excellence of his teaching, he is undoubtedly a member of the school's conducting faculty.
(D) Ula Borg, who has sold real estate for Arcande Realty for many years, undoubtedly sold fewer houses last year that she had the year before since the number of houses sold last year by Arcande Realty is far lower than the number sold the previous year.
(E) The members of the local historical society unanimously support designating the First National Bank building a historical landmark. Since Evelyn George is a member of that society, she undoubtedly favors according landmark status to the city hall as well.
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18. According to government official involved in overseeing airplane safety during the last year, over 75 percent of the voice-recorder tapes taken from small airplanes involved in relatively minor accidents record the whistling of the pilot during the fifteen minutes immediately preceding the accident. Even such minor accidents pose some safety risk. Therefore, if passengers hear the pilot start to whistle they should take safety precautions, whether instructed by the pilot to do so or not.
The argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it
(A) accepts the reliability of the cited statistics on the authority of an unidentified government official
(B) ignores the fact that in nearly one quarter of these accidents following the recommendation would not have improved passenger' safety
(C) does not indicate the criteria by which an accident is classified as "relatively minor"
(D) provides no information about the percentage of all small airplane flights during which the pilot whistles at some time during that flight
(E) fails to specify the percentage of all small airplane flights that involve relatively minor accidents
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D or E ?
Section II-15
1. Rainfall in the drought plagued metropolitan area was heavier than usual for the month of June. Nevertheless, by the first o July the city's water shortage was more severe than ever, and officials proposed drastic restrictions on the use of water
Which one of the following, if true, helps to explain why the city's water shortage was not alleviated by the first of July?
(A) Moderate restrictions on the industrial use of water had gone into effect in the metropolitan area several months earlier.
(B) Because of the heavier rainfall, people watered their lawns much less in June that they usually do in the metropolitan area during that month.
(C) During the drought most residents of the metropolitan area had been informed about water conservation methods that would help them to reduce their water consumption significantly with a minimal reduction in their standard of living.
(D) The per capita rate of the use of water in the metropolitan area was slightly lower in June that in each of the three previous months and significantly lower that in June of the previous year.
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I could not find a answer without E, but answer is ..?
8. Some years ago, an editorial defended Unite States government restrictions on academic freedom, arguing that scientists who receive public funding cannot rightly "detach themselves from the government's policies on national security" Yet the same editorial criticized the Soviet government for not allowing scientists to "detach themselves from politics" If there is a significant difference between the principles involved in each case, the editorial should have explained what that difference is.
The author of the passage criticizes the editorial by
(A) disputing certain factual claims made in the editorial
(B) pointing out an apparent inconsistency in the editorial
(C) describing an alleged exception to a general claim made in the editorial
(D) refuting an assumption on which the argument of the editorial appears to have been based
(E) drawing conclusions form the editorial different form the conclusion drawn by the writer of the editorial
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What is E? I can't understand. I didn't agree on C, but..?
25. A letter submitted to the editor of a national newsmagazine was written and signed by a Dr. Shirley Martin who, in the text of the letter, mentions being a professor at a major North American medical school. Knowing that fewer than 5 percent of the professors at such schools are women, the editor reasons that the chances are better than 19 to 1 that the letter was written by a man.
Which one of the following involves flawed reasoning most like that used by the editor?
(A) Since 19 out of 20 home computers are purchased primarily for use with computer games, and the first computer sold today was purchased solely for word processing, the next 19 computers sold will almost certainly be used primarily for computer games.
(B) Fewer than 1 in 20 of the manuscripts submitted to Argon Publishing Vo. Are accepted for publication. Since only 15 manuscripts were submitted last week, there is almost no chance that any of them will be accepted for publication.
(C) Fewer that 5 percent of last year's graduating class took Latin in secondary school. Howard took Latin in secondary school, so if he had graduated last year, it is likely that one or the other Latin scholars would not have graduated.
(D) More that 95 percent of the planes built by UBC last year met government standards for large airliners. Since small planes account for just under 5 percent of UBC抯 output last year, it is almost certain that all their large planes met government standards.
(E) Since more than 19 out of every 20 animals in the wildlife preserve are mammals and fewer than 1 out of 20 are birds, there is a greater than 95 percent chance that the animal Emily saw flying between two trees in the wildlife refuge yesterday morning was a mammal.
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I think the answer is C instead of E.
Thank you in advance!作者: boifirst 时间: 2004-6-5 03:38
请指点一下第16题, 谢谢!作者: licheng 时间: 2004-8-5 12:18
what is q16, please list here
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