开头：
万能：In the argument, the author concludes that … To support his conclusion, the author points out/reasons/cites the example of … In addition, the author mentions (the evidence) that … Based on this evidence, the author further recommends that …However, the author’s seemingly reasonable line of reasoning will soon expose its flaws after I refute respectively all the logic fallacies embodied in the argument.
提建议：The purpose of this argument is to recommend XX to do XX. To strengthen the recommendation, the author cites the example of/ points out the fact that/ mentions that/. Based on the example/fact/evidence, the author further assumes that….
预测：This article/report states an expectation of XX driven by XX in the coming year. To support that conclusion, the author/report cites the example of XX.In addition, the writer of the report assumes that XX because XX.
分析解释：In this argument, the author relies on the fact that, as well as example/survey/statistics/, to convince us of the conclusion that.
Citing the example of X, the author reaches the conclusion that…. His line of reasoning is that…..
结论：Conclusion, recommendation, prediction
Conclusion: in support of his conclusion, to support/ strengthen/fortify
Recommendation: the recommendation is in response to…….
Prediction: the reasons are in two aspects
XXXX leads to his rosy prediction.
结尾
By way of conclusion, it seems that the author’s conclusion/recommendation that … is seriously undermined by the (numerous) flaws in his line of reasoning identified above. To substantiate/strengthen the argument, the author would have to provide clear/concrete/solid/credible/ evidence that … In addition, the author should take into consideration that … Unless these key issues are properly addressed, the argument isn’t sound and convincing.作者: caicainiao 时间: 2011-6-15 16:50
七宗罪：
1 推理推广
错误类比:Most conspicuously, the argument rests on the gratuitous assumption that A is analogous to B in all aspects; therefore what is true of A will likewise be true of B. However,
差异很大 This assumption is weak, since differences between the two apparently outweigh the similarities, thus making the analogy highly suspect. For example, XX, XX, and XX all affect A b
ut are virtually absent in B.
it is obvious that the discrepancies between the two far outweigh the similarities. For example, XX,XX,XX are all important components/play important roles in A but are virtually absent in B.
差异不大 this assumption is weak, Although A and B do share some similarities, there are many dissimilarities as well. For example, XXXX in A, however, is not in B. These relevant
从小范围推到大范围
从小范围给大范围题建议：
The most egregious reasoning error in this argument is the author’s use of evidence pertaining to A as the basis for a generalization of all A. The underlying assumption operative in this inference is that A is typical of all the A, as a group. However, the author does not provide any evidence to support this gratuitous assumption.
从小范围推大范围趋势：
By pointing out the fact that A is….., the author reaches the conclusion that all the A will……
However, one mere example, while suggestive of this trend, is rarely sufficient to establish a general conclusion, because there are all kinds of important differences that could affect….It is highly possible that , thus making A unrepresentative.
从大范围到小范围：
Finally, even if … will be true/ is guaranteed, it doesn’t stand that … should/will … The author unfairly applies the general principle to a specific field/industry./ assumes that the nationwide tendency applies specifically to X. However, that is not necessarily the case. It is possible that X is far lower/ higher than the national average. / what if … Lacking information about …, it is imprudent for the author to assert that …作者: caicainiao 时间: 2011-6-15 16:50
时间
调查研究结果预示将来
Even if the trend/tendency given in the study has remained stable for the past XX years, there is no guarantee that the same trend will continue over the next XX years. It is entirely possible that …… If that is the case…., the credibility of the author’s assertion is called to question.
多年前一个现象，假设现在也会那样
Even if it is true that A XXX two years ago, there is no guarantee that A has remained unchanged since then. 年份短的话：Admittedly, had ten years elapsed the argument would be even weaker. Yet two years is sufficient time for a significant change in the ……Any of these factors can affect…..年份长的话：XXXX may fluctuate greatly over a long time period. All these factors are strong enough to change A.
因果
同时发生：The mere fact that A coincides with B is insufficient to conclude that A caused B. the author does not provide any further evidence to substantiate this causal relationship.
发生在前：The mere fact the A preceded B is insufficient to conclude that A was the cause of B, because a chronological sequence is only one of the indicators of a causal relationship between two events.
即使是原因Even if A is an important element in determining B, it is hardly the only one. Many other reasons----举例---could just as likely account for B. Lacking a detailed analysis of all these factors, the author cannot simply attribute A to B.作者: caicainiao 时间: 2011-6-15 16:50
两难
The author commits a fallacy of false dilemma in assuming that A and B are mutually exclusive alternatives. However, the author does not provide any evidence to support this claim. Chances are high that adjusting both A and B might produce better results, or on the contrary, neither is suitable in this case, while more effective solutions such as would lead to the ideal situation.
调查问卷
不但要考虑是否有关键信息缺失（incomplete information），还有考虑时间状语，地点状语和方式状语，以判断结论是否存在范围上的不但放大。
调查本身关键信息缺失：To begin with, the validity of the survey on which the argument relies on is doubtful in itself because this survey is too vague to be informative. No information about who conducted the poll, who responded the poll, and when, where and how the poll was conducted has been given. A Lack of such information makes the poll less convincing and the conclusion less worth of considering.
排名类别的报告：(最宜居城市----搬过去住房便宜，教育水平高)
具体到内部（有逻辑联系）：the author fails to indicate what individual characteristics of cities were used as criteria for the ranking. To the extent that the criteria used in the survey were the same as the features listed by the author in the conclusion, the conclusion would be warranted. On the other hand, if the survey employed entirely different criteria- for example, outdoor recreational opportunities or educational achievement levels of adult residents- then the author’s conclusion would be wholly unwarranted.作者: caicainiao 时间: 2011-6-15 16:51
样本太小，或者没有说样本数量
The sample is too small to be informative.
The author fails to indicate how many participants/cities were included in the survey. The greater the l number of samples, the more convincing the survey, and the stronger the argument.
For example, if 2000 cities were surveyed, then city L would rank in the top one percent. On the other hand, if only 14 cities were surveyed then city L would rank last.
百分之多少的回复者：the term "75% of respondents” is too vague to be meaningful. Lacking the information about the total number of the individual surveyed, it is impossible to asses the validity of the survey. For instance, if 1000 individual were surveyed but only 10 responded, the result should be highly suspect.
样本代表性：
（even if the sample is large enough to be meaningful, it is likely that the sample is not representative. For instance, the survey is conducted in a certain area in which people are…… higher/ lower than the average national level. Or the people surveyed are greatly different from those in other places, and they happen to be ….
样本时效性攻击
the author neglects to indicate the exact time on which the survey was virtually conducted. The author does not rule out the possibility that the survey was conducted long time ago, during which time historical changes would probably have already changed the fact. So less recent the survey itself, the less reliable the results demonstrate the claim.
满意度反馈的问题
The argument relies on the assumption that people who did not complain were satisfied/happy with XXX. However, the author provides no evidence to substantiate the assumption: lack of proof is not proof. It is entirely possible that many were in fact displeased with XX but they were too busy to formally complain, or they lacked the access to complain, or even they expressed their dissatisfactions simply by not returning to the shop.作者: caicainiao 时间: 2011-6-15 16:51
片面
一般都是只看到利弊中的一面， 或者忘记考虑做某事情要付出的成本代价
成本代价： The author assumes that XXX did something without sacrificing any other . In fact, XX may have to XXXX or XXX. All these possible costs may turn out to outweigh the potential benefits, thus making the recommendation less attractive.
利弊： The author fails to consider the benefits XX might bring. For example, XXXXXX. It may turn out that the advantages far outweigh disadvantages. Because the author’s argument lacks a complete analysis of the situation, the solution/forecast/prediction cannot be taken seriously.
反问句开头：
How can we protect the world’s energy resources for future generations, by adopting international leadership and worldwide cooperation, or by adhering to independent effort from individual nation? As the speaker asserts, it is unrealistic to expect the latter method to take effect since individual nations will not make sacrifices. My view coincides with the speaker’s viewpoint to some degree that international coordination is absolutely more necessary and essential in this issue.
重新解释题干开头
This advice means fundamentally that if……then,……. Admittedly, this advice has some merits; XXXXXXXXX. Otherwise, however, I think …….
或者
企业素材—可以适用于失败成功，创新神马的
Kraft Foods Company—James Louis Kraft
失败是转机：被合伙人抛弃When Kraft was visiting the factory he and his partner invested, his partner dissolved the partnership with him. However, this strike did not beat him down instead turned to be a turning point in Kraft’s career. With only 65 dollars in his pocket, Kraft bought a house and a cart and set up his business as a cheese wholesaler and distributor.
失败是成功之母：销售不佳，奶酪存放时间不足。However, the total sale of the first year showed grim result. Though disappointed, Kraft did not give up; instead, he tried to figure out the reasons. Finally, he found that many store owners refused to buy his cheese because the cheese went bad so easily. In order to solve this problem, Kraft did numerous experiments. Not much later Kraft developed a revolutionary process, patented in 1916, for pasteurizing cheese so that it would resist spoiling and could be shipped long distances. The innovative technique created a huge success to his business.
创新：With rare advertisements for food at the beginning of 20th century, Kraft shattered the orthodoxies and took the initiative to promote his products by various kinds of marketing tools. Under the guidance of the firm belief in innovation and diligent practice, Kraft was one of the few ones who sold the products printed with one’s own name directly to customers and also the first to use multicolor advertising in the national magazines.作者: caicainiao 时间: 2011-6-15 16:52
国际合作！！！
1 阐述这个问题的重要性和普及型Universality and importance
2 跨州界国界，个人、单独国家无能为力
日本海啸地震：The tsunami and earthquake that hit Japan seriously have caused widespread nuclear pollution. The tsunami and earthquake hit Japan in March, causing the serious nuclear contamination Not only was Japan a big victim of this disaster, but also many neighboring countries suffer a lot from the nuclear pollution transmitted through Ocean currents and airflow. Therefore, cross-border cooperation becomes vital to all the countries involved.
3 自私性
Individual nations, like people, are always egocentric, which means, each one will act according to his self-interest and short-term motive.
比如：Although some industrialized countries know that resources such as coal are nonrenewable, they still continue depend on these resources even when given alternatives of renewable resources like solar power, mainly because it cost more to establish facilities to adopt the renewable resources. In this example, self-interest and short-sightedness prevent individuals from XXXXXXX
When some developed countries have realized the harm of the wastes that are not recyclable, they simply solve this problem by transferring the wastes to developing countries; when the government regulates the emission of green gases such as carbon dioxide, and methane, the corporations responsible for releasing them simply move abroad. Consequently, global threat still remains.
4 国际合作重要性：
举例—巴西里约热内卢“earth summit”
In 1992,about 178 representatives of nations attended the Earth Summit held in Brazil, by means of treaties and other documents, most of the world’s countries committed themselves to protect the environment and natural resources. In this case, the aim of protecting the integrity of the global environment can be easily achieved trough the creation of cooperation.作者: caicainiao 时间: 2011-6-15 16:52
政府职能权利
1 个人自私性 Individuals take action according to self-interests and short-term motives, for example,,,,,,,In this case, the government is indispensable to take the role of a regulator and supervisor. By means of laws and regulations, the government can lead individuals to
2 个人能力不够：政府Supplementary tool—provide funds, draw attention from the public
3 但是不能管得过多，反例The government of Soviet Union, forced all the arts it subsidized to follow the “party line” and squashed those artists who resisted such control.
如果是企业的话，这个管得过多就扯impede the enthusiasm of private enterprises, interrupt the natural order of the market, enterprises lie too much on governmental funding/subsidy
但是企业的话也不能不管，monopoly, excessive competition, short-sighted motives作者: caicainiao 时间: 2011-6-15 16:52
艺术
艺术为世界带来多样性
It is Shakespeare William who brought us the great tragedies Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear. It is Goethe who wrote the dramatic poem Faust which was considered as one of the greatest three epics. It is Van Gogh who created the impressionism on painting and showed us unforgettable self-portrait.
促进人的观察力和想象力和创造力
Enhance one’s ability in observing, memorizing, thinking
For example, recent studies of cognitive development show that studying music at an early age can strengthen a child's later grasp of mathematics.
人文教育影响人们的人生目标，生活方式，价值取向
Heroin is made by people with comprehensive knowledge of chemistry
But the guide of virtue, science can be the best servant of human
nuclear weapons; heroin is made by people with standard chemistry knowledge…（with the guide of virtue, science can be the best servant of human; however, on the other hand, without such guide, it can become the most dangerous weapon.作者: caicainiao 时间: 2011-6-15 16:53
商业与道德
道德对商业：1 对消费者：quality service—loyal customer charity-----reputation
Eg: Kraft Foods Company: working to build a better world by creating food consumers feels good about and by reaching out to help those in need. Over the past 25 years, it has already donated more than $770 million in cash and food, and provided more than one billion servings of food to those in need.
2 对员工： equality/ bribe-taking to seek for higher occupation-----moral productivitiy
道德商业冲突：商业的最终目的：Maximize benefits (revenues/ cost)：cost-effective/lay off the staff--conflicts
1， Growth and change are the law of all life. Yesterday's answers are inadequate for today's problems ----just as the solutions of today will not fill the needs of tomorrow. (Franklin Roosevelt, American president) 作者: caicainiao 时间: 2011-6-15 16:54
竞争：
优点：
竞争—提高效率，提高生产力
it can motivate us to reach higher and produce more, not to mention meet deadlines。
Faced with fierce competition from both native and foreign rivals, the enterprise is forced to improve the quality of the products, provide guaranteed after-sale service, invest money in advertising, and adopt cost-effective procedures. As a result, the overall performance of the industry is enhanced and the needs of the consumers are better met.
外部竞争---学习外来者的经验，技术
In an open economy, multinational corporations enter the local market to compete with domestic producers. These multinational corporations are always the world’s Fortune 500 companies, possessing deep pockets, impressive resources, and advanced technology. For domestic producers whose power is relatively weak, they can take advantage of this external trend by learning the more efficient management skills and more advanced technology from the out comers.
竞争缺点：
Too much pressure, intense competition------cheat, unfair play,mistrust
合作：
Cooperative, shared, exchange
规模效应：Take advantage of scale effect to expand the market and reduce the cost.
互补效应： strong complementary effect. use resources absent in their own enterprises, establish cooperative system , implement exchange programs, and share resources and information
交流产生创新作者: caicainiao 时间: 2011-6-15 16:54
科技
好处：
交流更容易(internet, mobile telephone)
With the development of communication tools such as the internet and the mobile telephones, people at every corner on the planet are linked with each other and drawn together. Speaking for myself, I can say that I have become connected with my friends spreading over china and even in the states via email, Skype, and instant messages. Although we are living in different places, I can still chat with them regularly because of the ease those high-tech communication tools can offer. What is more, technology also offers the opportunity to get to know new people. According to an authorized study, almost 2 billions people from 50 different nations and regions are users of Face book, a popular social networking site with various innovative functions. Uses can not only follow their friend’s recent activities but also make friends with people who share the same interest. In this case, people get to know each other better, and the interpersonal relationship among people becomes more harmonious and closer.
交通更方便（airplane, high-speed rail）
Transportation has also been improved thanks to the development of the technology. The most inspiring example would be the invention of the airplane and the high-speed rail. A flight from shanghai to Detroit costs only 12 hours compared to days by ship. Meanwhile, a high speed rail line will connect Kunming to Shanghai, nearly2, 000km away, and help bind this once isolated region more closely into the developed eastern china.
工作更快捷，弹性
Generally speaking, modern technology has made life easier and more convenient. The invention of the Internet, in particular has enabled people to do part of their jobs from home with more flexibility. Increasingly, the way we work and our social lives are electronically related with the products of E-age like E-mail, E-book, E-bank, E-class, and E-folks chat. Such are, in part, the powers of the Internet.
生活质量改善：消费品多样性，便捷的购物，医疗教育水平的提升Considerable improvements of the quality of life: Unprecedented diversity of service and products (export and import), great convenience---online shopping, electronic devices; development of health care and education
坏处：
面对面时间的减少
Everybody who uses email or surfs the Internet does so alone, with only his or her computer for company. Gradually, we are changing face-to-face communication to a computer screen. Thus, to the extent that computer use increases the amount of time we collectively spend in solitary activities, it increases the amount of time we spend separated from our fellow humans.
科技带来坏处：
Double-edged sword
Insecurity: hackers---steal the money in the electronic banking account; burglers—crimes by the use of google map作者: caicainiao 时间: 2011-6-15 16:54
Leader的各种quality
Vision: far-sighted. The ability to see things ahead, know what the circumstances the team is facing and what potential risks and benefits can be expected. This quality is closely related to goal-setting, since a challenge but not overreaching goal will not only enhance the moral but also efficiently lead the team to a prosperous end.
可用词：Ambition，drive and high aspirations，motivate, propel, long-term goal
Knowledge and related experience:
A sound understanding of the dynamics of the business that they are in, with which the leader will be more likely to work efficiently and productively.
Abundant experiences in related fields. -----have encountered similar situations: better adjust, quickly change.
Good communication skills:
The skills include the power of giving inspiring (provocative) speeches, communicating effectively with subordinates, unifying members, and constructing favorable public relations. Only in this way, can the team for a unified whole, in which all parts are in balance and harmony.
Good listening skills:–
All the soft skills are important for a leader but one of the most essential leadership skills in business management is being a good listener. This allows the leaders to pick up on little facts that many overlook. Listening contributes to the knowledge base of the individual as opposed to speaking, which only imparts knowledge to others. The leader is also able to inspire confidence and attract people to him or her because they know the leader is listening.
Creativity:–
A good deal of being a leader is to think on your feet. Situation and environment change constantly in the business world and a good business leader keeps an open mind. A leader will adapt quickly to new information and have the creativity and vision to handle change.作者: caicainiao 时间: 2011-6-15 16:54
街头摄影监督：
1provide information
Cameras can automatically record the details in a crime, including the specific time and space, the number of criminals, and characteristics of the suspects. Officials of the investigation can simply use this vital information to find out the criminals as soon as possible, thereby enhancing the efficiency
2 deter crimes
What is more, the cameras will be especially useful in deterring potential crimes. According to an authorized study, the rate of car theft in parking lots with cameras is 60 percent lower than that in parking lots without cameras. Because cameras work 24 hours uninterruptedly, criminals will not rashly commit the crime at the risk of being recorded. In this way, the cameras work effectively to deter potential crimes.
但是要注意：
1 隐私In order to avoid abuse of power, relevant authority should strictly supervise the use of the cameras. Since the cameras are installed in public places such as traffic lanes, hallways and stairs of the buildings, and parking places, everything that happens is indiscriminately recorded. Therefore, the authority should pay spherical attention to protect the privacy of the public at the same time.
2 成本 the cost of installation and supervision requires large amount of money, adding the burden on the government budget.作者: caicainiao 时间: 2011-6-15 16:55
选择职业
1 financial concern
2以兴趣选择工作，反对什么都要以钱为标准
穷困潦倒的梵高
只有表弟提奥理解他，支持他。供给他生活与创作费用。就这样梵高过着“寄生虫”的生活直到自杀身亡。梵高一生历尽坎坷，经常挣扎在饥饿之中
van gogh，one of the greatest artists in 19th century, struggled with hunger in most of his life. Depending on the living expenses supplied by his brother, Van Gogh created tremendous extraordinary paintings. If he chose his career according to financial concerns, he would simply work as an art dealer. However, he chose to be a poor painter because he loved art.
3 服务人类的崇高信念，反对以钱为标准 Lofty faith in serving the mankind without requiring any compensation.
Many volunteers, who devote their youth into the social work, participate actively in not-for-profit activities. ----university graduate gives up a job that offers higher salary and tempting bonus, instead, chose to teach in the remote western china. The faith in serving the mankind and the enthusiasm of helping others guide him to make the choice.作者: charles1992 时间: 2011-6-27 07:03
感谢！@作者: bastencool 时间: 2011-8-1 21:09
many thanks !!!作者: triangel8866 时间: 2011-8-9 20:21
many thansk @作者: rainyming 时间: 2011-9-12 20:32
谢谢谢谢作者: nightelf2022 时间: 2011-11-15 07:07
many thanks @#作者: haze619 时间: 2012-1-9 21:27
many thanks @作者: Gracespa 时间: 2012-1-27 22:00
many thanks @@作者: 风行GMR 时间: 2012-2-13 07:19
many thanks @作者: thumbbunny 时间: 2012-5-29 20:40
many thanks @!作者: norwaywinter 时间: 2012-8-28 21:01
many thanks作者: chaomat1988 时间: 2012-12-20 06:53
谢谢作者: cynthia129 时间: 2013-3-14 07:15
谢谢
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