ARGUMENT：
开头段： 作者的结论—作者的论证方法---这个方法存在问题
The conclusion endorsed in the argument is that……….Several reasons are offered in support of this argument. First of all, the author points out that……..In addition, the author reasons that……Moreover, the author assumes that…….At first glance, the author’s argument appears to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection reveals that the conclusion is based on some dubious assumptions and the reasoning is biased due to the inadequacy and partiality in the nature of the evidence provided to justify the conclusion. A careful examination would review how groundless the conclusion is. (The argument is problematic in three important respects.)作者: happy_sunday 时间: 2011-8-31 10:38
结尾段： 作者说某某是不对的---应该如何改进
In conclusion , the argument in not convincing. Accordingly, it is imprudent for the author to claim that……..(the arguer fails to demonstrate that……….) To strengthen the argument, the author would have to provide the evidence that…….(would have to show that….) In addition, to solidify the conclusion , the author have to provide concrete evidence as well as to demonstrate that …….. Only with more convincing evidence would this argument become more thorough and adequate(more than just an emotional appeal).作者: happy_sunday 时间: 2011-8-31 10:39
主体段： 错误—进一步阐释---举例----总结
一、连接词： firstly…..secondly……additionally….last but not least
In the first place…… in the second place……..
The threshold problem is that……Moreover……thirdly…..At last……
To begin with………What’s more………
Firstly, the threshold problem is that…
Secondly, another problem that seriously weakens the logic of the argument is that….
Last but not least, another flaw that significantly undermines the argument is that……作者: happy_sunday 时间: 2011-8-31 10:39
二、逻辑错误
1、 因
（1） 可疑调查 survey is doubtful :即调查本身存在问题， 谁组织了调查？选项设置？回答人数？
A、respondents 太少
Moreover, a possible methodology problem in the argument is that it is of bias. The poll cited by the author is too vague to be informative(The term “so many ”is too vague to be statically meaningful). It is very possible that the workers who were more interested in the survey might be likely to respond to the questionnaire. Lacking in the information about the number of workers surveyed and the number of respondents , it is impossible to assess the validity of the survey. For example, if 1000 workers were surveyed, but only 10 responded, the result should be highly suspect. Because the author fails to account for other interpretations , the survey would be useless in concluding that………
B、survey选项设置有局限性（loaded question） 和诚实性问题
What’s more, the methodology of the survey is problematic for two reasons. For one thing, we are not informed whether the survey only provided three alternatives. If it did , respondents, who might very well prefer choice not provided in the survey, might be forced to give up their preferences. For another thing, we are not informed whether the survey is anonymous or confidential. The respondents might supply responses favoured by their superiors who might conduct the survey. Both events might lead this survey unreliable, let alone draw the conclusion that……..
C、谁组织了调查
The memo provides no evidence that the reports from the managers are reliable. The managers all have vested interests in the vacation policies, and therefore might have fabricated the reports so that the company would adopt policies they would prefer for themselves. The memo’s author must first convince me that the reports are not biased. Then I could begin to consider the department’s recommendations.（维护自己既得利益，故篡改reports的情况）
Even if the survey accurately ranks certain issues according to level of employee concern, the highest ranking issue in the survey might not be the issue about which employees are most concerned. Why? The improvements most needed from the point of view of the employees might not have appeared as one of the choices on the survey. Since the list of improvements presented on the survey was created by management rather than by the employees, the issue of greatest concern to the employees might not be included on the list. Lacking information about how the survey was prepared , it is impossible to assess the reliability. Consequently, any conclusion based on it is highly questionable. （质疑对选项的控制来控制结果）作者: happy_sunday 时间: 2011-8-31 10:39
（2） 样本不足 insufficient sample
A、样本代表性问题
The threshold problem is that the author provides no evidence to claim that the general group as a whole is of the same characteristic. The example cited , while suggestive of this trend, is insufficient to warrant that the sample is representative of the whole group. For example, I question that………..Therefore, that evidence would be obviously unrepresentative. In fact, in face of such limited evidence , it is fallacious for the author to draw any conclusion at all.
B、 样本数量太小
Another problem that seriously weakens the logic of the argument is that the survey cited is based on too small a sample to be reliable. Offered in support of the argument, the only evidence is that……………..Unless it can be shown that the sample is typical of all general group, the fact that….is groundless to claim that……..
C、 样本时效性
Last but not least, another flaw that significantly undermines this argument is that the author neglects to indicate how recently the survey was actually conducted. When used to generally claim a particular group, the sample should be close enough to support the generalization, in order to prevent historical changes from invalidating generalization. All we know is that the survey is recently published. The less recent the survey itself, the less reliable the results to demonstrate that………
（3） 结论无据gratuitous assumption 即没有A，就推出B
The author falsely depends on gratuitous assumption that……..However, no evidence in the argument is stated to support this assumption. For example, it is more likely that.... Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.
（这个我觉得用不到而且不好理解，可以屏蔽掉）作者: happy_sunday 时间: 2011-8-31 10:39
2、 果
（1） 无因果联系：
A、时序性因果攻击：即因为A发生在B之前，故A是引起B的原因
Firstly, the author is engaged in “after this, therefore , because of this”fallacy, assuming that A caused B. The line of reasoning is that because A happened before B, the former caused the latter. However , this reasoning is fallacious unless other possible causal factors have been considered and ruled out. For example , perhaps C is the cause of A. Or perhaps……Yet another possibility is that……. As a result, any decision aimed at addressing the problem of B must be based on more thorough investigation to gather data in order to narrow down and locate the actual cause of B.
B、 同时性因果攻击：即相关性当做因果关系
Secondly , the author’s argument rests on the assumption that A is the cause of B just because A coincides with B. However, a mere positional correlation does not necessarily prove a causal relationship. In addition, all other prospective causes of B ,such as C and D, must be ruled out. Without detailed analysis of the cause of B, it would be groundless to attribute B to A.
C、 因果倒置
At last, it is possible that the author has confused cause with effect respecting…….(B的内容) Perhaps A was simply a response to previous B-----B that has simply continued during the most recent two years. Since the author fails to account for this possibility, the claim that……is completely unwarranted.
D、因果关系简单化:在证据不足的时候，往往认为结果只由一个原因引起
Thirdly, the author perceived A as the only factor that caused B. A more detailed analysis would reveal that other factors far outweigh the factor on which the author focuses. For example, C and D are also possible to be the cause of B. Lacking a more comprehensive analysis of the causes, it is presumptuous for the author to claim that A solely determined B.作者: happy_sunday 时间: 2011-8-31 10:40
（2） 二者择一：作者说解决问题有两种办法，只能选择一种。但是也许同时效果更好，或者还有其他办法
Last but not least, the author unfairly assumes that A and B are mutually exclusive alternatives and there is no room for a middle ground. However, the author provides no evidence for imposing an either-or choice. Adjusting both A and B might produce better results. Moreover, if the author is wrong in the assumption that A and B are only causes for the problem, then the most effective solution might include a combination of other factors----such as C and D. In any event, the author provides no justification for the mutually exclusive choice imposed on the reader.作者: happy_sunday 时间: 2011-8-31 10:40
（3） 充分条件与必要条件
A、必要条件：想要达到某目的，A是必不可少的条件
In the first place, the author unfairly assumes that B is determined solely by A. While A is a seemingly important element in determining B, it is hardly the only or necessarily required element. This assumption overlooks other crucial criteria in determining B, such as C and D. Without accounting for these potential factors , the author concludes too hastily that……is the best way to achieve the goal.
B、 充分条件：只要做到A，就一定可以达到某目的
In the second place, the author’s solution rests on the assumption that A is sufficient to give birth to the desired goal. The author assumes that A is the only attribute necessary to do B. In addition to A, C and D must be taken into consideration. However, if it turns out that B is due to a combination of factors, some of which will remain unchanged in the future, such as E and F, only A might have no impact on B.
C、 充分必要条件：只要做到A，并且只需要A，就可以达到目的
The argument depends on the assumption that A is the only way to do B. Common sense tells me that there are other such ways -----C ,or D, to list just a few. The author must explain that why none of these options are available or why they would fail to stimulate B. Otherwise I would not accept A is necessary. In addition, the author further assumes that A would suffice to bring about the desired goal. However, if it turns out that B is due to a combination of factors, some of which will remain unchanged in the future, such as E and F, only A might have no impact on B.作者: happy_sunday 时间: 2011-8-31 10:40
3、 证
（1） 比较与类比逻辑错误
A、错误类比：适合A的策略，不一定适合B
In addition, it is highly doubtful that strategies drawn from A are applicable to B. However, differences between these two clearly outweigh the similarities, therefore making the analogy much less valid. For example, C and D all affect A but are virtually absent in B. Accordingly we can see that A and B are so dissimilar that B is unlikely to experience the same consequence if it adopts A’s strategies.
B、 不完整比较或选择性比较：通过比较来说明问题，但是这种比较说的不清楚，应该受到质疑
The argument is based on the assumption that students from Professor Taylor’s program have learned more than languages students at other universities. However, we are not given enough information about the study to be sure that this comparison is reliable. For example, the article does not tell us whether the foreign language students at Jones were given the test; it only reports that the tests in question were “given to students at25other colleges.” If Jones students were not tested, then no basis exists for comparing them to students at the other universities. In addition, the article does not indicate whether students at all the universities , including Jones , were given the same tests. If not, then again no basis exists for the comparison.作者: happy_sunday 时间: 2011-8-31 10:41
（2） 整体与部分逻辑错误
A、适用于整体的原则也适用于整体中任一个个体
What’s more, the most egregious reasoning error in this argument is that the author uses evidence pertaining to a general group on the basis of a particular B. Even if the reasoning may be sound in general sense, the particular situation in which B is involved may not be representative of the entire general group. It is possible that……(说适用于与整体的可能不适用于部分) If this is the case, the claim that….is ill-founded.
B、 适用于某一个个体的原则也适用于整体
The most egregious reasoning error in this argument is the author’s use of evidence pertaining to B（个体） as the basis for the generalization of all B. The underlying assumption operative in this inference is that B are representative of all B . No evidence is offered to support this gracious assumption.作者: happy_sunday 时间: 2011-8-31 10:41
（3） 假设所有事物都一成不变的逻辑错误
Moreover, the author unfairly assumes that A will remain unchanged over the next decades. However, a mere recent one-year A is insufficient to claim that…………..Statistic from such limited anecdotal evidence is not a good indicator for this trend. In addition, it is possible that in the future, this trend would greatly fluctuate or even reverse, then the adoption of the author’s proposal might give birth to B, however it might also have a negative impact on C1,and in turns, C2. Admittedly, this argument would be even weaker and weaker as time goes by.
（4） 差异概念攻击
To begin with, we must establish the meaning of the vague concept A. If the term is synonymous with B, then the statistics cited would strongly support the argument. However, A may be defined in other terms such as C and D. Accordingly, the author has drawn the conclusion too hastily due to the ignorance of other definitions of A.作者: happy_sunday 时间: 2011-8-31 10:43
ISSUE
把题目复述一下 ? To some extent, I agree with the author’s general assertion that if *** (即在作者的观点上，加上一些条件，有保留地赞同). However, the author unnecessarily extends this broad assertion to an irreversible extreme while overlooks other compelling factors that may affect this issue. On balance, my points of agreement and contention with the author involve the fundamental and deep analysis as discussed below.
On the one hand, I would like to admit that this statement, although suffers from some obvious drawbacks, has some merits primarily in some special cases in which the implicit rationale behind it accords with common sense and our experience in daily life. Hence, it is partially indisputable. After all, …..Even if, In other words .
Furthermore, . All these evidence demonstrates beyond any doubt that_____.
（以上两段要找两个理由，来说明作者观点如何对）作者: happy_sunday 时间: 2011-8-31 10:43
On the other hand, recognizing that a more applicable choice must incorporate different aspects of the issue as sufficient as possible, I have to point out that the author overstates ______’s comparative significance, and fail to take into account other essential factors. In short, this assertion is problematic in two aspects. The first argument —the one that I think the most compelling— is that the author overlooked , that is to say, . The second argument —it might have been noticed by others-- is that in some occasion, it is quite difficult to . Accordingly, I tend to concede that when it comes to some certain circumstances it is partially appropriate
（这里找两个理由说明在一些场合下，作者观点还是不成立的，因为不管什么论点，成立还是会有条件的。此段模版字数已经很多，你只要列出不成立的观点即可，言简意赅，因为一般到这个时候，时间也不多了，容不得你写例子了。）
In conclusion, issue of ____________is a complex one, requiring subjective judgment, consequently, there are no easy or certain answers. So different are the personal experiences and emotional concerns among people with diverse culture that thousand individuals might hold thousand opinions. According to me, 把你开头的观点copy/paste上去.
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