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标题: GMAT语法点总结 [打印本页]

作者: momoco 时间: 2011-6-28 17:35 标题: GMAT语法点总结

正确性错误................................................................................................................................ 1

逻辑关系的正确性................................................................................................................... 2

主谓搭配.................................................................................................................................. 2

代词指代.................................................................................................................................. 2

固定搭配.................................................................................................................................. 2

对称性..................................................................................................................................... 2

省略原则.................................................................................................................................. 2

严重的有效性错误.................................................................................................................... 4

严重违反了原文的意思........................................................................................................... 5

简洁原则（语义重复）........................................................................................................... 5

轻微的有效性错误.................................................................................................................... 4

轻微违反了原文的意思........................................................................................................... 5

新东方规律总结........................................................................................................................ 4

错误的表达方式...................................................................................................................... 5

优选结构.................................................................................................................................. 5

有效性原则.............................................................................................................................. 5

题型总结.................................................................................................................................... 4

宾语，定语结构...................................................................................................................... 5

时态......................................................................................................................................... 5

形容词，副词的区别............................................................................................................... 5

Rate.......................................................................................................................................... 5

and........................................................................................................................................... 5

like/as +比较............................................................................................................................ 5

so/such..................................................................................................................................... 5

名词修饰.................................................................................................................................. 5

过程动作/状态结果................................................................................................................. 5

with.......................................................................................................................................... 5

all/each..................................................................................................................................... 5

without..................................................................................................................................... 5

倒装......................................................................................................................................... 5

虚拟语气.................................................................................................................................. 5

If…then..................................................................................................................................... 5

语义不清.................................................................................................................................. 5

作者: momoco 时间: 2011-6-28 17:36

正确性错误（Correctives）
1. 逻辑关系的正确性
（1）事物本身不说明问题，要事物的变化说明问题。
Price 不能说明 inflation----price increase
教堂不能说明建筑物古老---教堂仍然屹立
佛州不能说明经济增长---佛州的就业情况改善
（2）词与词之间的逻辑搭配
 射线本身可以说invisible radiation, 波长不行 invisible wavelength Ｘ
 人本身可以说blind people, 视力不行 blind eyesight Ｘ
 术语refers to 人，本身不是人
 城市发展represent 原则，本身不是原则
 The body was the manＸ, the body was that of the man
（3）事物不能和自身比较，要把本身排除在外
Than any other
（4）逻辑主语和谓语动词搭配问题
 分词省略结构
现分 doing 主动
过分 done 被动
不定式要明确动作发出者
 形容词省略结构
 当逻辑主语未出现时，主动可以变被动
 在转折关系中，事物的分类标准必须统一
老人…but 女人Ｘ
Big museum…but 综合性museum Ｘ
（5）严重损坏 and 彻底摧毁Ｘ  应该是or
   Prevent and inhibit Ｘ    prevent or inhibit 预防或者治疗
（6）句子的修饰顺序不能变，不然强调中心就变了
   Detect a condition that is present
   不能变成 Detect the presence of a condition
（7）改变原句的合理意思
   把when从句改成if 从句Ｘ
（8）常识错误
   In the Middle Ages, the world is flat. Ｘ
   In the Middle Ages, the world is believed to be flat.
（9）导致global warming的不是fossil fuels, 而是burning of fossil fuels

作者: momoco 时间: 2011-6-28 17:36

2. 主谓搭配
（1）主语和谓语
 在英文中永远只有主谓搭配，同位语对谓语动词单复数没有影响
Students each have
Each of the students has
Five hundreds students, a group, each have
 主语，同位语，谓语

The capital of Bosnia, Sarajevo’s population…. Ｘ
中心词population才是主语的同位语,所以错
（2）倒装
There be + A and B
Be 动词的单复数由A决定

介词短语/形容词短语作表语放句首+系+主
（3）定语从句内部主谓搭配
A of B that 谓语
One of n that 谓语
Only one of n that 谓语

N1 谓语 N2， that
N1 谓语 N2， which （that 修饰紧跟前面，which 不一定）
（逗号Which 不可以指代前面整个句子，但是可以指代前面句子里的任意一个名词，一般是离逗号最近的那个）
（4）名词性从句和分词短语+单谓
（5）如果原题主语谓语中间插进了很多定语状语，答案可能是把定语状语放到前面，让主语和谓语靠在一起，这样可以make the clause stronger
e.g. Tom, in his books, carefully coordinating the, with his narratives, capitalized…
In his books, which she carefully coordinated with her narratives, Tom capitalized…
（6） A 介/连 +谓
 随后原则
Not only, but also
Not…but
Neither…nor…
Either…or
Nor
Or
 随前原则
A of B + 谓语
所有其他不是随后原则的
A with B,
A as well as B,
be integral to A and B…
A, including B
A, together/along with B
A, no less than/more than B
A besides B
A except B
 看of 后面的名词决定
Part/most/some/all/分数百分比/the rest of +n+谓语
 复数动词
 A and B, 无论A和B是可数还是不可数
 A total of +复数n
 An average of
An average of 12 persons come…
 单数动词
 完整句子做主语
 news
 表整体性词组
A body/collection/array/series/set/portion/group of +复数n+单数v
例外A total of/an average of复数n+复数v
 物质名词作主语，谓语动词用单数
         Equipment, stone, citrus (柑橘), iron, milk, dioxin(OG 有复数dioxins)
 学科名词作主语，谓语动词用单数，但以下两个作特殊含义时例外
         Statistics (统计数据), Economics (经济政策) +复数
 The average of
 集体名词
administration, army, audience, class, crowd (一群，一伙)， faculty (全体教员)， orchestra, team,group.
 Majority/minority/plurality 作主语
---指整体动词+单数v
---指整体的每一个个体+复数vs
The majority of students in this class are hard workers.
The student majority is opposed to the death penalty. 单数名词+ majority

作者: momoco 时间: 2011-6-28 17:37

3. 代词指代
（1）单复数名词的指代问题
（2）人和物的指代错误
（3）同一句话中的代词和不定代词（One/ones）
（4）同一句话中的相同代词(they, them, their) 必须指代相同的词
   代词前面出现一个以上的同复数（或单数）的名词，代词指代一定有问题。
（5）代词不能指代一句话，只能指代一个特定的主体
   当动作发出者是前面的整句话，即前面整句话对后文的影响
   用”新名词/doing”，不能用it/that/which/to do
（6）虽然代词不能指代一句话，但有例外 (It 作形式宾语)
   It is + adj + to do/that
（7）代词只能指代中心词，不能指代修饰语，有一个例外：
   A of B…, it (可以指代A or B)
（8）代词优先指代句子主语，除非明显看出单复数不一样
（9）特指>泛指
（10）有It, 尽量把它往前放，减少指代歧义。如果放越后面，指代的可能性对象就越多，语义不清。
（11）Jose’s room is so messy that his mother calls him a pig. X
 Jose’s room is so messy that his mother calls Jose a pig.
   因为第一句的him指代Jose’s, 不符合题意
（12）代词不能指代“插入语”中的名词，因为插入语可以随时抽离
   , in…,….them
   Them 不能指代in的宾语
代词宏观
5个选项同时使用名词和代词，尤其是原题使用了代词，答案一般选把代词换成了名词的选项

作者: momoco 时间: 2011-6-28 17:37

4. 固定搭配
（1）require---sb to do
         Of sb that +虚拟语气
         That+虚拟语气
（2）help (to) do
   help sb (to) do
   help in doing

（3）begin, depict, regard, perceive, represent, be prized, think of, see, view, acclaim, act
+as + n/adj
   Regard as A, not as B
（4）consider sth sth/adj (不加as)
   Appoint sb sth
   Consider sth to be X
Consider sth as sth X
（5）prohibit sb from doing
   Forbid sb to do

   Forbit/prohibit sth
   Forbit/prohibit that X
（6）at pole, at point, at equator, in/at doing, in that>because, add in doing
（7）compare A with B  比较
   Compare A to B 比喻
   Compared with/to sth 在GMAT里面通用
（8）try---to do          ---and do  X
   ---doing          ---that  X
（9）believe---sth to do
         That +宾语从句
   Sth is believed to be
（10）distinguish A from B
            Between A and B
（11）something/anything/nothing/things
   Someone/anyone/no one/ones             +adj
（12）Besides    包括在内
except    同类
   Except for 不同类
   如果except前有逗号，那么要用but except (即第二个分句要有连词)
   e.g. Mauritius was a British colony, but except in the domain of education.
（13）order sb to do
         Sth to be done
         That +虚拟语气
   Order sth 点菜
（14）food allergies       泛指
   An allergy to some food 特指
（15）according to    根据
   In accordance with 符合
（16）Be estimated to be
   It is estimated that
（17）encourage sb to do
            Sth
   Encourage sth to be done X
            Doing X
（18）make sth sth
         Sth adj
   Make sth done X
   Have sth done
（19）keep sth under control
   Be in control of
（20）credit sb with doing
   Be credited with doing
(21)  It may well be that…很有可能
   It may be that…  有可能
（22）一般介词后面不能加that,但是有三个例外
but that、except that + 完整主谓（=but）
   In that (>because)
（23）It was not until… that…
（24）,if any, 做插入语（如果有的话）
（25）many+名词，if not most, 动词
（26）as…as…, if not more so.
（27）inasmuch as  因为,既然=since
   Inasmuch as he has been bankrupted, I will not ask money from him.
   Insofar as 在。。。范围内
   I’ll help you insofar as I can.
（28）名词的否定形式：
not A, but B;
not A, but rather B;
…, not/rather than/instead of B
…, but not B Ｘ
not…but rather…比not…but…的语气强烈
（29）phenomenon 后面只能跟 in which (在这个现象里面) 不能跟where
   The period/at a time +when
   The year +that
   1990 is the year that I was born.
   An age/the way+ in which
   We are living in an age in which golden calf is idolized.
   The next time/the way +句子
（30）It is hoped that….
   …, it is hoped,…
   一般有hopefully 都错，太口语化
（31）表示举例
   For example/instance,
   Whether it is A or B or C
   Such as + 名词/doing  不能加句子
   Like to do/ such as to do X
（32）Worry about
   Worry concerning/over X
（33）be responsible for sth/doing sth
   Be responsible to sb
   Be responsible to do X
   Take the responsibility to do
（34）One…another
   Each…the other
   Some…others
（35）Sb propose sth/doing sth
   Sb propose that 虚拟语气
   Sth propose that 没有虚拟语气
   Sb propose sb to do
   Encourage/believe/propose sth to be done X
   Make sth done X
   Order sth to be done 可以
   Have sth done 可以
（36）肯定句 Doubt that/whether
   否定句  don’t doubt/have no doubt that 不能写whether
（37）sth sell well
   Sth is sold for $
（38）than expected/predicted/estimated
   Than sb expected/sb had expected
（39）than usual
（40）blame…on…
（41）one of 复数名词+that V(复数)
   The one of/the only one of 复数名词+that V(单数)

   复数名词 each have
   Each of 复数名词 has

   Every dog and cat has
（42）make sth sth/adj
   Make it adj to do
（43）be regarded as A/adj/doing, not as B
（44）be estimated to be 价格以外的东西
   Be estimated at 价格
（45）descend from
   Be a descendant of
（46）from … to … 结构中to前面不能够加up或者down
（47）介词+one’s doing  X
   介词+doing/sth
（48）aged 30 or older
   Aged 30 and over
（49）one in four/out of four/one-fourth  四分之一
（50）capability of doing sth/to do
   Capability for doing X

作者: momoco 时间: 2011-6-28 17:37

（51）confidence in sth/that
   Confidence about sth
（52）主动表示被动
read like..; read well; prove helpful; sell well;
一般不使用被动
lead; cause; enable; become; receive; visit; lack; enter; cost; possess; resemble; last; like; enjoy; notice; watch; look at; listen to ; pay attention to; suit; fit; contain; so as to do; be able to do; be likely to do.
（53）It is +adj+虚拟语气
important/natural/essential/imperative/necessary/ vital/ advisable/ obligatory/ best/ incredible/ ironic/ preferable/ appropriate
不加虚拟语气
Allow that
Rule that
Sth propose/suggest that
（54）It is alleged that/to do  据称
（55）be native to some place  土生土长于某地
（56）think of …as
   Think of…to be/doing X
（57）prohibit sb from doing
   Prohibit sb to do/that…X
   Sth is prohibited from being done X
（58）at least as great as
   As great as or greater than
（59）be liable to do
   Be liable for/to sth
（60）cannot do A, much less/even less do B
（61）mandate sb to do/that+虚拟语气
（62）this, that, these 不能直接做主语，必须加了名词才可以
（63）apprenticeship as +职业
（64）substitute sth for sth
（65）sb attribute A to B
   A (结果) is attributed to B （原因）
（66）with the intention of
（67）be credit with +原因(having done)
   A credit to sb for having done
（68）do it/this/that/these/those X
   应该改为 do so
（69）all sb has to do is do…and do…
   省略 is 后面的 to
   The only thing that 永远错, 必须改成 all，更简洁
（70）claim to do/that
   He claims to be able to process it.
   He claims that he can process it.
（71）rather than + do 放在句中，后
   Rather than + do/doing 放在句首
（72）aid in doing sth
（73）with the aim of doing
   Aim at doing
（74）no amount of 怎么。。。也不
   No amount of money can make up for the death of my father.
（75）double, triple, quadruple, quintuple
   只能是主动
（76） sth is …times as +adj/adv as…
   Sb is 百分数 more likely to do…than to do…
（77）less of 修饰前面的动词，而不是后面的名词
   例： emit less of pollutant
（78）In contrast to/with
（79）at one time永远错，不符合书面语，应改为 once
   Similar to 放在句首永远错，应该改为  Like
   Different from 放在句首永远错
   Similar to the way 永远错，表达不简洁
   Higher numbers of 永远错，应改为 a higher number of
（80）as…as 肯定句
   Not so…as 否定句
（81）Nowhere is sth more…than…
Nowhere is the recovery in financial market more evident than in corporate bonds. 金融市场回暖在企业债券方面最为明显
（82）Despite + n
   不可以加 doing/句子
（83）more ancient than>older than书面语
（84）have sth done 使某事被做
（85）threaten sth             threaten the stability of the region
   Threaten （不及物）to do He can threaten to call the deal off.
（86）take turns doing sth, 不是to do.
（87）It is likely/liable that…
（88）The extent to which, to the extent that
（89）look to …for… 指望 look to your brother for help
（90）less 可数、不可数都可以
（91）likelihood that
（92）seek support from/of sb
（93）on condition that +虚拟语气
（94）model after
（95）the reason that
   The reason…is because  X
（96）the+ more than 数词+ n
   Set free the more than 500 slaves
（97）Rates for (rates=price charge)
（98）introduce into
（99）in danger of
（100）cite A as an instance of B

作者: momoco 时间: 2011-6-28 17:38

（101）mistake A for B
（102）the use of sth to do sth
（103）the rivalry between A and B; rival A and B;A rival B for sth.
（104）break with sb in sth
（105）distinction of being
Jupiter has the distinction of being the largest planet.
（106）alliance and treaties[必须一起出现]
（107）that is[表示那就是说,不能用which means]
（109）diminish[不能用impede] the possibility of doing sth
（110）looking to sb to do sth
（111）recoup sth/recoup sb for sth
（112）it was not until….that….
（113）Target at----target to X
（114）pronounce sth sth
（115）A is to B what X is to Y. A对B来说就像X对Y来说那样
（116）restriction on
（117）in the domain of
（118）…that, in turn,…
   In turn一般在动词前面，一般不能把in turn放到句尾
（119）be dated at 1990, 不是be dated to be 1990
（120）sb should be blamed/ sb is to blame
（121）the loss to sth
（122）in the contrary, to the contrary
（123）credit the success in doing sth/to sth
（124）no less was X than was Y
（125）sb liken sth to sth
（126）agree with sb
   Agree to plan/action
（127）discourage sb from doing sth
（128）indifferent towards
（129）retroactive to 时间
（130）sacrifice X for Y
（131）so…as to be/as to constitute
（132）pronounce X Y, declare X Y, consider X Y
（133）have preference for
（134）sth is scheduled to do (do在这里主动表被动，被做)
（135）reach a speed of/speeds of a height of/heights of
（136）whether A, B or C
（137）…, as was the case with….
（138）…and thus do sth    表示因果
   …, thus doing sth       表示伴随
   And 和thus不一定要黏在一起，中间可以有助动词隔开
   He is blind and have thus/therefore never seen any trees in his life.
（139）the extent of
   The degree of
（140）it takes sb some time to do
   it takes sb some time until X
（141）honor the promise to sb to do sth
（142）more than=more so than
（143）GMAT中compare to/with是一样的，都是表示对比
（144）be immune to sth 对…免疫
   Be immune from sth=exempt 免除
（145）on the grounds that..../of
（146）such as=as varied as
（147）…is not so much that….as that 与其说。。。不如说。。。
According to one expert, the cause of genetic irregularities in many breeds of dog is not so much that dogs are being bred for looks or to meet other narrow criteria as that the breeds have relatively few founding members.
（148）sth entails doing sth 意味着。。。
   It entails driving a long distance everyday.
（149）proof for sth/proof that…
e.g. It is the proof for my completion of work
   It is the proof that I’ve completed my work.
（150）number 大小比较要用smaller/greater than,不能用more, fewer,less

作者: momoco 时间: 2011-6-28 17:38

（151）otherwise=were it to do so
（152）namely 后面不跟完整的句子，只能跟名词•词组•n
   Namely that +完整句子
   …, namely that they variably changed over time.
（153）be synchronized with  和。。。一致/同步
（154）sth leak into 主动表达，
（155）appear to have done  似乎。。。
   Appear as sth       以。。。出现
（156）act as 表。。。的功能    It acts as my alarm.
   Act like 表。。。的行为 He acts like an adult.
（157）be expended on
   Large sums were expended on model farms.
（158）under the protocol
（159）support …for…(不要用to do)
（160）A is as likely as B to do
   A and B are equally likely to do
（161）threat of sth(威胁的抽象内容)       threat from sb
（162）sales in sths    sales for sth X
   Sell sth for 价格
（163）wait for sth=await sth
   Wait to do=await doing
（164）what…look like
   How…look

作者: momoco 时间: 2011-6-28 17:38

5. 对称性
As well as, rather than, not only…but also…, and
（1）形式上对称
   现在分词和过去分词可以对称
   主动和被动可以对称
 省略
前后两个分句都是不定式的时候，后半个分句的”to”可以省略
前后两个分局都有be 动词，后半个分句的 be 可以省略
而且一般把 to, be省略的都是正确答案
 平行对称
分句1，分句2，分句3 and 分句4
1. 肯定句       and
否定句/选择句  or
两个程度不同的词要用 or 连接 (damage or vanish)

只有出现 no/not才是否定句，（nor/neither/never）都不是
I’ve never been to USA and Australia.
      2. 省略
         to do A, to do B and to do C
         to do A, do B and do C
         把 to 改成 can 一样, 要么全有，要么全省
      3. 翻着考
         句1，句2， and 句 3 X
         才逗号不能连接完整的主谓结构，要用分号；
      4. 分号前后要是完整的主谓结构
      5. the same…as…
         (the same to sb as to sb)
      6. 副词不能做连词
副词不能够起连词的作用，如 worrying over…, also over…., also是副词，不能够连接两个介词短语。如：its worry concerning…, also concerning…, also不能够起连词的作用，以上两个例子全错
      7. 前一分句用to do, 后一分句也尽量用to do
         The best way to build a house……, but the most popular method now is to do… (不用that, doing)
         The only way to know is to take the plunge.
         The only way to know is taking the plunge. X
      8. 代词平行排列
         I prefer to hire employees who work hard to those that don’t. X
         I prefer to hire employees who work hard to those who don’t.
      9. include 前后含义对称
      The production of new cells includes the brain growing in mice. X
      The production of new cells includes the brain growth in mice.
（2）含义上对称
      a. 动作性名词-----动作性名词
         Duty assignment and the staffing of people (不是the staff)
         动作性名词
         The onset, the assignment, the staffing, the splitting apart (裂开)
         动词ing前面加the 就变成名词
      b. 两个句子用and连接，最好主语一致
         To Ann, Paris is her home and she remained in France during WWII.
         Ann made Paris her home and she remained in France during WWII.

作者: momoco 时间: 2011-6-28 17:38

6. 省略原则

（1）两个句子并列，第一个句子含有be动词或者become，第二个句子中的be动词或者become必须省略，同时，一些重复的名词或形容词也必须省略。
例如：Once the economic and social usefulness of the motor car was demonstrated and its superiority to the horse proved, …(proved前省略了was).
（2）习惯性省略
As needed/planned/required/scheduled
Whenever necessary/needed/possible
Wherever necessary/needed/possible than ever
Than before/ever before/usual/expected/predicted/estimated/anticipated
Consider sth sth/adj
Prove adj
  （3）一句话中尽量避免重复使用同一个词
   …through their being lifted by a chain drive through…Ｘ
  （4）动词的省略，只能是do V---do
   不能是are doing---are, have done---have
e.g. The wines are priced to sell and they (wines) do---确实卖了.

作者: momoco 时间: 2011-6-28 17:39

严重的有效性错误（serious effectiveness）=correctives
（1）严重违反了原文的意思
 极端性修饰词位置发生改变
First, last, only (only you---you only)
Only 和all 的修饰位置不能随意改变（原文修饰谁，选项应该还修饰谁）
Primarily从句中放到开头
 强烈预期的添加或丢失
Any, not unlike (非常喜欢) , however, whatever, wherever
e.g. I don’t know student in the class 不等于 I don’t know any student in the class.
 Must不能用should 代替, Will 不能用may 代替
原文情态动词不能改变.
若在题中的划线部分(即A选项)中发现情态动词，那么在最后的正确答案中必须有些情态动词或类似语气的词出现。
原文没有as if （though）,选项不能有as if (though)
 句子强调重心发生了一个彻底的改变
(1) 把句子的主干变成从属
主语改变
(2) 把句子的从属变成主干
e.g. 把状语从句  变成  一个独立的句子（where/when/that---and）
She has a house where many parties are held.
She has a house and many parties are held there. X

It is a work that…and that critic Sam pronounces it the greatest novel.
It is a work that… and critic Sam pronounces it the greatest novel. X
 把倒装句变为正常语序一定错
如果原句是倒装，BCDE全是改成正常语序，一定选A
 如果原句是正常语序，也不要轻易改成倒装句，awkward and confusing
 介词/so/极端性词+… 倒装
（2）简洁原则
   语义重复-----严重
   From….up/down to 不能加up/down
   Double-----increase
   Opposition---against
   Orbit---around
   Gain---achieve
   Superiority---over
   Annual---a year
   By the name of---be known as
   With---by---include---use
   Rise---raise---increase---grow---soar
   Now---currently
   The possibility that…might do (应该去掉might)
   amount to a sum
   substitute and in place of
   once in every [number] [time]
   increase/decrease and up to/down to
   be explained---because
   e.g the phenomenon is explained not just because…,but also because…X
      the phenomenon is incurring not just because…,but also because…
   No matter how 应该改成  however
   With sth included （with和included重复）
   Withhold---disclosure
   Seem---like
   be able to/ability and afford
   consequence and result
   can and potentially(can, potentially,…is right)
   share the same
   return back
   although and may
   no less than/nothing other than(在完全美有比较的情况下赤裸裸的出现在名次前)
   pay and payment
   enable---be able to
   same---exact
   rarely---ever
   sum---total
   academic---in school
   ensure---must
   while---simultaneously
   though---yet/but
   other than what it is ----precisely the opposite
   sufficient---enough
   include---among them
2. 一个句子里面连续两个that引导的从句, 去掉一个that, 可改成to do
e.g. They have found evidence that suggests that the elephants….
      They have found evidence to suggest that the elephants….
3. not any一定会被no替代；
that which一定会被what替代；
having been done会被done(限定词)所替代。

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