Table of contents
GWD1-Q7. 4
GWD1-Q16. 4
GWD1-Q29:
4
GWD1-Q30:
they的指代问题，注意句子后面的逻辑意思... 5
GWD1-Q34:
句子原来的意思如何理解？Although…不是必须平行？... 5
GWD1-Q41:
过去完成时错误。oa:C. 5
GWD3-Q34:
逻辑意思层次不同的选项并列作迷惑项... 6
GWD3-Q30:
today---now,abundant
6
Q17: GWD-4-2
分词结构和with做伴随状语... 7
Q18: GWD-4-4. 7
GWD5-Q1:
oa:e
独立主格... 8
GWD7-Q4:
比较的对象... 8
比较小结... 9
1.一种重要结构：as,than可以做比较从句的主语(as,than后面不是新的subject)
9
2.主谓语相同，状语/介宾结构 比较（it和they refer to the subject）... 9
3.宾语比较---判断点：是否有定语修饰宾语/宾补结构：make/develop/see…
sth +adj.
11
GWD真题
According to a 1996 survey by the National Association of College an University Business Officers, more than three times as many independent institutions of higher education charge tuition and fees of under $8,000 a year as those charging over $16,000.
12
4.主系表结构，主谓结构... 12
5.数量的比较与表达方式... 13
6.同位语比较... 16
GWD7-Q13:
18
GWD7-Q26:
X will happen if Y happens. 18
GWD-4-17. 19
GWD6-Q8:
19
GWD6-Q17:
现在完成时错误... 20
GWD6-Q31:
that 引导从句作主语，namely. 20
163. (33705-!-item-!-188;#058&007028)
[OG原题：OG10-258]过去完成进行时... 21
107. (30053-!-item-!-188;#058&004625)
时态问题，典型错误 大量的插入语... 21
178
法令的内容通常以分词引导... 22
69. (28225-!-item-!-188;#058&003542) X of Y +时间状语... 22
183.
idiom: Expect
23
229. (T-9-Q34)
Just as … , so ….. 23
230. (T-4-Q4)
“and”后面的平行！！... 25
236. (GWD-1-Q8)
伴随状语... 25
分词/with 运用---海量例句... 25
220. (GWD-24-8, OG12-86)
28
20. (25474-!-item-!-188;#058&002354)
29
OG12-18
同位语修饰的位置！... 29
同位语修饰---海量例句... 30
OG12-128
descend from, that…and that…平行结构... 30
OG12-88. 31
OG12-24. 31
OG12-36. 32
OG12-56 句子逻辑意思的考法：原句有逻辑错误！！... 32
OG12-43
but 后的平行... 32
OG12-131
：修饰语位置... 33
OG12-67
x would happen if y happened. 33
OG12-122
greater,more density, X will happen ,if Y happens
34
OG12-50
过去完成时,earlier in the year
34
OG12-120
介词短语的位置！... 35
OG12-98
长难句范例... 35
OG12-126
定语从句修饰名词性短语... 35
OG12-137
一般现在时的标志... 36
OG12-91
代词经典问题... 36
OG12-113
恶心代词,misplaced prepsitional phrase，长难句的（因果）逻辑结构不能被淡化！！
37
OG12-D39
more than likely 看平行要瞻前顾后... 37
OG12-D42. 37
OG12-D49
逻辑重心。。修饰的逻辑... 38
OG12-D51
A of B that…修饰A.. 38
PREP07-1
用平行来掩盖逻辑意思的错误，经典！！... 39
PREP07-8
from which/to which 结构后面的动词... 40
PREP07-16
多个and出现，注意区分哪个属于小结构... 40
PREP07-39
把握原句and前后的信息,VAN的体现... 41
PREP07-26
V-A-N规则... 41
Verbal-60. 42
Verbal-75. 42
VERBAL-92
所有格单复数一致！the的使用... 42
Verbal-100
定冠词the 与限定性状语从句... 43
186. (GWD-6-Q41)
and/which/who 前后的逗号... 43
200. (GWD-6-Q8)
44
185. (GWD-8-Q41)
可数/不可数... 45
159.
by the time+过去完成时... 45
PREP07 97
定语从句PK分词结构... 46
2010.5真题... 47
26. GWD-18-Q29
each other/one another
47
34: GWD-18-Q31
what=the thing which. 48
13. GWD-18-Q18
news 不可数名词... 49
GWD18-Q34
真题诠释主动与被动的迷惑... 49
NOT ONLY BUT ALSO小专题... 49
30. GWD-23-Q38
冒号的用法... 51
38. GWD26-Q38
A do,and (he) do…... 52
200. (T-3-Q14)
注意判断平行动词时情态动词的干扰... 52
29. GWD30-Q29:
很经典的一道题，有几个陷阱... 53
[url=]GWD1-Q7[/url]
[alan1] :
A recent review of pay scales indicates that CEO’s now earn an average of 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, compared to a ratio of 42 times in 1980.
A.
that CEO’s now earn an average of 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, compared to a ratio of 42 times
B.
that, on average, CEO’s now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, a ratio that compares to 42 times
C.
that, on average, CEO’s now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio
D.
CEO’s who now earn on average 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio
E.
CEO’s now earning an average of 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, compared to the ratio of 42 times
[alan1]as compared to.正确
Compares to 错误
[url=]GWD1-Q16[/url]
:[alan1]
弄清什么和什么比较
Soaring television costs accounted for more than half the spending in the presidential campaign of 1992, a greater proportion than it was in any previous election.
A.
a greater proportion than it was
[url=]B.
a greater proportion than[/url][alan2]
C.
a greater proportion than they have been
D.
which is greater than was so
E.
which is greater than it has been
[alan1]弄清什么和什么比较
[alan2]Soaring television costs accounted for a greater proportion in 1992 than they did in any previous election
Faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places have been cited by a new study of the 2000 United States presidential election, which estimated that they did not count 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast.
A.
Faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places have been cited by a new study of the 2000 United States presidential election, which estimated that they did not count 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast.
B.
Citing faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places, a new study of the 2000 United States presidential election has estimated that 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast were not counted.
C.
Citing faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places, 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast were not counted in the 2000 United States presidential election, a new study estimates.
D.
A new study has cited faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places in estimating that 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes that were cast had not been counted in the 2000 United States presidential election.时态问题
E.
A new study of the 2000 United States presidential election, citing faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places, has estimated 4 million to 6 million votes had not been counted of the 100 million votes cast.
GWD1-Q34:
句子原来的意思如何理解？Although…不是必须平行
Although people in France consume fatty foods at a rate comparable to the United States, their death rates from heart disease are far lower in France.
A.
people in France consume fatty foods at a rate comparable to the United States, their
B.
people in France and the United States consume fatty foods at about the same rate, the
C.
fatty foods are consumed by people in France at a comparable rate to the United States’s, their
D.
the rate of fatty foods consumed in France and the United States is about the same, the
E.
the rate of people consuming fatty foods is about the same in France and the United States, the
GWD1-Q41:
过去完成时错误。oa:C
Leaching, the recovery of copper from the drainage water of mines, as a method of the extraction of minerals, it was well established as early as the eighteenth century, but until about 25 years ago miners did not realize that bacteria take an active part in the process.
A.
as a method of the extraction of minerals, it was well established
B.
as a method of the extraction of minerals well established
C.
was a well-established method of mineral extraction
D.
was a well-established method of extracting mineral that was
E.
had been a method of mineral extraction, well established
[url=]GWD3-Q34[/url]: [alan1]
逻辑意思层次不同的选项并列作迷惑项
Shoppers in sporting goods stores, unlike in department stores, do very little impulse shopping, not buying a pair of skis and a boomerang when they come in for a basketball, but they leave with a basketball only.
A.
in department stores, do very little impulse shopping, not buying a pair of skis and a boomerang when they come in for a basketball, but they leave with a basketball only
B.
in department stores, shop impulsively very little; someone who comes in for a basketball will leave with a basketball only and not also buy a pair of skis and a boomerang as well
C.
those in department stores, do very little impulse shopping, do not buy a pair of skis and a boomerang when they come in for a basketball, but leave with only a basketball
D.
those in department stores, do very little impulse shopping; someone who comes in for a basketball will leave with a basketball only and not buy a pair of skis and a boomerang as well
E.
department stores, shop impulsively very little; someone will not buy a pair of skis and a boomerang when they come in for a basketball but will leave with only a basketball
[alan1]从句意上来看，后面部分为举例，所以不和do little impulse shopping 平行
[url=]GWD3-Q30[/url][alan1] :
today---now,abundant
Today’s technology allows manufacturers to make small cars more fuel-efficient now than at any time in their production history.
A.
small cars more fuel-efficient now than at any time in their
B.
small cars that are more fuel-efficient than they were at any time in their
C.
small cars that are more fuel-efficient than those at any other time in
D.
more fuel-efficient small cars than those at any other time in their
E.
more fuel-efficient small cars now than at any time in
today---now,abundant.
any other time in their history
[alan1]宾语比较！！manufacturers make cars that are more fuel-efficient now than (those) at any other time in history
Q17: GWD-4-[url=]2[/url][alan1]
分词结构和with做伴随状语
In Greek theology the supreme being was Esaugetu Emissee (Master of Breath), who dwelt in an upper realm in which the sky was the floor, and who had the power to give and to take away the breath of life.
A.
in which the sky was the floor, and who had the power to give and to take
B.
where the sky was the floor, having the power to give and to take
C.
whose floor was the sky, and who has the power of giving and of taking
D.
in which the sky was the floor, [url=]with the power[/url][alan2] of giving and taking
E.
whose floor was the sky, having the power to give and take
[alan1]oa:a
[alan2]with， having 可修饰floor,有歧义，应该紧靠被修饰主体
[url=]Q18: GWD-4-4[/url]
[alan1]
A new hair-growing drug is being sold for three times the price, per milligram, as the drug’s maker charges for another product with the same active ingredient.
A.
as
B.
than
C.
that
[url=]D.
of what[/url][alan2]
E.
at which
Explanation:
this one isn't that bad if you get down to the "skeleton" of the sentence. to do that, you should kill intervening prepositional phrases that don't affect the grammar of the main sentence.
to this end, you can simply get rid of the following:
"per milligram"
"for another product"
"with the same active ingredient"
and you're left with:
a new drug is being sold for three times the price ____ the drug's maker charges.
once you see this, it should be more clear that (c) is the correct answer. if you're a non-native speaker and you can't recognize "that" as the word belonging in that blank, then here's the reason: it's because "price" is the direct object of "charges". when you turn around such constructions, you use "that":
i hit the ball --> the ball that i hit
she delivered the baby --> the baby that she delivered
etc.
billy weighs three times the weight that I weigh
[alan1]oa:c
[alan2]of the thing(price) which
GWD5-Q1:
oa:e
独立主格
So dogged were Frances Perkins’ investigations of the garment industry, and her lobbying for wage and hour reform was persistent, Alfred E. Smith and Franklin D. Roosevelt recruited Perkins to work within the government, rather than as a social worker.
A.
and her lobbying for wage and hour reform was persistent,
B.
and lobbying for wage and hour reform was persistent, so that
C.
her lobbying for wage and hour reform persistent, that
D.
lobbying for wage and hour reform was so persistent,
E.
so persistent her lobbying for wage and hour reform, that
Only seven people this century have been killed by the great white shark, the man-eater of the movies—less than those killed by bee stings.
A.
movies—less than those
B.
movies—fewer than have been
C.
movies, which is less than those
D.
movies, a number lower than the people
[url=]E.
movies, fewer than the ones[/url][alan1]
fewer people were killed by … than by …
fewer peole 不是less people
[alan1]是movie的同位语，不是修饰7 people.什么和什么比较？the ones和seven people不是比较的对象。
1.一种重要结构：as,than可以做比较从句的主语(as,than后面不是新的subject)
Only seven people this century have been killed by the Great White Shark, the man-eater of the movies -- fewer than have been killed by bee stings .(7times as many as have been killered by bee stings)
In one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War, fought at Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17, 1862, four times as many Americans were killed as would later be killed on the beaches of Normandy during D-Day.
As a result of the continuing decline in the birth rate, fewer people will enter the labor force in the 1980s than did in the 1960s and 1970s, a twenty-year period during which people born after the war swelled the ranks of workers.
VERBAL-85
According to a study by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, companies in the United States are providing job training and general education for nearly eight million people, about as many as are enrolled in the nation's four-year colleges and universities.
GWD21-Q1:
According to analysts, an alliance between three major personal computer companies and most of the nation’s largest local telephone companies would enable customers to receive internet data over regular telephone lines with speeds much higher than is currently possible.
a with speeds much higher than is
b with speeds that are much higher than are
c at much higher speeds as are
d at much higher speeds than that
[url=]e [/url][alan1] at speeds much higher than are
[alan1]也体现了GMAT真题的一个特点，恶心的貌似错误的搭配做正确答案
2.主谓语相同，状语/介宾结构 比较（it和they refer to the subject）
Today, because of improvements in agricultural technology, the same amount of acreage produces twice as many apples as it did in 1910.
To develop more accurate population forecasts, demographers have to know a great deal more than now about the social and economic determinants of fertility.
[url=]A[/url][alan1] . have to know a great deal more than now about the social and economic
B. have to know a great deal more than they do now about the social and economical
C. would have to know a great deal more than they do now about the social and economical
D. would have to know a great deal more than they do now about the social and economic
E. would have to know a great deal more than now about the social and economical
Employment costs rose 2.8 percent in the 12 months that ended in September, slightly less than they did in the year that ended in the previous quarter.
There are more common characteristics than there are differences among the bower-building styles of the local bowerbird population that has been studied most extensively.
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as there were
four years ago.
接下来看两个倒装结构
Nowhere in Prakta is the influence of modern European architecture more apparent than in its government buildings.
In no other historical sighting did Halley's Comet cause such a worldwide sensation as in its return of 1910-1911.
The investor who is uncertain about the future is more likely to put money into blue-chip stocks or treasury bills than into gold.
The gyrfalcon, an Arctic bird of prey, has survived a close brush with extinction; its numbers are [url=]now[/url][alan2]
five times greater than when the use of DDT was sharply restricted in the early 1970’s.
[alan1]必须补出主谓，不然就是把knowledge 和now在进行比较
[alan2]than 前面有now与后面的when…对应，可以省略than后的主谓结构
OG12-93
Heating-oil prices are expected to be higher this year than last because refiners are paying about $5 a barrel more for crude oil than they were last year.
A. Heating-oil prices are expected to be higher[url=] this year than las[/url][alan1] t because refiners are paying about $5 a barrel more for crude oil than they were
B. Heating-oil prices are expected to rise higher this year over last because refiners pay about $5 a barrel for crude oil than they did
C. Expectations are for heating-oil prices to be higher this year than last year's because refiners are paying about $5 a barrel fr crude oil more than they did
D. It is the expectation that heating-oil prices will be higher for this year over last because refiners are paying about $5 a barrel more for crude oil now than what they were
E. It is expected that heating-oil prices will rise higher this year than last year's because refiners pay about $5 a barrel for crude oil more than they did
[alan1]对应可省略than后面的主谓结构
3.宾语比较---判断点：是否有定语修饰宾语/宾补结构：make/develop/see…
sth +adj.
以下3题为同一题型！！类似于一个定语从句修饰宾语，than后面跟that/those, 而不是it/they，不用补出助动词！
197. (GWD-1-Q16)
Soaring television costs accounted for more than half the spending in the presidential campaign of 1992, a greater proportion than it was in any previous election.
A.
a greater proportion than it was
[url=]B.
a[/url][alan1] greater proportion than
C.
a greater proportion than they have been
D.
which is greater than was so
(B)
E.
which is greater than it has been
[alan1]a greater proportion than (that) in any previous election
Today’s technology allows manufacturers to make small cars more fuel-efficient now than at any time in their production history. ( C )
A
small cars more fuel-efficient now than at any time in their
B
small cars that are more fuel-efficient than they were at any time in their 不能用they
[url=]C[/url][alan1]
small cars that are more fuel-efficient than those at any other time in
D
more fuel-efficient small cars than those at any other time in their
E
more fuel-efficient small cars now than at any time in
再来个类似的
Domestic automobile manufacturers have invested millions of dollars in research to develop cars even more gasoline-efficient than those at present on the road.
Once positioned in space, the Hubble Space Telescope will capture light from source twenty times fainter than those that can be detected by ground-based instruments.
[alan1]small cars are more efficient now than those at any other time in history (are)
If current trends continue, by the year 2010 carbon emissions in the United States will soar to a
level more than one-third higher than were those in 1990, according to official projections.
(A) will soar to a level more than one-third higher than were those
(B) will soar to a level more than one-third higher than that
(C) would soar to a level more than one-third higher than it was
(D) would soar to a level more than one-third higher than those
(E) would soar to a level more than one-third higher than they were
OG10-19
In addition to having more protein-than wheat does, the protein in rice is higher quality than that in wheat, with more of the amino acids essential to the human diet.
(A)the protein in rice is higher quality than that in
(B)rice has protein of higher quality than that in
(C)the protein in rice is higher in quality than [url=]it[/url][alan1] is in
(D)rice protein is higher in quality than it is in
(E)rice has a protein higher in quality than
the unskilled worker realized that their wage is better than [url=]that[/url][alan2] offer by many other factories
The type of feed liable to be infected with the virus that causes Ferber’s syndrome generally constitutes a larger [url=]proportion of the diet[/url][alan3] of commercially raised chickens than (the proportion of the diet) of commercially raised cattle
VERBAL-87
Last year, land values in most parts of the pinelands rose almost as fast as,and in some parts even faster than, those outside the pinelands.
[alan1]it 指代protein in the rice,不合逻辑
[alan2]=what is offered by…
=the wage that is offered by…
[alan3]这个是宾语的主体
OG12-85
Salt deposits and moisture threaten to destroy the Mohenjo-Daro excavation in Pakistan, the site of anancient civilization that flourished at the same time as the civilizations in the Nile Delta and the rivervalleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.
(A) that flurished at the same time as the civilizations
(B) that [url=]had flourished[/url][alan1] at the same time as had the civilizations
(C) that flourished at the same time those had
(D) flourishing at the same time as[url=] those[/url][alan2] did
(E) flourishing at the same time as those were
GWD真题
According to a 1996 survey by the National Association of College an University Business Officers, more than three times as many independent institutions of higher education charge tuition and fees of under $8,000 a year as those charging over $16,000.
[alan1]过去完成时和过去时要成对出现
[alan2]as前后单复数不同，需要补出，不能用those代替
[url=]4[/url][alan1] .主系表结构，主谓结构
Prep1-134 省略谓语，表语后置
Among lower-paid workers, union members are less likely than nonunion members to be enrolled in lower-end insurance plans that impose stricter limits on medical services and require doctors to see more patients, spending less time with each.
212. (GWD-10-Q1)
According to a survey of graduating medical students conducted by the Association of American Medical Colleges, minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than [url=]are[/url][alan2] other graduates in planning to practice in socioeconomically deprived areas.
A.
minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than are other graduates in planning to practice
B.
minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than other graduates who plan on practicing
C.
minority graduates are nearly four times as likely as[url=]other graduates[/url][alan3] to plan on practicing
D.
it is nearly four times more likely that minority graduates rather than other graduates will plan to practice
(C)
E.
it is nearly four times as likely for minority graduates than other graduates to plan to practice
Many teenagers undergo stress, but results of a recent study indicate that the patterns of stress that girls experience
are
more likely to result indepressionthan
are
those that boys experience.
(the patterns of stress that girls experience are more likely than those the boys experience to result in depression)
St. John’s , Newfoundland, lies on the same latitude as Paris, France, but in spring St. John’s residents are less likely to be sitting at outdoor cafes than to be bracing themselves against arctic chills, shoveling snow, or seeking shelter from a raging northeast storm.
The pay of senior executives increased in 1990 by a larger percentage than did the wages of other salaried workers.
[alan1]than前若有宾语，则其后的助词需补出，时态要据后定。主语相同可省
[alan2]be likely in doing错误，be likely to do
[alan3]系动词are要省略
5.数量的比较与表达方式
倍数表达：twice (as much as) (sth)that….
X times adj. than
X times as adj. as
the X of A is 3 times that of B
the X of A is 3 times B
the X of A is 3 times more than B
more/less==greater+degree/amount/number/density
larger/smaller +number/proportion
Providing initial evidence that airports are a larger source of pollution than they were once believed to be, environmentalists in Chicago report that the total amount of pollutant emitted annually by vehicles at O’Hare International Airport is twice as much as that which is being emitted annually by all motor vehicles in the Chicago metropolitan area.
A.
as much as that which is being emitted annually by all
B.
as much annually as is emitted by the
C.
as much compared to what is annually emitted by all
[url=]D.
that[/url][alan1] emitted annually by all
(D)
E.
that emitted annually compared to the
[alan1]twice后面可以直接接名词，twice as much as也是对的
这里that 指代pollutant
PREP07-66
Africa's black rhino population in the mid-1970's numbered about 20,000, ten times the estimated population of 2,000 in 1997.
(A) the estimated population
(B) that of their estimated population
(C) more than the population's estimated amount
(D) more black rhinos than their population estimate
(E) more than that of their population's estimated amount
238. (GWD-4-4)
A new hair-growth drug is being sold for three times the price, per milligram, as the drug's maker charges for another product with the same active ingredient.
A.
as
B.
than
C.
that
D.
of what
(C)
E.
at which
2010.5真题
某industry ， grow 划线 something's growth rate
a) 3 times
b) 3 times of
[url=]c[/url][alan1] ) at 3 times
d) at 3 times of
e) at 3 times that of
OG12-16(OG第12版语法16题)
Retail sales rose 8/10 of 1 percent in August, intensifying expectations that personal spending in the July-September quarter more than doubled that of the 1.4 percent growth rate in personal spending for the previous quarter.
A. that personal spending in the July-September quarter more than doubled that of
B. that personal spending in the July-September quarter would more than double
C. of personal spending in the July-September quarter, that it more than doubled
D. of personal spending in the July-September quarter more than doubling that of
E. of personal spending in the July-September quarter, that it would more than double that of
[alan1]也可以说grow at 3 times that(the growth rate of something
The number of people flying first class on domestic flights rose sharply in 1990, doubling the increase of the previous year.
Retail sales rose 8/10 of 1 percent in August, intensifying expectations that personal spending in the July-September quarter would more than double the 1.4 percent [url=]growth rate[/url][alan1] in personal spending for the previous quarter
According to surveys by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, about 20 percent of
young adults used cocaine in 1979, twice the number reported in the 1977 survey.
A Labor Department study states that the number of women employed outside the home increased by more than thirty-five percent in the past decade and accounted for more than sixty-two percent of the total growth in the civilian work force.
its number is now five times
[url=]greater[/url][alan2] than when…
The recent surge in the number of airplane flights has clogged the nation's air-traffic control system, leading to a 55 percent increase in [url=]delays[/url][alan3]
at airports and prompting fear among some officials that safety is being compromised.
In 1914 a total of 469,000 cars and trucks were produced in the United States, but in 1929 almost twice that number of trucks alone came off the assembly lines.
[alan1]double the growth rate/increase
[alan2]number 用larger/smaller/greater修饰，不能用more!!!
[alan3]不是55percent more delays 也不是an increase of 55 percent in delays
6.同位语比较
经典考题
In 1973 mortgage payments represented twenty-one percent of an average thirty-year-old male’s income; [url=]and forty-four percent in 1984[/url][alan1] .
(A) income; and forty-four percent in 1984
(B) income; in 1984 the figure was forty-four percent
(C) income, and in 1984 forty-four percent
(D) income, forty-four percent in 1984 was the figure
(E) income that rose to forty-four percent in 1984
看compared with 的比较对象问题
[alan1],a proportion less than （that） in 1984
[url=]20[/url][alan1] . GWD26-Q20
In 1981 children in the United States spent an average
of slightly less than two and a half hours a week doing
household chores; by 1997 they had spent nearly six hours a week.
A.
chores; by 1997 they had spent nearly six hours
a week
[url=]B.
chores[/url][alan2] ; by 1997 that figure [url=]had[/url][alan3] grown to nearly
six hours a week
C.
chores, whereas nearly six hours a week were
spent in 1997
D.
chores, compared with a figure of nearly six hours a week in 1997
E.
chores, that figure growing to nearly six hours a week in 1997
[alan1]gmat看到代词，逗号后的分词结构，马上看就近修饰时否有歧义
[alan2]正解，注意看figure的用法。A选项they指代不明确，D选项的compared with 就近修饰chores!
[alan3]by 1997，所以用过去完成时
prep
In the United States, while the number of foreign-born residents and their children is higher than ever, the percentage of the population they represent is not; in 1910 this group made up 35 percent of the population when compared to 20 percent in 2000.
(A) population when compared to 20 percent in 2000
(B) population [url=]as compared to[/url][alan1] 2000, when it was 20 percent
(C) population, comparing it with 20 percent in 2000
(D) population, unlike 2000, with 20 percent
[url=](E)[/url][alan2] population, compared with 20 percent in 2000
[alan1]这里比较对象不对等，percent 和 2000做了比较
[alan2]此为正解，相比前面那题这里compared with 修饰35 percent of the population,比较对象相当！
新Prep语法笔记- 132. (31556-!-item-!-188;#058&004545)
A recent review of pay scales indicates that CEO's now earn an average of 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, [url=]compared to a ratio of 42 times[/url] in 1980.[alan1]
(A) that CEO's now earn an average of 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, [url=]compared[/url][alan2] to a ratio of 42 times
(B) that, on average, CEO's now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, a ratio that compares to 42 times
(C) that, on average, CEO's now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, [url=]as[/url][alan3] compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio
(D) CEO's who now earn on average 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio
(E) CEO's now earning an average of 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, compared to the ratio of 42 times
[alan1],a greater ratio as compared to that in 1980
as compared to what was 42times in 1980
[alan2]比较对象不对等，pay和ratio比较
[alan3]这里比较对象对等，pay 和pay比较
197. (GWD-1-Q16)
Soaring television costs accounted for more than half the spending in the presidential campaign of 1992, a greater proportion than it was in any previous election.
A.
a greater proportion than it was
[url=]B.
a[/url][alan1] greater proportion than
C.
a greater proportion than they have been
D.
which is greater than was so
(B)
E.
which is greater than it has been
[alan1]a greater proportion than (that was) in any previous election
看下面两个是如何互换的
According to surveys by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, about 20 percent of young adults used cocaine in 1979, [url=]twice the number reported in the 1977 survey.[/url][alan1]
A decade after initiating the nation's most comprehensive and aggressive antismoking program,California has seen per capita consumption of cigarettes decline from over 125 packs annually to about 60, [url=]a drop more than twice as great as that in the nation as a whole[/url][alan2]
[alan1]=a number twice as great as that reported in 1977
[alan2]=more than twice the drop in the nation as a whole
Like the grassy fields and old pastures that the upland sandpiper needs for feeding and nesting when it returns in May after wintering in the Argentine Pampas, the sandpipers vanishing in the northeastern United States is a result of residential and industrial development and of changes in farming practices.
A.
the [url=]sandpipers vanishing[/url][alan1] in the northeastern United States is a result of residential and industrial development and of changes in
[url=]B.
the bird itself [/url][alan2] is vanishing in the northeastern United States as a result of residential and industrial development and of changes in
C.
that the birds themselves are vanishing in the northeastern United States is due to residential and industrial development and changes to
D.
in the northeastern United States, sandpipers’ vanishing is due to residential and industrial development and to changes in
E.
in the northeastern United States, the sandpipers’ vanishing, a result of residential and industrial development and changing
[alan1]因该是sandpiper’s vanishing is a result of…
[alan2]具有迷惑性，bird和grassy fields and pasture都是vanishing的事物，所以具有可比性
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) had long been expected to announce a reduction in output to bolster sagging oil prices, but officials of the organization just recently announced that the group will pare daily production by 1.5 million barrels by the beginning of next year, but only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, were to trim output by a total of 500,000 barrels a day.
A.
year, but only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, were to trim output
B.
year, but only if the output of non-OPEC nations, which includes Norway, Mexico, and Russia, is trimmed
C.
year only if the [url=]output of non-OPEC nations, including[/url]Norway, Mexico, and Russia[alan2] , would be trimmed
D.
year only if non-OPEC nations, which includes Norway, Mexico, and Russia, were trimming output
E.
year only if non-OPEC nations, including Norway, Mexico, and Russia, trim output
[alan1]！！！时态问题：X will happen if Y happens
，but only if…
错误
主动语态
[alan2]Output including Norway,Mexico…
有歧义
oa:e
[url=]Although[/url][alan1] the restaurant company has recently added many new restaurants across the country and its sales have increased dramatically, its sales at restaurants open for more than a year have declined.
A.
the restaurant company has recently added many new restaurants across the country and its sales have increased dramatically, its
B.
the restaurant company has recently added many new restaurants across the country and its sales increased dramatically, its
C.
many new restaurants have recently been opened across the country [url=]and[/url][alan2] its sales increased dramatically, the restaurant company’s
D.
having recently added many new restaurants across the country and with its sales increasing dramatically, the restaurant company’s
[url=]E.
recently adding many new restaurants across the country and having its sales increase dramatically, the restaurant company’s[/url][alan3]
[alan1]Although 单独掉在前面，别看漏了。答案是A
[alan2]被动语态注意是否体现动作的发出者
[alan3]Altough 后面应该接完整句子，its无指代
Many financial experts believe that policy makers at the Federal Reserve, now viewing the economy as balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, are almost certain to leave interest rates unchanged for the foreseeable future.
A.
Reserve, now viewing the economy as balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, are
B.
Reserve, now viewing the economy to be balanced between that of moderate growth and low inflation and are
C.
Reserve [url=]who, now viewing the economy as balanced between moderate growth and low inflation[/url][alan1] , are
D.
Reserve, who now [url=]view the economy to be[/url][alan2] balanced between that of moderate growth and low inflation, will be
E.
Reserve, which now views the economy to be balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, is
[alan1]这个结构注意下，who后面应该有谓语动词
oa:a
[alan2]View X to be Y 错误。原句are almost certain（已经certain about future plan了）而不是will be certain
Concerns about public health led to the construction between 1876 and 1904 of three separate sewer systems to serve metropolitan Boston.
A.
Concerns about public health led to the construction between 1876 and 1904 of three separate sewer systems to serve
B.
Concerns about public health have led to the construction of three separate sewer systems [url=]between 1876 and 1904[/url][alan1] to serve
C.
Concerns about public health have led between 1876 and 1904 to the construction of three separate sewer systems for serving
D.
There were concerns about public health leading to the construction between 1876 and 1904 of three separate sewer systems serving
E.
There were concerns leading between 1876 and 1904 to the construction of three separate sewer systems for serving
[alan1]Between 1876 and 1904 这个指的是修筑的时间段，应该紧靠construction，而不是sewer systems. 现在完成时错误(没有明显标志)
oa：a
The fact of some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably on a spectrum of genetic relatedness.
A.
The fact of some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably
B.
That some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly while others look quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, [url=]namely that they vary considerably[/url][alan1]
C.
With some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar, it highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely considerable variation
D.
With some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar, it is a fact that highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely a considerable variation
E.
Because some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly and others look quite dissimilar, this fact highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably
[alan1]修饰feature,注意句中的while
再看一个namely的例子
Yet Walzer’s argument, however deficient, does point to one of the most serious weaknesses of capitalism—namely, that it brings to predominant positions in a society people
163. (33705-!-item-!-188;#058&007028)
[OG原题：OG10-258]过去完成进行时
The British sociologist and activist Barbara Wootton once noted as a humorous example of income maldistribution that the elephant that gave rides to children at the Whipsnade Zoo was earning annually exactly what she then earned as director of adult education for London.
(A) that the elephant that gave rides to children at the Whipsnade Zoo was earning
(B) that the elephant, [url=]giving rides to children at the Whipsnade Zoo[/url][alan1] , had been earning
(C) that there was an elephant giving rides to children at the Whipsnade Zoo, and it earned
(D) the elephant that gave rides to children at the Whipsnade Zoo and was earning
(E) the elephant giving rides to children at the Whipsnade Zoo and that it earned
In B, the structure of noted... that the elephant, giving rides ..., had been earning falsely implies that
the reader already knows about the elephant--that is, that the existence of this particular elephant is
not new information. Also, the past perfect had been improperly places the elephant's earning in the
past, prior to Wootton's; consistent verb tense is needed to show that the actions are simultaneous.
[alan1]这里不改用nonessential modifier,因该将逗号去除掉成为essential modifier
Galileo did not invent the telescope, but on hearing, in 1609, that such an optical instrument had
been made, he quickly built his own device from an organ pipe and spectacle lenses.
(A) Galileo did not invent the telescope, but on hearing, in 1609, that such an optical instrument had
been made, he
[url=](B)[/url][alan1] Galileo had not invented the telescope, but when he heard, in 1609, of such an optical
instrument having been made,
[url=](C)[/url][alan2] Galileo, even though he had not invented the telescope, on hearing, in 1609, that such an
optical instrument had been made, he
(D) Even though Galileo did not invent the telescope, on hearing, in 1609, that such an optical
instrument had been made,
[url=](E) [/url][alan3] Even though Galileo did not invent the telescope, but when he heard, in 1609, of such an optical
instrument being made, he
[alan1]时态问题，典型错误，heard of such an optical instrument having been made----awkward
[alan2]两个主语，even though 后面的he和Galileo冲突了。C选项使用大量的插入语，使Galieo与其主句的主谓he built隔开，考生容易忽视这里有两个重复
的主语。这也是GMAT设置错误选项陷阱的一种常用手法。
[alan3]Even though..but..典型错误
Last week local shrimpers held a news conference to take some credit for the resurgence of the rare Kemp's ridley turtle, saying that their compliance with laws requiring that turtle-excluder devices be on shrimp nets protect adult sea turtles.
[url=]A.
requiring[/url][alan1] that turtle-excluder devices be on shrimp nets protect
B.
requiring turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting
C.
that require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets protect
D.
to require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets are protecting (B)
E.
to require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting
[alan1]法令的内容通常以分词引导表效力的延续性，如laws, agreement(prep 1-221)和directive，后面不跟定语从句。
The proliferation of so-called cybersquatters, people who register the Internet domain names of
high-profile companies in hopes of reselling the rights to those names for a profit, led to passing the
Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act in 1999, allowing companies to seek up to $100,000
in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent of selling them later.
(A) passing the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act in 1999, allowing companies to seek
up to $100,000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent of selling
(B) the[url=] passage of the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act in 1999[/url][alan1] , which allows
companies to seek up to $100,000 in damages against those who register domain names with the
sole intent that they will sell
(C) the [url=]passage[/url][alan2] in 1999 of the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, which allows
companies to seek up to $100,000 in damages against those who register domain names with the
sole [url=]intent of selling[/url][alan3]
(D) the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, which was passed in 1999, and it allows
companies to seek up to $100,000 in damages against those who register domain names with the
sole intent to sell
(E) the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, passed in 1999 and allowing companies to
seek up to $100,000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent of
selling
[alan1]X of Y +时间状语，注意这种结构时间状语位置不同可能引发的歧义例如the construction between…of the building
[alan2]the passing of a bill into law
[alan3]要注意不要将with the sole intent to sell误认为是to do结构表示目的. to do结构修饰的是动词,如果修
饰名词的话应该用A of B结构.with the sole intent没有动词出现,所以应该用of selling来修饰名词intent。
His intent of escaping was preceived by the police
Despite recent increases in sales and cash flow that have propelled automobile companies' common stocks to new highs, several industry analysts [url=]expect[/url][alan1] automakers, in order to conserve cash, to set dividends more conservatively than they were
A. to set dividends more conservatively than they were
B. to set dividends more conservatively [url=]than[/url][alan2] they have been
C. to be more conservative than they have been in setting dividends
D. that they will be more conservative than they were in setting dividends
E. that they will be more conservative than they have been to set dividends
[alan1]Expect
错误用法：
sth. be expected for sth. to do(也就是说for sth.不能加)
sth. be expected that 错
it is expected for stb. to do累赘，不如直接用sth. be expected to do/be
expect sb. that 错
[alan2]than 前后的形式不平行,要补出主要动词啊！！
Just like the background in art history needed by an archaeologist in order to evaluate finds of ancient art, the nautical archaeologist needs specialized knowledge of the history and theory of ship design in order to understand shipwrecks.
A.
Just like the background in art history needed by an archaeologist in order to evaluate finds of ancient art, the
B.
Just as an archaeologist who needs a background in art history to evaluate finds of ancient art, a
C.
Just as an archaeologist needs a background in art history to evaluate finds of ancient art, so a
D.
Like the archaeologist who evaluates finds of ancient art and requires a background in art history, so the
(C)
E.
As evaluating finds of ancient art requires an archaeologist who has a background in art history, so the
一个类似just as的结构—by aeoluseros
what = just as,意为“恰像，犹如，好比”用作连词,引导比较状语从句
(1) 惯用句式是：A is to B what C is to D. 意为“A对B而言正如C对D一样”例如：
Air is to us What water is to fish.
空气对于我们犹如水对于鱼。(介词to表示两者的关系)
(2)
也有“A is for B what C is for D.”句式。例如：
Poultry is for the cook what canvas is for the paint. 厨师离不了家禽正如画家离不开画布一样。（介词for表示“供…使用”）
(3)
what 引导的从句也可以放在句首,其句式是: What C is to D, that A is to B.(= A is to B what C is to D.)
在这一结构中，喻体在前，主体在后，相当于“just as...,so...”结构,意思也是“A对B而言正如C对D一样”例如:
What blood vessel is to a man's body, that railway is to transportation.（=Just as blood vessel is to a man's body, so Railway is to transportation.）铁路对于运输,好比血管对于人体一样。
(4)
需要注意的是what不可以直接被just as替换，just as需要有遵循属于自己的平行比较格式。
如下题OG12-58：
A leading figure in the Scottish Enlightenment, Adam Smith’s two major books are to democratic capitalism what Marx’s Das Kapital is to socialism.
(A) Adam Smith’s two major books are to democratic capitalism what
(B) Adam Smith’s two major books are to democratic capitalism like
(C) Adam Smith’s two major books are to democratic capitalism just as
(D) Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism similar to
(E) Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism what
just as A do, so B do
Just as … , so …
Just as you sow, so you will reap
主从句要尽量形式对称
Just as … , so too … 主句要部分倒装(so too后是主句)
Just as you sow, so too will you reap
Turning away from literary realism to write romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, in 1909 Selma Lagerlöf was the novelist who became the first woman and was also the first Swedish writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature.
A.
Turning away from literary realism to write romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, in 1909 Selma Lagerlöf was the novelist who became the first woman [url=]and[/url][url=]was[/url][alan1] also the first Swedish writer to win[alan2]
B.
She turned away from literary realism and wrote romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, and novelist Selma Lagerlöf in 1909 became the first woman as well as the first Swedish writer that won
C.
Selma Lagerlöf was a novelist who turned away from literary realism to write romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, and in 1909 she became the first woman in addition to the first Swedish writer winning
D.
A novelist who turned away from literary realism to write romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, Selma Lagerlöf became in 1909 the first woman and also the first Swedish writer to win
(D)
E.
As a novelist, Selma Lagerlöf turned away from literary realism and wrote romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, in 1909 becoming the first woman and also the first Swedish writer that won
[alan1]典型错误例子：The Messenger was owned and edited by two
young journalists, Chandler Owen and A. Philip
Randolph, who would later make his reputation
as a labor leader, and published in Harlem.
[alan2]And who was also the first Swedish writer to win…
“and”后面的平行！！重点要高度敏感
The 32 species that make up the dolphin family are closely related to whales and in fact include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is famous for its aggressive hunting pods.
A.
include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is
B.
include the animal known as the killer whale, [url=]growing[/url][alan1] as big as 30 feet long and
C.
include the animal known as the killer whale, growing up to 30 feet long and being
D.
includes the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow as big as 30 feet long and is
(A)
E.
includes the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and it is
[alan1]growing做伴随状语修饰了谓语动词include及其主语the 32 species，错误
分词/with 运用---海量例句
（注意都逗号的运用）：
Nuclear fusion is the force that powers the Sun, the stars, and hydrogen bombs, merging the nuclei of atoms rather than splitting them apart, as nuclear reactors do.
Neuroscientist, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.
Found throughout Central and South America, the sloth（树赖） hangs from trees by its long rubbery limbs（手臂）, sleeping 15 hours a day and moving so infrequently that two species of algae grow on its coat and between its toes.
In her book illustrations, carefully coordinating them with her [url=]narratives[/url][alan1] , Beatrix Potter capitalized on her keen observation and love of the natural world.(In her book illustrations, which she carefully coordinated with her narratives, Beatrix Potter)
[alan1]经典夹心修饰错误
定语从句有时为优选！！！！
The use of lie detectors is based on the assumption that lying produces emotional reactions in an induvidual that, in turn, create unconscious physiological responses.
(creating, in turn,unconscious physiological [url=]responses[/url][alan1] )
The results of the company's cost-cutting measures are evident in its profits, which have increased 5 percent during the first 3 months of this year after falling over the last two years.
Industrialization and modern methods of insect control have improved the standard of living around
the globe while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical
pollutants, having gone virtually unregulated since they were developed more than 50 years ago.
(A)[url=] while at the same time[/url][alan2] they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants,
[url=]having[/url][alan3]
(B) while at the same time introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants that have
[alan1]前面需要逗号
[alan2]居然没有abundant,悲剧
[alan3]引发歧义
In 1923,the Supreme Court declared unconstitutional a minimum wage for women and children in the District of Columbia,ruling that it was a form of pierce-fixing and,as such,an abridgement of the right of contract.
By a vote of 9 to 0, the Supreme Court awarded the Central Intelligence Agency broad discretionary powers enabling it to withhold from the public the identities of its sources of intelligence information.
Seldom more than 40 feet wide and 12 feet deep but running 363 miles across the rugged wilderness of upstate New York, the Erie Canal connected the Hudson River at Albany to the Great Lakes at Buffalo,providing the port of New York City with a direct waterlink to the heartland of the North American continent.
[attach]12150[/attach]
OG11
逻辑关系才是根本，分词有时也作为重要迷惑选项！！
The recent surge in the number of airplane flights has clogged the nation's air-traffic control system, leading to a 55 percent increase in [url=]delays[/url][alan1]
at airports and prompting fear among some officials that safety is being compromised.
Using accounts of various ancient writers, scholars have painted a sketchy picture of the activities of an all-female cult that, perhaps as early as the sixth century B.C., worshipped a goddess known in Latin as Bona Dea,"the good goddess".
[alan1]不是55percent more delays 也不是an increase of 55 percent in delays
以下是关于with的几道题
[url=]193. (T-3-Q2)[/url][alan1]
As the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed, staying where it is inserted, this results in the act of stinging causing the bee to sustain a fatal injury.
A.
As the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed, staying where it is inserted, this results in the act of stinging causing
B.
As the heavily barbed stinger of the honeybee stays where it is inserted, with the result that the act of stinging causes
C.
The honeybee’s stinger, heavily barbed and staying where it is inserted, results in the fact that the act of stinging causes
D.
The heavily barbed stinger of the honeybee stays where it is inserted, and results in the act of stinging causing
(E)
E.
The honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed and stays where it is inserted, with the result that the act of stinging causes
175. (GWD-9-Q3)
Because of wireless service costs plummeting in the last year, and as mobile phones are increasingly common, many people now using their mobile phones to make calls across a wide region at night and on weekends, when numerous wireless companies provide unlimited airtime for a relatively small monthly fee.
A.
Because of wireless service costs plummeting in the last year, and as mobile phones are increasingly common, many people
B.
As the cost of wireless service plummeted in the last year and as mobile phones became increasingly common, many people
C.
In the last year, with the cost of wireless service plummeting, and mobile phones have become increasingly common, there are many people
D.
With the cost of wireless service plummeting in the last year and mobile phones becoming increasingly common, many people are
(D)
E.
While the cost of wireless service has plummeted in the last year and mobile phones are increasingly common, many people are
The Anasazi settlements at Chaco Canyon were built on a spectacular scale, with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each,
connected by a complex regional system of roads. (of more than 75 carefully engineered structures of up to 600 rooms, each that had been )
[alan1]逻辑意思才是根本啊！！
Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged in 1911, Scott Joplin's ragtime opera Treemonisha was not produced until 1972, sixty-one years after its completion.
(A) Except for a concert performance that the composer himself staged
(B) Except for a concert performance with the composer himself staging it
(C) Besides a concert performance being staged by the composer himself
(D) Excepting a concert performance that the composer himself staged
(E) With the exception of a concert performance with the staging done bythe composer himself
Bihar is India’s poorest state, with an annual per capita income of $111, lower than that of the most impoverished countries of the world.
The results of the company's cost-cutting measures are evident in its profits, which increased five percent during the first three months of this year after it fell over the last two years.
A.
which increased five percent during the first three months of this year after it fell
B.
which had increased five percent during the first three months of this year after it had fallen
C.
which have increased five percent during the first three months of this year after falling
D.
with a five percent increase during the first three months of this year after falling
(C)
E.
with a five percent increase during the first three months of this year after having fallen
[alan1]oa:c
The human nervous system and a telephone system superficially resemble each other, not only
because the former carries information in the form of electrical impulses and because all of its
neural pathways converge in the brain and spinal cord, which together form a kind of central
exchange.
(A) The human nervous system and a telephone system superficially resemble each other, not only
because the former carries
(B) The human nervous system and a telephone system bear a superficial resemblance because
they both carry
(C) The human nervous system [url=]bears a superficial resemblance to[/url][alan1] a telephone system both
because the former carries
(D) Superficially, a telephone system resembles the human nervous system both because they
carry
(E) There is a superficial resemblance between a telephone system and the human nervous system,
not only because they both carry
[alan1]A bears a resemblance to B正确
A and B bear a resemblance错误
OG12-18
同位语修饰的位置！
Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon than are fungi, [url=]in the form of carbon dioxide[/url][alan1] , and converting it to energy-rich sugars.
(A) Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon than are fungi,
(B) Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon than fungi,
(C) Plants are more efficient than fungi at acquiring carbon,
(D) Plants, more efficient than fungi at acquiring carbon,
(E) Plants acquire carbon more effi ciently than fungi,
同位语修饰---海量例句
Yellow jackets number among the 900 or so species of the world's social wasps, wasps that live in a highly cooperative and organized society consisting almost entirely of females[url=]--[/url][alan2] the queen and her sterile female workers.
The World Wildlife Fund has declared that global warming, a phenomenon that most scientists agree is caused by human beings' burning of fossil fules, will create havoc among migratory birds by altering the environment in ways harmful to their habitats.
El Nino, the periodic abnormal warming of the sea surface off Peru, is a phenomenon in which changes in the ocean and atmosphere combine to allow the warm water that has accumulated in the western Pacific to flow back to the east.
Architects and stonemasons, the Maya built huge palace and temple clusters without the benefit of animal transport or the wheel.
An exceptionally literate people, [url=]Icelanders[/url][alan3] publish more books per capita than do the people of any other nation.
Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy-metal deposits in theupper twenty centimeters of sediments from the Baltic Sea, findings consistent with the growth of industrial activity in the area
Floating in the waters of the equatorial Pacific, an array of buoys collects and transmits data on long term interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere, interactions that affect global climate.
GWD
Researchers in Germany have unearthed 400,000-year-old wooden spears from what appears to be an ancient lakeshore hunting ground, stunning [url=]evidence[/url][alan4] that human ancestors systematically hunted big game much earlier than believed.
[alan1]同位语结构必须紧靠修饰对象，一般在修饰对象之后
[alan2]留意破折号的使用，此处为举例的作用
[alan3]这个和上面那句很相似
[alan4]不可数名词！！
Australian embryologists have found evidence that suggests that the elephant is descended from an aquatic animal, and its trunk originally evolving as a kind of snorkel.
(A)[url=] that suggests that the elephant[/url][alan1] is descended from an aquatic animal, and its trunk originally
evolving
(B) that has suggested the elephant descended from an aquatic animal, its trunk originally evolving
(C) suggesting that the elephant had descended from an aquatic animal[url=] with[/url][alan2] its trunk originally
evolved
(D) to suggest that the elephant had descended from an aquatic animal and its trunk originally
evolved
(E) to suggest that the elephant [url=]is descended from[/url][alan3] an aquatic animal and that its trunk originally
evolved
参考一个类似的句子
The company announced that its profits declined much less in the second quarter than analysts had expected and that its business would improve in the second half of the year.
GWD
Researchers agreed that the study of new treatments for heart attack patients was extremely important but [url=]that[/url][alan4] more research was needed to determine that balloon angioplasty preceded with ultrasound was any better for heart attack patients than the balloon procedure by itself.
[alan1]It is awkward to string together two relative clauses
[alan2]With can not be followed by an independent clause
[alan3]Is descended from &descended from 都是正确的
[alan4]GMAT貌似有这个癖好，连词后面的than都补出来！
Thelonious Monk, who was a jazz pianist and composer, produced a body of work[url=] both[/url][alan1] rooted in the stride-piano tradition of Willie (The Lion) Smith and Duke Ellington, yet in many ways he stood apart from the mainstream jazz repertory.
(A) Thelonious Monk, who was a jazz pianist and composer, produced a body of work both rooted
(B) Thelonious Monk, the jazz pianist and composer, produced a body of work that was rooted both
(C) Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk, who produced a body of work rooted
(D) Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk produced a body of work that [url=]was rooted[/url][alan2]
(E) Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk produced a body of work rooted both
[alan1]Both 具有迷惑性！！
[alan2]Idiom:be rooted in: ■(be rooted in)have as an origin or cause
(一般作 be rooted)establish deeply and firmly
Vegetarianism is rooted in the Indian culture
In virtually all types of tissue in every animal species,dioxin induces the production of enzymes that are the [url=]organism’s trying[/url][alan1] to metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical that is irritating it.
(A) trying to metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical that is irritating it
(B) trying that it metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical irritant
(C) attempt to try to metabolize, or render harmless, such a chemical irritant
(D) attempt to try and metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical irritating it
(E) attempt to metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical irritant
[alan1]Not prefered as compared to “attempt”
Dressed as a man and using the name Robert Shurtleff, Deborah Sampson, the fi rst woman to draw
a soldier’s pension, joined the Continental Army in 1782 at the age of 22, was injured three times, and was discharged in 1783 because she had become too ill to serve.
(A) 22, was injured three times, and was discharged in 1783 because she had become
(B) 22, was injured three times, while being discharged in 1783 because she had become
(C) 22 and was injured three times, and discharged in 1783, being
(D) 22, [url=]injured[/url][alan2] three times, and was discharged in 1783 because she was
(E) 22, having been injured three times and discharged in 1783, being
[alan1]VERB1…,VERB2…,and VERB3… 三者并列只需一个and,误把第2个看做run-on sentence
[alan2]Needs to be in passive voice
Many of the earliest known images of Hindu deities in India date from the time of the Kushan Empire,fashioned either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or Gandharan grey schist.
(A) Empire, fashioned either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or
(B) Empire, fashioned from either the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from
(C) Empire, either fashioned from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or
(D) Empire and either fashioned from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from
(E) Empire [url=]and were[/url][alan1] fashioned either from the spotted sandstone of Mathura or from
[alan1]修正句子逻辑意思错误，需要读懂句子
Laos has a land area about the same as Great Britain but only four million in population, where many are members of hill tribes ensconced in the virtually inaccessible mountain valleys of the north.
(A) about the same as Great Britain but only four million in population, where many
(B) of about the same size as Great Britain is, but in Laos there is a population of only four million,
and many
(C) that is about the same size as Great Britain’s land area, but in Laos with a population of only
four million people, many of them
(D)[url=] comparable to[/url][alan1] the size of Great Britain, [url=]but[/url][alan2] only four million in population, and many
(E) comparable to that of Great Britain but [url=]a population of only four million people[/url][alan3] , many of
whom
[alan1]similar to
[alan2]隐含平行考点！！but后面的内容不平行，and many,
gives an undue emphasis on the later part of the sentence.
[alan3]注意population的表达方式，a population of…不是 …in population.
Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear power, while in Germany it is just over 33 percent.
(A) while in Germany it is just over 33 percent
(B) compared to Germany, which uses just over 33 percent
(C) whereas nuclear power accounts for just over 33 percent of the energy produced in Germany
(D) whereas just over 33 percent of the energy comes from nuclear power[url=] in Germany[/url][alan1]
(E) compared with the energy from nuclear power in Germany, where it is just over 33 percent
[alan1]修饰energy的位置不对，产生歧义！！
Affording strategic proximity to the Strait of Gibraltar,Morocco was also of interest to the French throughout the first half of the twentieth century because they assumed that if they did not hold it, their grip on Algeria was always insecure.
(A) if they did not hold it, their grip on Algeria was always insecure
(B) without it their grip on Algeria would never be secure
(C) their grip on Algeria was not ever secure if they did not hold it
(D) without that, they could never be secure about their grip on Algeria
(E) never would their grip on Algeria be secure if they did not hold [url=]it[/url][alan1]
[alan1]代词指代的问题，虽然5个选项都试图用it指代Morocco,这个前面出现了Algeria，所以错误，而B中Algeria出现在后，it指代清晰！！
A wildlife expert predicts that the reintroduction of the caribou into northern Minnesota would fail if the density of the timber wolf population in that region is more numerous than one wolf for every 39 square miles.
(A) [url=]would[/url][alan1] fail if the density of the timber wolf population in that region is more numerous
(B) would fail [url=]provided[/url][alan2] the density of the timber wolf population in that region is [url=]more[/url][alan3]
(C) should fail if the timber wolf density in thatregion was greater
(D) will fail if the density of the timber wolf population in that region is greater
(E) will fail if the timber wolf density in that region were more numerous
[alan1]限于虚拟语气！
[alan2]“if” is preferred. B usesthe pretentious and illogical word provided for if in a conditional clause after a negative idea
[alan3]应该是greater
According to some analysts, the gains in the stockmarket reflect growing confidence that the economy will avoid the recession that many had feared earlier in the year and instead come in for a “soft landing,” followed by a gradual increase in business activity.
(A) that the economy will avoid the recession that many had feared earlier in the year and [url=]instead[/url][alan1] come
(B) in the economy to avoid the recession, what many feared earlier in the year, rather to come
(C) in the economy’s ability to avoid the recession,something earlier in the year many had feared,and instead to come
(D) in the economy to avoid the recession many were fearing earlier in the year, and rather to come
(E) that the economy will avoid the recession thatwas feared earlier this year by many, with it instead coming
[alan1]副词，没有连接句子的功能，拿掉不影响句意
A firm that specializes in the analysis of handwriting claims from a one-page writing sample that it can assess more than 300 personality traits, including enthusiasm, imagination, and ambition.
(A)[url=] from a one-page writing sample[/url][alan1] that it can assess
(B) from a one-page writing sample it has the ability of assessing
(C) the ability, from a one-page writing sample, of assessing
(D) to be able, from a one-page writing sample, to assess
(E) being able to assess, from a one-page writingsample
[alan1]有歧义，claim from … that…
介词短语的位置要高度敏感
Even though Clovis points, spear points with longitudinal grooves chipped onto their faces, have
been found all over North America, they are named for the New Mexico site where they were first discovered [url=]in 1932.[/url][alan1]
(A) Even though Clovis points, spear points with longitudinal grooves chipped onto[url=] their[/url][alan2] faces,
have been found all over North America, they are named for the New Mexico site where they
were first discovered in 1932.
(B) Although named for the New Mexico site where first discovered in 1932, Clovis points are spear points of longitudinal grooves chipped onto their faces and have been found all over North America.
(C) Named for the New Mexico site where they have been first discovered in 1932, Clovis points,
spear points [url=]of[/url][alan3] longitudinal grooves chipped onto [url=]the[/url][alan4] faces, have been found all over North America.
(D) Spear points with longitudinal grooves that are chipped onto the faces, Clovis points, even
though named for the New Mexico site [url=]where first discovered[/url][alan5] in 1932, but were found all over
North America.
(E) While Clovis points are spear points whose faces have longitudinal grooves chipped into them,
they have been found all over North America, and named for the New Mexico site where they
have been first discovered in 1932
[alan1]明确的时间点，一般现在时！
[alan2]此题的关键，这里their在同位语结构中，指代不会发生任何歧义（只能指代这个结构中的词）
[alan3]细微的改动，很难发现。GMAT长句子会有很多细微的改动，考场上很难察觉，但是感觉别扭的一般是错误的
[alan4]细节改动
[alan5]细微的改动，把句子读出来，感觉别扭
OG12-126
定语从句修饰名词性短语
The use of lie detectors is based on the assumption that lying produces emotional reactions in an individual that, in turn, create unconscious physiological responses.
(A) that, in turn, create unconscious physiological responses
(B) that creates unconscious physiological responses in turn
(C) creating, in turn, unconscious physiological responses
(D) to create, in turn, physiological responses that are unconscious
(E) [url=]who[/url][alan1] creates unconscious physiological responses in turn
[alan1]这里一是逻辑关系，二是名词性短语的定语从句本来就该修饰主体词reactions。用who试图修饰individual是错误的
Joachim Raff and Giacomo Meyerbeer[url=] are examples of the kind of composer[/url][alan1] who receives popular acclaim while living, often goes into decline after death, and never regains popularity again.
(A) often goes into decline after death, and never regains popularity again
(B) whose reputation declines after death and never [url=]regains[/url][alan2] its status again
[url=](C)[/url][alan3] but whose reputation declines after death and never regains its former status
(D) who declines in reputation after death and who never regained popularity again
(E) then has declined in reputation after death and never regained popularity
[alan1]定语从句描述一个general kind of composer，不用过去时。。
[alan2]regain …again,redundant
[alan3]平行的嵌套
Nobody knows exactly how many languages there are in the world, partly because of the difficulty of distinguishing between a language and the sublanguages or dialects within it, but those who have tried to count typically have found about five thousand.
(A) and the sublanguages or dialects within it, but those who have tried to count typically have found
(B) and the sublanguages or dialects within them,with those who have tried counting typically finding
(C) and the sublanguages or dialects within it, but those who have tried counting [url=]it[/url][alan1] typically find
(D) or the sublanguages or dialects within them, but those who tried to count them typically found
(E) or the sublanguages or dialects within them,with those who have tried to count typically finding
[alan1]又是经典代词问题，注意看后面…have found about five thousand…所以是count them(them 指代languages)
Because there are provisions of the new maritime code that provide that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, they have already stimulated international disputes over uninhabited islands.
(A) Because there are provisions of the new maritime code that provide that even tiny islets
can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, they have already
stimulated
(B) Because the new maritime code provides that even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the
fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas, [url=]it[/url][alan2] has already stimulated
(C) Even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fisheries and oil fields of large sea areas [url=]under provisions of the new maritime code[/url][alan3] , already stimulating
(D) Because even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fi sheries and oil fields of large sea
areas under provisions of the new maritime code, this has already stimulated
(E) Because even tiny islets can be the basis for claims to the fi sheries and oil fields of large sea
areas under provisions of the new maritime code, which is already stimulating
[alan1]不能改变或淡化句子的因果结构
[alan2]这里是没有歧义的，the maritime code provides that…后面是从句
[alan3]介词短语，位置错误，可能修饰large sea areas
According to scholars, the earliest writing was probably not a direct rendering of speech, but was
more likely to begin as a separate and distinct symbolic system of communication, and only later
merged with spoken language.
(A) was more likely to begin as
(B) more than likely began as
(C) [url=]more than likely [/url][alan2] beginning from
(D) it was more than likely begun from
(E) it was more likely that it began
[alan1]平行结构一定要注意没划线部分后面啊（特别是后面还挺长的时候）！！反复强调
[alan2]做副词，是个idiom
The Supreme Court has ruled that public universities can collect student activity fees even with students’ objections to particular activities, [url=]so long as[/url][alan1] the groups they give money to will be chosen without regard to their views.
(A) with students’ objections to particular activities, so long as the groups [url=]they[/url][alan2] give money to will be
(B) if they have objections to particular activities and the groups that are given the money are
(C) if they object to particular activities, but the groups that the money is given to have to be
(D) from students who object to particular activities, so long as the groups given money are
(E) though students have an objection to particular activities, but the groups that are given the
money be
[alan1]这个层次的逻辑意思在选项里不能丢失。but不能表达这层意思
[alan2]代词的antecedent不清晰
As an actress and, more importantly, as a teacher of acting, Stella Adler was one of the most influential artists in the American theater, who trained several generations of actors including Marlon Brando and Robert De Niro.
(A) Stella Adler was one of the most influential artists in the American theater, [url=]who [/url][alan2] trained several generations of actors including
(B) Stella Adler, one of the most influential artists in the American theater, [url=]traine[/url][alan3] d several generations of actors who include
(C) Stella Adler was one of the most influential artists in the American theater, training several
generations of actors whose ranks included
(D) one of the most influential artists in the American theater was Stella Adler, who trained several [url=]generations of actors including[/url][alan4]
(E) one of the most influential artists in the American theater, Stella Adler, trained several generations of actors whose ranks included
[alan1]长句子注意原句逻辑重心（主谓）
[alan2]经典错误，定语从句离修饰对象太远。
[alan3]改变了原句的重心
[alan4]看到including,consist of注意理清逻辑关系
By developing the Secure Digital Music Initiative, the recording industry associations of North America, Japan, and Europe hope to create a standardized way of distributing songs and full-length recordings on the Internet [url=]that[/url][alan1] will protect copyright holders and foil the many audio pirates who copy and distribute digital music illegally.
(A)[url=] of distributing[/url][alan2] songs and full-length recordings on the Internet that will protect copyright holders and foil the many audio pirates who copy and distribute
(B) of distributing songs and full-length recordings on the Internet and to protect copyright holders and foiling the many audio pirates copying and distributing
(C) for distributing songs and full-length recordings on the Internet while [url=]it[/url][alan3] protects copyright holders and foils the many audio pirates who copy and distribute
(D) to distribute songs and full-length recordings on the Internet while they will protect copyright
holders and foil the many audio pirates copying and distributing
(E) to distribute songs and full-length recordings on
the Internet and it will protect copyright holders and foiling the many audio pirates who copy and distribute
[alan1]GMAT说它没有歧义嗯。。A of B that…修饰A!
[alan2]the way of doing 也是正确的
[alan3]指代问题
To meet the rapidly rising market demand for fish and seafood, suppliers are growing fish twice
as fast as their natural growth rate, cutting their feed allotment by nearly half and raising them
on special diets.
(A) their natural growth rate, cutting their feed allotment
(B) their natural growth rate, their feed allotment cut
[url=](C)[/url][alan1] growing them naturally, cutting their feed allotment
(D) they grow naturally, cutting their feed allotment
(E) they grow naturally, with their feed allotment cut
再来个平行掩饰正确逻辑关系的prep07-17
（其实GMAT烦就烦在正确选项还给你来个belong in 干扰你）
Rejecting the apprenticeship model of training social workers in philanthropic agencies,
twentieth-century reformer Edith Abbott was convinced of social work education belonging in
the university so that students could be offered a broad range of courses dealing with social
issues.
(A) of social work education belonging in the university so that
(B) that social work education [url=]should[/url][alan2] be in the university, [url=]and[/url][alan3] that
(C) about the importance of social work education belonging in the university while
(D) that social work education belonged in the university, where
(E) of the necessity of social work education being in the university and
再来个真题级别的GWD, E选项的设置可谓无耻到极点
GWD25-Q4.
Recent findings lend strong support to the theory that a black hole lies at the center of the Milky Way and of many of the 100 billion other galaxies estimated to exist in the universe.
A.
that a black hole lies at the center of the Milky Way and of
B.
that a black hole lies at the Milky Way’s center and
C.
that there is a black hole lying at the milky Way’s center and
D.
of a black hole lying at the Milky Way’s center and
E.
of a black hole [url=]that lies[/url][alan4] at the center of the Milky Way and of
[alan1]和原句中的their natrual growth rate矛盾， 虽然看起来平行，但是逻辑上有错误
[alan2]convince 后面不能跟should
[alan3]原句不是表达一个平行的意思
[alan4]这里转化为修饰成分不正确
The Achaemenid empire of Persia reached the Indus Valley in the fifth century B.C., bringing
the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern and southern Indian alphabets.
(A) the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern and
(B) the Aramaic script with it, and from which deriving both the northern and the
(C) with it the Aramaic script, [url=]from which[/url][alan1] derive [url=]both the northern and the[/url][alan2]
(D) with it the Aramaic script, from which derives both northern and
(E) with it the Aramaic script, and deriving from it both the northern and
[alan1]结构还原后为 both the northern and the southern Indian alphabets derive from the script.这里derive的主语不是script!!
[alan2]both the northern and the southern
再看一句类似的
Cajuns speak a dialect brought to southern Louisiana by the 4,000 Acadians who migrated there in 1755; their language is basically seventeenth-century French to which English, Spanish, and Italian words have been added.
PREP07-16
多个and出现，注意区分哪个属于小结构
In her later poems, Phyllis Wheatley's blending of solar imagery, Judeo-Christian thought [url=]and[/url][alan1]
figures, and the images she borrowed from ancient classicism suggesting her range and depth
of influences, not the least of which is her African heritage.
(A) the images she borrowed from ancient classicism suggesting
[url=](B)[/url][alan2] borrowing images from ancient classicism, suggests
(C) she borrowed images from ancient classicism, which suggests
(D) images borrowed from ancient classicism suggests
(E) images that she borrowed from ancient classicism, suggesting
[alan1]内部小结构的and
[alan2]要正确应该为her borrowing of images from ancient classicism
下面这个类似，也是要区分and的小结构
The hognose snake puts on an impressive bluff, hissing and rearing back, broadens the flesh
behind its head the way a cobra does, feigning repeated strikes, but, having no dangerous
fangs and no venom, eventually, if its pursuer is not cowed by the performance, will fall over and
play dead.
(A) broadens the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does, feigning repeated strikes, but,
having no dangerous fangs and no venom,
(B) broadens the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does and feigns repeated strikes, but
with no dangerous fangs and no venom,
(C) broadening the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does and feigning repeated strikes,
but it has no dangerous fangs and no venom, and
(D) broadening the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does and feigns repeated strikes, but
with no dangerous fangs and no venom, and
(E) broadening the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does, feigning repeated strikes, but
with no dangerous fangs and no venom, and
The Sports Medicine Programs of the Olympic Training Center, a complex where final tryouts are
held for athletes representing the United States in the Olympics, is geared toward enhancing
athletes' performance [url=]and[/url][alan1] toward their preparation for international competition.
(A) is geared toward enhancing athletes' performance and toward their preparation
(B) is geared to enhance the performance of athletes and to prepare them
(C) are geared to enhance athletes' performance [url=]and[/url][alan2] their preparation
(D) are geared toward the enhancement of athletes' performance and toward preparing them
(E) are geared toward enhancing the performance of athletes and preparing them
[alan1]enhancing performance 和prepare for competition平行
[alan2]这里是扭曲了原意，变成了enhance preparation
The investigations of many psychologists and anthropologists support the generalization of
there being little that is a significant difference in the underlying mental processes manifested by
people from different cultures.
(A) of there being little that is a significant difference
(B) of there being little that is significantly different
(C) of little that is significantly different
(D) that there is little that is significantly different
(E) that there is little of significant differences
Verbal-60
In the textbook publishing business, the second quarter is historically weak, because revenues are low and marketing expenses are high as companies prepare for the coming school year.
(A) low and marketing expenses are high as companies prepare
(B) low and their marketing expenses are high as they prepare
(C) low with higher marketing expenses in preparation
(D) low, while marketing expenses are [url=]higher[/url][alan1] to prepare
(E) low, while their marketing expenses are higher in preparation
[alan1]原句没有比较的意味，而且不清楚是和过去的marketing expenses比较还是和revenue比较。
Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy-metal deposits in theupper twenty centimeters of Baltic Sea sediments. which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there.
(A) Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there
(B) Baltic Sea sediments, [url=]where[/url][alan1] the growth of industrial activity is consistent with these findings
(C) Baltic Sea sediments, findings consistent with its growth of industrial activity
(D) sediments from the Baltic Sea, [url=]findings[/url][alan2] consistent with the growth of industrial activity
in the area
(E) sediments fromthe Baltic Sea, consistent with the growth of industrial activity there
VERBAL-92
Schistosomiasis, a disease caused by a parasitic worm, is prevalent in hot, humid climate s, and it has become more widespread as irrigation projects have enlarged the habitat of the freshwater snails that are the parasite's hosts for part of its life cycle.
(A)[url=] the[/url][alan3] freshwater snails that are the parasite's hosts for part of its life cycle
(B) the freshwater snails that are the parasite's hosts in part of their life cycle
(C) freshwater snails [url=]which[/url][alan4] become the parasite's hosts for part of [url=]its life cycles[/url][alan5]
(D) freshwater snails which become the hosts of the parasite during the parasite's life cycles
(E) parasite's hosts, freshwater snails which become their hosts during their life cycles
在看个所有格单复数一致
The Gorton-Dodd bill requires that a bank disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds from (their) deposited checks.
[alan1]has no referent
[alan2]同位语结构preferred
[alan3]the 是需要的因为是特指
[alan4]不恰当，应该用限定性从句
[alan5]重点！its life cycle!所有格的单复数一致，不要忽略
Sixty-five million years ago, according to some scientists, an asteroid bigger than Mount Everest
slammed into North America, which. causing plant and animal extinctions. marks the end of the geologic era known as the Cretaceous Period.
(A) which, causing plantand animal extinctions. marks
(B) which caused the plant and animal extinctions and marks
(C) and causing plant and animal extinctions that mark
(D) an event that caused plantand animal extinctions, which [url=]marks[/url][alan1]
(E) an event that caused[url=] the [/url][alan2] plant and animal extinctions that mark
186. (GWD-6-Q41) and/which/who 前后的逗号
The greatest road system built in the Americas prior to the arrival of Christopher Columbus was the Incan highway, which, over 2,500 miles long and extending from northern Ecuador through Peru to southern Chile.
A.
Columbus was the Incan highway,[url=]which[/url][alan3] , over 2,500 miles long and extending
B.
Columbus was the Incan highway, over 2,500 miles in length, and extended
C.
Columbus, the Incan highway, which was over 2,500 miles in length and extended
D.
Columbus, the Incan highway, being over 2,500 miles in length,[url=]was extended[/url][alan4]
(E)
E.
Columbus, the Incan highway was over 2,500 miles long, extending
37. GWD25-Q37.
Though the law will require emissions testing of all diesel vehicles, from
tractor trailers to excursion buses, it will have no effect on sport utility
vehicles, almost all of which are gasoline powered, and will not be subjected to emissions-control standards as stringent as they are for
diesel-powered vehicles.
A.
powered, and will not be subjected to emissions-control standards as stringent as they are for
B.
powered, and therefore not subjected to emissions-control standards
that are as stringent as those of
C.
powered [url=]and[/url][alan5] therefore not subject to emissions-control standards as stringent as [url=]those[/url][alan6] for
D.
powered, which are not subject to emissions-control standards as
stringent as they are for
E.
powered and therefore they are not subject to emissions-control
standards as stringent as those of
[alan1]主谓一致！
[alan2]后面是that，这里不能没有the
[alan3]这种逗号隔开的形式注意后面从句有没有谓语。
[alan4]应该用主动语态
[alan5]把握住这个关键的逗号就能快速解题
[alan6]定语在比较，果断those, 状语比较采用they.至于这里的of 和for则是GMAT的恶心干扰，都是对的
再看一题类似的,另外注意分词修饰从句里的内容，不修饰原句主语这一BT现象！！
200. (GWD-6-Q8)
Many financial experts believe that policy makers at the Federal Reserve, now viewing the economy as balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, are almost certain to leave interest rates unchanged for the foreseeable future.
A.
Reserve, now viewing the economy as balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, are
B.
Reserve, now viewing the economy to be balanced between that of moderate growth and low inflation and are
C.
Reserve [url=]who[/url][alan1] , now viewing the economy as balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, are
D.
Reserve, who now view the economy to be balanced between that of moderate growth and low inflation, will be
(A)
E.
Reserve, which now views the economy to be balanced between moderate growth and low inflation, is
134. (31696-!-item-!-188;#058&004702)
Among lower-paid workers, union members are less likely than nonunion members to be enrolled in
lower-end insurance plans imposing stricter limits on medical services and requiring doctors to see
more patients, and spend less time with each.
(A) imposing stricter limits on medical services and requiring doctors to see more patients, [url=]and[/url]
spend
[alan2] (B) imposing stricter limits on medical services, requiring doctors to see more patients, and
spending
(C) that impose stricter limits on medical services, require doctors to see more patients, and spend
(D) that impose stricter limits on medical services and require doctors to see more patients,
[url=]spending[/url][alan3]
(E) that impose stricter limits on medical services, requiring doctors to see more patients and
spending
[alan1]注意这种修饰容易犯得错误
[alan2]这里的错误是绝对的，想要修饰doctor不能有逗号！注意标点在修饰歧义中的总结
[alan3]这里修饰doctor的see…可见GMAT里分词修饰歧义是相对的，不要作为排错的依据。另外注意是否用逗号隔开。。
When drive-ins were at the height of their popularity in the late 1950s, some 4,000 existed in the United States, but today there are less than one-quarter that many.
A.
there are [url=]less[/url][alan2] than one-quarter that many
B.
there are fewer than [url=]one-quarter as many[/url][alan3]
C.
there are fewer than one-quarter of that amount
D.
the number is less than one-quarter the amount
(B)
E.
it is less than one-quarter of that amount
例如下面
VERBAL-31
Nearly two tons of nuclear-reactor fuel have already been put into orbit around the Earth, and the chances of a collision involving such material increase greatly as the amount of space[url=]debris[/url][alan4] and the number of satellites continue to rise.
159. by the time+过去完成时
The first detailed study of magpie attacks in Australia indicates that by the time they had reached adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women born in the country have been attacked by the birds.
A.
by the time they had reached adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women born in the country have been attacked by the birds
B.
by the time they reach adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women, who were born in the country, had been attacked by the birds
C.
by the time they reached adulthood, 98 percent of men and 75 percent of women [url=]born[/url][alan5] in the country [url=]had been[/url][alan6] attacked by the birds
D.
98 percent of men and 75 percent of women that were born in the country were attacked by the birds by the time they reach adulthood
(C)
E.
98 percent of men and 75 percent of women who were born in the country[url=],[/url][alan7] by the time they reached adulthood had been attacked by the birds
[alan1]fewer people,less than 2 hours,less than 5 dollars
[alan2]注意啊，可数名词一定要用few,老是忽略这一点。。。 a quantity of既可以可数也可以不可数
[alan3]twice as many…
[alan4]不可数名词，用amount of 修饰，可数用number of 修饰
[alan5]这种修饰时可以接受的
[alan6]注意时态
[alan7]逗号悲剧，不然就成对出现，不然就别出现，只出现一个。。。悲剧
Industrialization and modern methods of insect control have improved the standard of living around
the globe while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical
pollutants, having gone virtually unregulated since they were developed more than 50 years ago.
(A)[url=] while at the same time[/url][alan1] they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants,
[url=]having[/url][alan2]
(B) while at the same time introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants that have
(C) while they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants at the same time,
which have
(D) but [url=]introducing[/url][alan3] some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants at the same time that have
(E) but at the same time introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, having
[alan1]居然没有abundant,悲剧
[alan2]引发歧义
[alan3]这个不能有
再来一个定语从句优于分词结构的例子
41. GWD21-Q41:
The Environmental Protection Agency’s proposal to place restrictions on both diesel fuel and diesel engines has sparked a counterattack by the oil industry, saying that the move will exacerbate the nation’s fuel supply problems.
A.
on both diesel fuel and diesel engines has sparked a counterattack by the oil industry, [url=]saying[/url][alan1]
B.
on both diesel fuel and engines have sparked the oil industry to counterattack, and they say
C.
on both diesel fuel and diesel engines has sparked a counterattack by the oil industry, which says
D.
both on diesel fuel and engines has sparked the oil industry to a counterattack, saying
E.
both on diesel fuel and diesel engines have sparked the oil industry to counterattack, and it says
再来个分词结构悲剧
27. GWD21-Q27:
The electronics company has unveiled what it claims to be the world’s smallest network digital camcorder, the length of which is that of a handheld computer, and it weighs less than 11 ounces.
A.
to be the world’s smallest network digital camcorder, the length of which is that of a handheld computer, and it weighs
B.
to be the smallest network digital camcorder in the world, which is as long as a handheld computer, weighing
C.
is the smallest network digital camcorder in the world, which is as long as a handheld computer, and it weighs
D.
is the world’s smallest network digital camcorder, which is as long as a handheld computer and weighs
E.
is the world’s smallest network digital camcorder, [url=]the length of which is that of a handheld computer[/url][alan2] , [url=]weighing[/url][alan3]
[alan1]优先穿越，不如定语从句永不穿越
[alan2]分散注意力的扯蛋结构，和原句匹配诱惑你
[alan3]更靠近computer ，虽然可以穿越，但是不如优选项D
Scientists have recently discovered that the ultrathin, layered construction of a butterfly’s wings, the same as the one making some butterflies shimmer via the phenomenon of iridescence, are enabling the insect to control how much heat energy is absorbed by its wings and how much is reflected away.
A. wings, the same as the one making some butterflies shimmer via the phenomenon of iridescence, are enabling
B. wings, which is the same one that makes some butterflies shimmer via the phenomenon of iridescence, that also enables
[url=]C.[/url][alan2] wings is the same as the one that makes some butterflies shimmer via the phenomenon of iridescence, enabling
D. wings—the same construction that makes some butterflies shimmer via the phenomenon of iridescence—also enables
E. wings—of the same construction that makes some butterflies shimmer via the phenomenon of iridescence—also [url=]enable[/url][alan3]
[url=]26.[/url][alan4] GWD-18-Q29 each other/one another
The contractor and the engineer agree on the cause of the bridge failure, but both blame the other.
A.
both blame the other
B.
each blames the other
C.
each blame the other person
D.
both are blaming the other
E.
each blames one another
再来一个
In her 26 years in the forests of Gombe, Jane Goodall collected data that proved that chimpanzees exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from each one to others by imitating and practicing.
A.
exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from each one to others by imitating and practicing
B.
will exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitating and practicing
C.
will exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitation and practice
[url=]D.
exhibit[/url][alan5] the kind of curiosity by which new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitation and practice(D)
E.
exhibit the kind of curiosity where new patterns of behavior and expression are passed on to others by imitation and practice
[alan1]宝贵的参考资料，完美诠释了破折号的用法之一----代替逗号分割同位语
[alan2]改变原句重心
[alan3]主谓不一致
each blames the other
both blame each other
both blame one another(通常指3者)
each blames one another 错误。。
we each helped the other(不能用another)
Almost like clones in their similarity to one another（这里超过2个，用one another）
[alan5]正解 one与another搭配；some和others搭配；each和the other搭配；each other和others搭配
PREP
The success of the program to eradicate smallpox has stimulated experts to pursue what they had
not previously considered possible--better control, if not eradication, of the other infections such as
measles and yaws.
(A) what they had not previously considered possible--better control, if not eradication, of [url=]the other[/url][alan1]
infections such as
(B) what they had not previously considered a possibility--better control, if not eradication, of such
infections like
(C) something they had not previously considered possible-better control, if not eradication, of such
infections as
(D) something not considered a previous possibility--better control and perhaps eradication, of
other infections such as
(E) the possibility of what they had not previously considered--better control and possibly
eradication of infections like
34: GWD-18-Q31 what=the thing which
Between 1990 and 2000 the global economy grew more than it did during the 10,000 years from the beginning of agriculture to 1950.
A.
Between 1990 and 2000 the global economy grew more than it did [url=]during the 10,000 years from the beginning of agriculture[/url][alan2]
B.
Between 1990 and 2000 the growth of the global economy was more than that during 10,000 years, from when agriculture began
C.
The growth of the global economy between 1990 and 2000 exceeds that which had been for 10,000 years from the beginning of agriculture
D.
The growth of the global economy between 1990 and 2000 exceeds [url=]what it has been[/url][alan3] for 10,000 years, from when agriculture began
E.
The growth of the global economy between 1990 and 2000 exceeded what it did for the 10,000 years from the beginning of agriculture
13. GWD-18-Q18 news 不可数名词
The first shots of the American Revolution, fired at Lexington and Concord. Massachusetts, were, according to legend, heard around the world, but news of these shots, which were sent by swift messenger, took four days in reaching New York City as well as another additional eleven days to reach Charleston, South Carolina.
A.
shots, which were sent by swift messenger, took four days in reaching New York City as well as another additional eleven days
B.
shots that was sent by swift messenger took four days in order to reach New York City, and also another eleven days
C.
shots that [url=]were[/url][alan4] sent by swift messenger took four days to reach New York City and another eleven days
D.
shots took four days by swift messenger in order to reach New York City and another eleven days in addition
E.
shots took four days[url=]by swift messenger[/url][alan5] to reach New York City and another eleven days
[url=]GWD18[/url][alan6] -Q34
The state religion of ancient China, which came into existence at least as far back as the Han Dynasty (206 B.C. to A.D. 220) and perhaps as early as the Western Zhou Dynasty (1050 B.C. to 771 B.C.), allowed only emperors performing the ritual worship of heaven, perceiving them as special links between the earthly and celestial realms.
A.
only emperors performing the ritual worship of heaven, perceiving them as
B.
only emperors to perform the ritual worship of heaven, with the perception of them being
C.
the ritual worship of heaven to be performed only by emperors, who were perceived as
D.
the ritual worship of heaven, performed by emperors only, with the perception of them as
E.
the ritual worship of heaven as performed by emperors only, who were perceived to be
[alan1]这里因该是control of other infections such as…不能有the
[alan2]注意这个idiom
[alan3]=the thing which the growth has been…
[alan4]下贱，选项里搭一个shots让你忘记去查news 不可数！！因该用was
[alan5]看起来很别扭，但是没有错
[alan6]又一道真题级别的GWD,被动，代词。only by 处处是陷阱，读懂句意才是王道。
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