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标题: [阅读资料] 6月GMAT阅读新题（1-42题） [打印本页]
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 16:55     标题: 6月GMAT阅读新题（1-42题）

人文科学类... 2

1．1．1     成本控制法... 2

1.1.2 copyright
2

1.1.3 企业文化... 5

1.1.4建筑技术... 7

1.1.5 改善交通理论... 9

1．1．6 专利保护法... 15

1.1.7 书店*. 15

1.1.8 外包服务*. 19

1.1.9 女性受男性影响... 22

1.2.1 boater*. 23

1.2.2 预测未来... 27

1.2.3 日本经济*. 28

1.2.4 P药与心脏病关系... 31

1.2.5 企业贷款... 32

1.2.6 企业downsize. 33

1.2.7 企业应如何解决污染... 33

1.2.8 法国女裁缝... 33

1.2.9 landlord和tenant
33

1.3.1 苏联生物学家... 34

1.
GWD-11-Q35 -Q37当代女权主义者对20年代妇女选举权运动的评价... 34

2.
GWD-4-Q5 to Q7工业化城市化理论不能解释妇女选举权问题（以瑞士为例）... 36

1.3.3 guardianship. 39

1.3.3 南丁格尔 原文... 39

1.3.4 neo理论... 44

1.3.5 广告用气味... 44

1.3.6 妇女地位与政党... 45

自然科学类... 46

2．1．1生物进化理论... 46

2.1.2 玻璃*. 47

V2 by 沫澧 700. 47

2.1.3 地震前鸟行为... 55

2.1.4 气温上升... 56

2.1.5特殊植物... 57

2.1.6 Concrete. 60

2.1.7 生物种群的多样性... 61

2.1.8 农作物... 63

2.1.9 热带气温下降... 64

2.2.1 steam egenier
64

2.2.2 limb进化... 65

2.2.3 GWD27 q3-q6. 66

2.2.4 伽利略水泵... 69

2.2.5 galaxy cluster
70

2.2.6
海洋动物... 70

2.2.7行星颜色... 70

作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 16:55

人文科学类
1．1．1        成本控制法
V1 by tracy175
第一篇 目前就想起一片 介绍一个成本控制法,貌似说了它的不足之处. 第二段开始,举例:两家造笔厂 生产相同数量的笔 ,一家全生产蓝笔 ,一家分别生产蓝 红 绿(貌似吧)三种颜色的笔 然后他们的成本不同. 最后说了一下不同的原因.
题目有in order to题 有问你举出造笔厂这个例子是干啥的     
还有一些细节题
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 16:55

1.1.2 copyright
V1 by tracy175
第二篇 是讲版权的问题 copyright  有关maga company注重歌手的版权问题 为了控制市场 但这样会有碍文化的多元吧  具体的内容不记得了
考到了主旨题
V2 by jessicaxia
copyright system
第一段说，大部分的copyright集中于mega-company，它垄断了distribution networks，使得一些小众的东东不能出现在市面上。市场被同化，都是些大片等主流的东西，人们不能接触到小众的idea.
第二段说，这个copyright system有intrinsic缺陷。关于property. 对比了tune和chair, 说more access to a tune不会降低其效用，但是physical item比如chair，用的人多了，则会降低效用。
第三段接着第二段的chair 和tune, 继续解释。artist创作往往是要借鉴他人的东西，而借鉴多少算侵犯别人的copyright很难界定。所以copyright system会阻碍艺术的发展......最后说，现在的copyright system是不合理的。
考题：
1）under which circumstance will the international copyright system be less likely to hinder。。。
2）关于tune的，以下哪种说法正确？lz选的答案貌似是和效用有关的，就是把chair的特点反过来说
3）问mega-company导致了什么？lz选的答案好像与小众idea有关
4）主旨题
V3 by angella0228 710
第二个是说音乐版权的。
Para1：说那些有版权的公司让大众只接触大片、有名的音乐，而不能接触那些无名的音乐，让市场的音乐都很单调。
Para2：从传统观念说。财产是包括无形的东西的，如creativity.没人会觉得一个tune是一种property.
Para3:一小部分公司占了大部分得版权。只考虑这些music他们是否有特权 todistribute.
V4 by yueyilei
专利权，有个椅子和旋律的对比（有出题，往前找），还有就是批评大公司垄断专利（有两三道都是围绕这一论点来写的）。
V5 by 渔夫summer
有寂静上那个copyright, 说这个政策不好，有三段吧，第一段说少数companies 掌握了 the majority of copyrights. 所以 压制了diversity of artists 的创造空间啥的。。。第二段说其实怎样认识intellitual properties也 是不同的，比如说tunes大家下载了之后并不变的less uesful 而chairs 用过了之后就useless了 完了，第三段又说了神马大多数公司掌握了copyrights，但是他们并不进行创作，而是顾着挣钱，啥的。。。。 恩，好像是这么回事。。。。
V6 by sherryzhao
copyright，第一段说什么international corp不利于social diversity之类的意思
第二段应该是说copyright作为一个property的话，限制了大家的share，
V7 by rachewl1989 680
一篇音乐知识产权垄断的那个，也很长的。大概以第一段是说知识产权这个system不好，阻碍了什么的传播，使得垄断的那些公司的commercial作品占据了主流市场。然后当中介绍了一下无形资产这个概念，还用椅子做了比喻（这里有题，大概是问你无形资产的特点什么的，注意椅子那边的细节，我选的好像是不会因为有好多人用了就减少了什么的）然后最后一段又回过头来说公司的垄断对音乐市场的阻碍什么的。

感谢cgzjessieli同学提供原文
This development, however, has a major downside: companies owning massive amounts of copyrighted works can, at their whim, ban weaker cultural activities – not only from the marketplace, but also from the general audience's attention. This is happening under our very eyes. It is nigh impossible to ignore the blockbuster movies, bestselling books and top–chart records presented to us by these cultural molochs, who, incidentally, own almost every imaginable right to these works. As a result, most people are completely unaware of all those other, less commercialized activities taking place in music, literature, cinema, theater and other arts. This is a tremendous loss to society, because our democratic world can only truly thrive on a large diversity of freely expressed and discussed cultural expressions.
Contrary to what one might expect, the seemingly endless possibilities of copying and sampling using modern digital technologies have so far only aggravated the situation. Publicly offering even a mere second's worth of copyrighted work will almost certainly attract attention from lawyers on behalf of the "owners" of said material. Sound artists, who used to freely sample work from others to build new musical creations, are now treated as pirates and criminals. Whole copyright enforcement industries have emerged, scouting the digital universe day and night for even the smallest snippet of copyrighted work used by others – and those found out, often stand to lose literally everything they have.Copyright has yet another intrinsic fault which makes it difficult to maintain in a democratic society. Copyright nowadays revolves almost exclusively around so–called intellectual property. This is a problem, since the traditional notion of property is largely irreconcilable with intangible concepts such as knowledge and creativity; a tune, an idea or an invention will not lose any of its value or usefulness when it is shared among any number of people. In contrast, a single physical object, such as a chair, quickly becomes less useful when more people want access to it; in this latter case, the term "property" has a clear meaning and purpose. Unfortunately, in the past decades the legal definition of property has been extended way beyond any physical constraints. These days, almost anything can be someone's property, such as fragrances and colors; even the makeup of the proteins in our blood and the genes in our body cells are being claimed as the exclusive property of one company or another, which can subsequently bar anyone else from using it. It is therefore high time to reconsider the current concept of property.
With regard to artistic works, it is quite conceivable that no single person should have the right to claim exclusive ownership over, say, a particular tune. We all know that almost every work of art, and every invention, is based upon the work of predecessors. Now this doesn't mean we should have less respect for artists creating new works of art based on the work of others, and we're obliged to contribute to artists' well–being and income in our society. Yet rewarding their every single achievement, or reproduction or even interpretation thereof, with a monopoly lasting many decades, is too much, because it leaves nothing for other artists to build on. In fact, even criticizing the artist's work can become rather hazardous, as it "damages" his "property". Unpleasant as this may sound, things get even worse when we consider that the vast majority of copyrighted works is owned by a relatively small group of large conglomerates. These mega–industries create, invent or produce nothing at all, yet demand that artists sign over all rights to their works to them, just for the privilege of having their works distributed.
From this point of view, there is ample reason to send our current system of copyright to the scrapheap. Artists will of course feel threatened by such a bold move. After all, without copyright, they will lose all means of existence, now won't they? Well, not necessarily. Let's first look at some numbers. Research by economists shows that only 10 percent of artists collect 90 percent of copyright proceeds, and that the remaining 90 percent of artists must share the remaining 10 percent of proceeds. In other words: for the vast majority of artists, copyright has only marginal financial advantages. Then there's another peculiar fact: most artists have entered into some sort of covenant with the cultural industry – as if these two groups have even remotely similar interests! For example GEMA, the German copyright organization, sends approximately 70 percent of copyright proceeds abroad, mostly to the US, where several of the world's biggest cultural conglomerates reside. In this process, the average artist is nowhere to be seen.
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 16:56

1.1.3 企业文化
V1 by tracy175
有关企业的 mutilnation mutliculture 以及 globalizaion 也忘了差不多了。。。
V2 by 我爱开开
公司的multinational和multicultural multinational.全文主要意思是说，multinational的advatage在于reduce cost，而multicuturald可以聚集local knowledge in different divisions。比较简短，不长，很容易看懂
考古
V3 lamandel 710 (号称回忆帝)
第一段主要讲了global technology，由于一些跨国公司的存在和国际贸易的推荐，各种技术在全球范围内得到交流。然后交流的形式包括，然后就有了四个列举，一个是technology的investment，一个是什么的licensing，一个是corporation between不同的公司还是国家，然后还有一个记不太清楚了，最后这里有一个典型的except题，就是问global的technology是有什么表现，应该选political alliance between countries，文章根本没有提政治方面的因素。
第二段就是讲现在出现了一种趋势还是什么就是technology的national,出现这种的原因是国家还是企业把technology当成是一种非常重要的资源，然后说这个是符合一个outdated的theory把什么resources，human resources之类的东西当成是一种competitive advantage。然后又说保证technology的national就是保证这种competitive advantage的存在。但是第二段最后又提出由于一般比较advanced technology都需要corporation，意思就是说global的合作的感觉。
第三段：相当于是综合了两个观点一样，首先说企业还是应当保持一种national的technology来保证这样的一种competitive advantage，然后又同时说有时候还是应该加强国际之间的合作global technology。
1 科技全球化的表现，except题：political alliance
2 作者对于那个观点（就是提出competitive advantage的那个观点）的看法：原文用的形容词是outdated，我想了一下就是选了个评价那个观点过时之类的选项。
3 考如果为什么要保持经济全球化，应该是第二段的定位题，我当时时间很紧，E选项是重视什么国际和国内市场，其他的选项不是很记得了。

文言文 Golden 基本自行确认
V1
第一段说随着全球化和跨国公司使得市场的INTERNATIONAL,包括TECHNOLOGY也在各个国家间交流,这里有题,大概问全球化有什么变化什么的. 然后列举了几个internationalization的几个具体形式
第二段说但是有些国家就开始保守了,阻碍技术的交流,企图保持自己的优势,有点像以前的国家保护自己的自然资源似的,这里有题,问说有些保护技术怎样怎样,记住是有点过时了的意思.然后又说一个企业在技术上的投资,现在如果产品是只面对国内市场的化,是无法收回成本的,这里有题,问现在的技术投资有什么特点.
第三段说什么有的国家也参与到技术控制中,反正AUTHOR是对这个反对的
1 科技全球化的好处带来了哪些好处？列举题
2 第二段有作者态度题：Antiquated。
V2
第一段，因為國際化還有民間企業的努力，所以一直不斷研發新的科技，稱為”科技創新”。舉了一些例子跟好處。第二段，某些政府或國家因為要保護自己，所以反而支持”科技保守”。他們以為可以因此保護自己的資源。又舉了一些例子第三段，作者反駁”科技保守”。認為“科技創新”才是王道。*作者態度有考一題
跨國科技創新什麼是對的except:選國家間politic的合作
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 16:56

1.1.4建筑技术
V1 老张1119
一个新老观点对比题 结构蛮清晰的
第一段是说Hawii的temple还是啥的一个什么特征让科学家相信它们是比之前认为的建造的更快还是什么的（有题）
第二段是说科学家通过新的一种技术研究珊瑚还是啥的来验证他们的想法 然后说这些新的数据他们原来的设想的是相符合的(consistent)（有题） 证实了他们的猜想
V2 by cc1990 740
第二篇是说一个岛上有寺庙，科学家用元素追踪技术研究建寺庙时用的珊瑚，发现这个岛上的一段时间内社会历史文化变化比之前预想要快。题目有主旨，还有问珊瑚的用处，应该是装饰品，因为文中有Ornamentally.
背景知识
Hawaiian temples to the gods of agriculture and war — monumental platforms and terraces made of boulders composed of cooled lava — provide tangible archaeological evidence for this transition from chiefdoms to archaic states
The dates for the temple-building boom come from the ages of small branching corals called “cauliflower corals,” found in the temples. The exact symbolic value of temple corals to the Hawaiians — archived in the memories of oral historians — was probably lost when European diseases decimated the population at the end of the 18th century. The corals themselves were not objects of veneration, according to Kirch; rather, they may have served as symbolic offerings, like votive candles in a Catholic church.  
The base of this branch coral from a Kahikinui archaeological site has been dated to the year 1601, plus or minus seven years. The tip has been dated to 1608 with the same margin of error. The preservation of the specimen indicates that living coral was collected from the sea bottom.
The researchers are confident that coral ages provide temple ages. Delicate surface structures on temple corals indicate that these corals were collected live and brought almost immediately to the temples. If the corals were collected dead from the beach, these tiny surface structures would be damaged or absent.
The kinds of corals found in the temple pull uranium from the seawater into their skeletons. Over time, the uranium inside coral skeletons naturally decays to lead in several steps, and one of the intermediate products is the element thorium.Sharp estimated the ages of temple corals by measuring the concentrations of thorium versus uranium present in the coral skeletons.
This temple-dating approach is an improvement over carbon-14 dating techniques that have been used to estimate the age of charcoal remains of pig bones and other organic materials found at the temples. Dating these charcoals requires scientists to take atmospheric carbon-14 fluctuations into account, which increases the uncertainty of temple construction dates considerably. In contrast, coral age estimates are not influenced by changes in the carbon-14 content of the atmosphere through time.
Sharp dated the outer tips of the corals to get as close as possible to the “death date” — the date someone harvested the coral from the ocean and brought it to a temple construction site or temple dedication ceremony.
The surprising swiftness of the transition in ancient Hawaiian society, revealed by the new temple construction dates, raises the possibility that similar transitions elsewhere in the world may have been equally abrupt, the authors say.
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 16:57

1.1.5 改善交通理论
V1 by 老张1119
是说一个叫什么Modesman的人提出一个改善某地交通的理论
第一段是说他通过这个理论而走红 他好像是把这个地区的所有交通灯还是什么的都remove了 然后一年后大家惊讶的发现这个地区的交通变好了 公交车什么的可以开的更快了（有题）
第二段是说他说在实施这个理论前必须做好多准备工作 学习了N多东西（有题） （这一段后面的东西失忆了）
第三段是作者观点 说他虽然改善了交通 但是这同时he creates the confusion and ambigious， 因为这样一来这个地区路好像就变得不像大城市里的路了 变窄了还是啥的 然后就变得很乡土好像==
问题具体怎么问的忘了 好像回文章定位就行
V2 by cc1990 740
第一篇是说一个人M，用新的方法解决城市交通问题，就是不用严格的红绿灯之类的，装了一些乱七八糟的东西后…反而公交车等待通过的时间少了(有考题，问公交车怎么样的)，虽然交通数量上升但不堵。M用的方法是改变人们对时间的观念。最后一段是说这个人M又在另一个地方实验，让这个地方更villagelike，最后也是成功的。题目不是很记得了。。但不难。
V3 by tonality 740
M这个人去到德国一个什么城市，在原来十字路口的地方改建，traffic light好像没有完全去掉，用discreet形容的，留下了一些法规规定不能去掉的指示吧。（这里有和他在下一个城市的比较，另个城市好像把指示灯都去掉了吧，这个没有完全去掉）后来，那个人又去了德国的O这个地方。说关键在于改变什么的Time的观念。这里有题的。
V4 by lesezeichen 680
一篇是讲一个M因为他的2001project出名了，为什么呢？因为他在一个D城市做了一个治理交通的措施，把信号灯之类的都拿掉了，结果效果很好，在交通增长的情况下，这里的交通却很好，bus可以很容易通过（有考点），事故也少。到这里分别是第一段和第二段。第三段就说了他又在另外一个城市做了project，也柏油路弄成石块路之类的，总之就是相比那些明确的交通信号信息，他的改造让这个城市变得village like，有了confusion和ambuguity（有考点，问提到这两个是要干嘛）。然后M就说，要改变交通，就要改变交通的context，改变大家的concept of time（这里面的逻辑关系大家要再仔细读哈，不过不重要）。大概如此了
V5 by jsmart
traffic的，三段，M改进了traffic，使交通变好了，然后好像他自己又发现问题了……记得一题是M和另一个O观点相同之处，有一个选项是都说交通枢纽不放交通灯 想起来再补充…
v6 by sunicity
寂静上的那篇关于交通的，有一个阅读参考材料，基本就是那篇。后面问了D城市实施之后怎么样了，应该是公交车通过更快了。还有一个是作者说confusion and ambigous的作用，我选的是概括了M这个人的主要思想。
V7 by 小遥遥
还有一篇阅读也很长，是讲什么一个人改变了crossover的设计，然后就不那么堵了。。。他认为是改变人的观念（有出题）啊神马的。
好像有两个城市对比吧（有出题，对比，不确定）
还有一道题是改变了之后，bus怎么了（我选的是神马神马quickly，因为文章中有说到bus怎么怎么了，在破折后之间）
V8 by cecihanjiabei 730
一个人提出改变交通状况的两种方法，一个是不利用traffic lights一类的，在中间建造一个圆的区域，有喷泉什么的；另一个是改造成country-like的，机经中写的很正确！问题是两者有什么相似，第一种方法有什么结果。
V9 by 千堂月莎 710
那个神奇的设计师改造十字路口的文，问了第三段的作用是什么，在give a summary of BLABLA 和 解释one of change的意图 之间犹豫了下，选了后者。
还问了两城市的案例有什么相似，选项有:A和B都关于移除，一个是交通灯一个是其他信号标志吧，C是说都以提高行车速度为目标，E是都造成了行人和司机们彼此 more consideration 的效果
V10 by lynnfordream
考的那个交通改造的问题啊。记得一个细节就是说在D的地方减少了一半的事故率，同时交通量增加了1/3,然后有道题就是问D这个地方带来什么影响的。其中一个是事故发生数目减少了，貌似还要算下1/2*4/3=2/3所以还是应该减少了。楼主选成了什么drivers产生ambiguous的感觉，后面点了next以后一回想觉得应该选那个数目减少了a !
   材料：感谢freewer提供，太牛了！必须是原文！

Freedom for traffic

      An unassuming Dutch traffic engineer showed that streets without signs can be safer than roads cluttered with arrows, painted lines, and lights.
     And Monderman certainly changed the landscape in the provincial city of Drachten, with the project that, in 2001, made his name. At the town center, in a crowded four-way intersection called the Laweiplein, Monderman removed not only the traffic lights but virtually every other traffic control. Instead of a space cluttered with poles, lights, “traffic islands,” and restrictive arrows, Monderman installed a radical kind of roundabout (a “squareabout,” in his words, because it really seemed more a town square than a traditional roundabout), marked only by a r aised circle of grass in the middle, several fountains, and some very discreet indicators of the direction of traffic, which were required by law.
      这一段说的是M自己闭上眼睛，倒走到他设计的路中间，结果并没有像在普通道路上一样——所有的车刹车再启动，而是车辆依然有序行驶。As I watched the intricate social ballet that occurred as cars and bikes slowed to enter the circle (pedestrians were meant to cross at crosswalks placed a bit before the intersection), Monderman performed a favorite trick. He walked, backward and with eyes closed, into the Laweiplein. The traffic made its way around him. No one honked, he wasn’t struck. Instead of a binary, mechanistic process—stop, go—the movement of traffic and pedestrians in the circle felt human and organic.
      实验一年后的结果：拥挤减少、事故减少A year after the change, the results of this “extreme makeover” were striking: Not only had congestion decreased in the intersection—buses spent less time waiting to get through, for example—but there were half as many accidents, even though total car traffic was up by a third. Students from a local engineering college who studied the intersection reported that both drivers and, unusually, cyclists were using signals—of the electronic or hand variety—more often. They also found, in surveys, that residents, despite the measurable increase in safety, perceived the place to be more dangerous. This was music to Monderman’s ears. If they had not felt less secure, he said, he “would have changed it immediately.”
      Monderman believed that the best way to change people’s behavior was to change the context. This simple insight was one of the foundations of his traffic revolution, which took root a decade before he remade Drachten. In the mid-1980s,   Monderman, then a regional safety inspector for Friesland, was dispatched to the small village of Oudehaske to check the speed of car traffic through the town’s center (two children had been fatally struck). Previously, Monderman, like any good Dutch traffic engineer, would have deployed, if not an actual traffic light, the tools of what is known as “traffic calming”: speed bumps, warning signs, bollards, or any number of highly visible interventions.（交代了背景：作为交通安全官员，M被发配到一个小村里去检测城镇中心的车速。按常理，控制车速的手段不外乎装红绿灯、减速带等）
      但是M觉得在这个town，既没有必要也太贵。But those solutions were falling out of favor with his superiors, because they were either ineffective or too expensive. At a loss, Monderman suggested to the villagers, who as it happens had hired a consultant to help improve the town’s aesthetics, that Oudehaske simply be made to seem more “villagelike.” The interventions were subtle. （正评价，嘿嘿）Signs were removed, curbs torn out, and the asphalt replaced with red paving brick, with two gray “gutters” on either side that were slightly curved but usable by cars. As Monderman noted, the road looked only five meters wide, “but had all the possibilities of six.”
The results were striking. Without bumps or flashing warning signs, drivers slowed, so much so that Monderman’s radar gun couldn’t even register their speeds. 通过这种改进（把town改造的更villagelike,车速都自然降低了，雷达都检测不到……好夸张啊-。-）Rather than clarity and segregation, he had created confusion and ambiguity. 注意这段：因为他的方法制造了一种错觉，司机8知道哪条是他该走的路，所以开车不会很莽撞Unsure of what space belonged to them, drivers became more accommodating. Rather than give drivers a simple behavioral mandate—say, a speed limit sign or a speed bump—he had, through the new road design, subtly suggested the proper course of action. And he did something else. He used context to change behavior.用观念改变行为 He had made the main road look like a narrow lane in a village, not simply a traffic-way through some anonymous town.
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 16:57

我总结了一下，这个理论主要说的就是去掉行驶线、交通信号灯等交通规则的“提示物”，激发人们的自觉地自我约束行为，这样的交通管理效果更好。
Shared space is an urban design concept aimed at integrated use of public spaces.
Shared space removes the traditional segregation of motor vehicles, pedestrians and other road users. Conventional road priority management systems and devices such as kerbs, lines, signs and signals are replaced with an integrated, people-oriented understanding of public space, such that walking, cycling, shopping and driving cars become integrated activities.
History
The term 'shared space' was used by Tim Pharoah to describe informal street layouts with no traffic demarcation (see for example "Traffic Calming Guidelines" published by Devon County Council, 1991). The shared space concept has been associated strongly with the work of Hans Monderman, based on the observation that individuals' behaviour intraffic is more positively affected by the built environment of the public space than it is by conventional traffic control devices and regulations.
The goal of shared space is an improvement in road safety, encouraging negotiation of shared areas at appropriate speeds and with due consideration for the other users, using simple rules like giving way to the right. The term shared space should probably not be too closely defined, since there is wide scope for varying the design concept.
Safety, congestion, economic vitality and community severance can be effectively tackled in streets and other public spaces if they are designed and managed to allow traffic to be fully integrated with other human activity, not separated from it. A major characteristic of a street designed to this philosophy is the absence of traditional road markings, signs, traffic signals and the distinction between "road" and "pavement". User behaviour becomes influenced and controlled by natural human interactions rather than by artificial regulation.
Monderman is quoted as saying: "We're losing our capacity for socially responsible behaviour, ...The greater the number of prescriptions, the more people's sense of personal responsibility dwindles."  Another source attributes the following to Monderman: "When you don't exactly know who has right of way, you tend to seek eye contact with other road users... You automatically reduce your speed, you have contact with other people and you take greater care."
但是这个理论也有人质疑，主要两个原因：一是觉得残疾人不方便；二是很多骑车的人觉得不安全（这段太长我替大家概括一下哈）
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 16:58

1．1．6 专利保护法
V1 by周游ing
个关于专利保护法案的，就一个F法案通过了以后怎样怎样保护专利所有人，但是说这个法案不利于法官判，后来又有个什么T法案通过了，就先缩小了到法庭打官司的范围，然后judges就很高兴。（大致意思吧，里面比较绕）
V2 by cc1990 740
最后一篇是说美国1995年和2006年的两个关于trademark还是patent的保护法。问题有主旨，还有一个是问法官为什么比较喜欢其中一个法。文中有说到其中一个法更保守，能先剔除一些case，选项里也有这个。现在能想到的就先这些啦…要能再想到再补充~
V3 by lynnfordream
鸡精里面的那个trademark，的确是有问法官为嘛更喜欢另外一个法。貌似还有第一段有两句话被highlight，然后问两句话是什么关系。
V4 by 小右twister 700+
美国有一个保护trademark的政策，有several provisions，但是这些provisions在具体法律执行的过程中遇到了一些问题，然后说了下法官在遇到这些问题时候所采取的态度
V5 by 慕小蕾 700+
第一段说1995年提出了个什么法来干什么。
     第二段说2006年又提出了个什么法，这个法使判断范围更小（有题）
      （没时间了。。。这篇差不多一通乱选的。。）
1.1.7 书店*
V1 by jsf22
第一道是说书店的。
第一段说book chain，但是放到全国，每个店仍要本地化什么的。
第二段说非连锁的书店，因为有本地化的各种优势。
V2 by jessiacacai
chain store
第一段说，chain store的大量涌现使得independent store不能生存，减少了regional difference. 然而，chain store的发展是考虑regional因素的，比如geography,economy等等。举例，先是washington以及O打头的一个州，说这两个地方bookstore多是weather原因，rain多；然后说Alaska和Hawaii，地势偏远，进货难需要时间。然后又提到了Alaska和Hawaii的差别。
第二段说，independent store并没有完全消失，它们的经营策略是避免head-on冲突，到chain store少的地方经营，或者专注于special market. 书店不光卖书，还搞book signing等一系列活动。随着作者的national tour减少，这种在书店里的签名售书越来越普遍。
考题：
the passage suggests, at the time when it was written, which of the following is true？答案选项两个是关于W和O这两个州的，三个是throughout the United States. lz选的是national tour is decreasing.
考古（待确认）
1.1.24连锁书店vs independent book stores*
V1短文

P1: 连锁书店的盛行形成了一股垄断势力，导致independent stores很难维持生计。但是连锁书店的盛行其实是由各地的地理因素决定的，比如Washington总下雨，人们就愿意呆在书店里，还有一些其他城市的例子
P2: 其实independent stores在这种垄断势力压迫下也垂死挣扎出一条血路，存活下来的其实也大获成功。貌似是IS会比较diversified，然后书店也逐渐变成了一个举办club, 签售会等活动的地方，尤其是作家越来越不愿意travel的时候，能请到作家来的书店就会很attractive
V2 candy湘 V41 12.03



说大家都认为现在书店连锁店那么火，所以书店不用关注不同地区的差异了，只要你按普通的规模标准在任何一个地方建一个分店都肯定是可以盈利的。但是作者反驳了这个观点，说现在连锁店无法满足不同地区人们的差异化需求。列举了美国的三个地区，这里有两个细节题的选项定位，尤其是华盛顿地区的情况，两个都考到了。
那为什么会产生地区差异化需求呢?这一段都在分析原因。
作者最后说虽然现在连锁店不好做，但是卖书的人还是有市场盈利的机会的。因为以前出版商会把书邮寄给读者，但是现在很少这么做了。（有题）我没来得及细看，大概看明白了作者的态度就开始做题了，希望后来的同学多多补充！

V3eveneven 720

连锁书店与非连锁书店：连锁书店都是一样的，没有个性化，而逐渐成长的非连锁书店（independant bookstores）适应各个地区的不同状况，如德克萨斯的气候怎么怎么不同啥的，因此非连锁书店获得了夹缝中的成功。
这篇把握大意就好

V4

还有的就是book chain那个，这个是我最后一篇，大题扫了一眼，就开始做题了，全靠狗狗的概述，但是题绝对不一样，并没有考到第一段的例子，第一道就是infer，需要全文通读，后来还有2道，都是infer，没记错的话，第二自然段有定位。

考古
V1 66小丫头
文章很短(reference: 最美的夏天)
第一段：说的是传统book-chain 是和region 什么都是没有关系的，但是新的survey发现还是有地方特色的。举了几个例子，什么hawii Oeren（有题）
第二段：说independent bookstore也很struggle 采取了什么方法的

V2 super甲 V36
说书店集中生产销售和零售的问题的，第二段很重要，我其实没有特别明白这篇的逻辑。等考古
第一段说图书生产趋于集中化，并且一个集中生产图书的厂家所生产的图书以及其图书销售已经不具有地方特色了，很机械化、格式化。后半部分又说也不是完全这样，有两个地方的图书卖得好，归功于这两地方老下雨，还有一地方卖得不好是因为城市都太小了，不适合集中生产销售，人们买书也不方便。
第二段开始絮絮叨叨的讲零售图书（independent）的这帮人，尽管这帮人已经自己产生了一套营销战略，但他们仍旧在struggle，与那些集中生产销售的 stores竞争。零售商们的确具有一定的地方特色，尤其是小地方，能够适应当地的市场；但是由于之前说了，集中销售商们也具备了一定的地方特点，所以还是能够在一些小地方生存的。

V3 rainrooney 720 V38
第一段：说的是传统book-chain是不会针对 region的特点进行装修的。但是新的survey发现很多大型的连锁书店都开始有了地方特色，针对地方的文化或者气候进行装修。举了几个例子，其中有一个州有很少的城镇能吸引大型的连锁书店进驻，跟夏威夷（能吸引好多）进行了对比，V1说这里有题，但我没遇到。
第二段：说那些survived的independent bookstore也开始针对地方特色进行装修（有一题问作者suggest什么，我觉得根据这个survived可以推出independent bookstore居于劣势地位之类的）。

V4 eippy 700
P1先说大家以为chain store的大规模让小书店难做生意。但是发现其实chain store让independent bookstore
更localized, regional,或有什么culture特色等。举了好多例子....
P2 independent bookstore的生存方法。寻找特定的顾客群体啦等等。最后说大小书店都很注意举办读书沙龙之类的文化活动，但小书店对于作者签售有优势，因为越来越多不愿做全国巡游（这边有题）
大概就是这样。注意chain store和independent bookstore之间的对比和关系，出题重点
背景知识
题目：
1、主旨题
2、作者认为连锁书店XXXXX
3、地方书店的优势在于
Analysts say retail bookstore chains will cease to exist as we know them, underperforming stores will close and bookstore chains will be reduced to a few localized stores catering to specialized local needs.  
      Bookstore chains must reduce their retail footprints in order to survive, according to Wahlstorm.  He said that there is a high likelihood that Barnes & Noble like Borders will close underperforming stores in coming years.
      To stay relevant bookstore chains would have to use their store space productively and find a market niche, according to Bishop.
     “They can try to drive traffic and sales through the physical stores by means like adding cafes, establishing relationships with the local community, and offering exclusive or targeted products (B&N is making a big push toward its new educational toys & games department),” wrote Wahlstrom.针对本地市场推出营销方案
      Maybe bookstore chains have a lesson to learn from smaller independent book stores that have dodged the online and e-books bullets by keeping unique selections of books and providing social space to their local communities.地方的小书店和社区关系紧密
"Independent bookstores are very well connected to their communities. When you do that there will always be value for your bookstore,” said Lubeck. He said that bookstore chains should adopt this successful formula.
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 16:58

1.1.8 外包服务*
V1 by jsf22
第一段说1980年之后，美国公司大量裁人，但单位生产率并未提升，产出并没有下降；分析了不是高科技运用提高了生产率，另有原因。
第二段说原因是大量业务外包，因为公司追求更少的人工成本，因为除了不用支付更多的工资，也不用支付那么多福利。同时公司做法并不违反劳工合同，因为skilled employee公司会继续留用。
有主旨题。还有问为什么要外包，选降低人工成本。还有问为什么说不违反劳工合同。不太确定记忆是否准确了。
V2 by rachewl 680
遇到那篇外包的文章，寂静里好像有。两段，很长的，大概第一段是说在1930s有大幅度的裁员，在1980s也有大幅度的裁员。但是这两次的原因是不一样的palapala。然后第二段就说1980年的裁员，不是因为裁员直接带来经济效益，而是因为外包了。。然后就开始说外包balabala的。。。题目的话，有印象的就是问你1930年的裁员是不是因为二战的影响。。。
考古（待确认）
服务外包△
V1【by: allhappy27】

一段：现在美国流行外包（技术服务咨询外包）

二段：外包优势劣势，采用外包的公司因为缺乏技术而引用外包开始都不了解自己，采用外包的公司害怕自己内部情况提供给竞争者。

V2【by:落川冰】11.10 晚

一共是两段。一屏左右..
第一段讲的就是outresources，我感觉比较容易看懂，没有什么不认识的单词。
BLABLA的讲outresources很流行之类的...很多公司都采用这样的策略。
第二段讲的主要是关于一个client company的，说因为outresources是一个需要专业知识的行业，而客户这类的专业知识可能会比较少，所以客户就无法很好的预计自己的COST。所以有一定的risk和很弹性的因素存在，但是最后一句作者however了，基本还是肯定了这个outresources的策略....因为认为潜在利润远远大过于那些RISK。
完毕，考古的那段，大家可以看，但是我觉得第二段什么泄露企业相关信息的不是，我的这段是讲cost不能预计，所以不能估计未来收益之类的，无法很好的control....
但是好像基本还是合的到的。
题目我考了三道。考古第一题确认我考到，而且选项选的和考古相同，并不是背答案，其实我阅读逻辑都没背答案只要是看JJ的内容写的什么，怕变体，但我觉得考古第一题根据作者最后一句还是能选到的
（PS：我怕我这一点破分数，大家会不会就把这个选项直接认为错？呵呵...）

我还记得有一题问到关于这个outresources的弊端的什么的，因为我选了无法估计cost。


考古XYXB待确认

第一段大概说outsoucing的概念，然后说outsourcing这个practice在有形产品(physical product)工业已经很成熟之类的，但是在service 的行业还是有很大前景的，而且越来越多的公司也开始做service outsourcing了。
第二段先说了service outsourcing的特色feature。然后举了intellectual service的outsourcing。说这类的outsourcing,　客户通常来说很难通过下订单(place order)来描述(specify)要买什么样的服务产品（暗指service product知识含量高，不专门搞这个还真不懂呢，有考题）。介绍完特色以后，然后说了一大堆弊端，比如service outsourcing出去可能会有泄漏企业关键信息之类的risk。但是最后，作者话锋一转，说如果企业仔细考虑计划outsourcing strategy的话，就可以lower and minimize 所有的这些risk，证明了作者对待这个practice支持态度。
题１：作者会同意下面哪个选项，我选的是although service outsourcing 有很多的弊端，但是它的优点outweigh all the risks. 但是这题还有另一个选项很迷惑，想不起来了
题２：细节题，说问中为什么客户无法specify 他们要的service product：选因为客户没有这方面的expertise
题３：好像是作者态度题，选作者支持outsourcing
考古2
文章开始说1980年美国曾出现大规模裁员的状况，因为出现了recession，但199X年再次出现了大规模的layoffs状况，但怎么解释在大规模layoff的同时企业能以低成本来实现higher productivity的呢（此处是个疑问句），有人说是计算机的使用提高了生产效率，然后作者有句话反驳，还有人说是management 的improvement导致了生产效率提高，然后作者在本段结尾给了一句反驳以前所有观点的话。
第二段作者的观点是outsource的出现才使企业有了大规模裁员并且降低成本同时增加生产效率的机会，一方面企业可以裁掉high wage的员工换成low wage的员工，把一部分业务外包出去，另一方面企业可以雇佣part time工人，因为part time工人工资低，且benifit也没有正式员工好，然后解释了一下post-wartime后的经济问题。 有一道题说的是作者说企业雇佣临时工人的目的是什么答案C有一点迷惑性 说因为part time 工人earn minimum wage，这是错的，文章中只说和正式员工比赚少工资和低福利，没说最低工资，正确选项应该是E，削减labor cost 还有一题说1980年的layoff不能用作者的观点解释是因为，我选的因为economy suffersdifficult，也就是原文的第一句话
背景知识
背景：经济滞涨时期，企业采取外包，节约成本。但是，带来问题，但是不违反劳动合同。  
    Outsourcing is when one company sells a part of their company to another. This usually happens when the company wants to save money. 省钱Outsourcing was first mainly seen in the early 1980’s during a time of stagflation滞涨, or a time where economic growth is slow, unemployment rates and inflation is high.  Foreign competition in trade had steady rates compared to the United States market and had a cost advantage over American goods. Car companies, which were suffering greatly during this time, took a radical step and moved about ten factories out of Michigan to Mexico (2,5).

        This outraged the United Autoworkers Union (UAW) because American’s who worked in the factories that had been outsourced, were left jobless.  UAW negotiated with the car companies to keep the outsourcing of the parts division to overseas countries (2).
        The car factories use of outsourcing caught the eyes of other businesses: companies saw profit with the use of outsourcing. Soon after more and more companies began expand their companies in Mexico, on the Mexico-United states border.  Many American citizens failed to notice the outsourcing that was beginning to happen on the United States-Canadian border.  Outsourcing of filmmaking was a common in the 1990’s, but also to the manufacturing of parts.  Canada’s trade with the United States began to increase and benefit, while American parts suppliers began to go bankrupt and lay off their workers (2).
This trend in outsourcing in the United States has been increasing steadily since its debut in the 1980’s, but now is being exposed to the average American.   Common jobs, such as calculating worker’s payrolls, can be found in overseas companies, that provide cheaper labor, then it would cost if an American laborer worked for the company in the United States (1).  Competition between companies is increasing, and companies that outsource have a great advantage over companies who only work within the United States territory.  The cutting of jobs in American businesses is becoming increasingly common, leaving healthy, skilled, and knowledgeable people to suffer as they look for the few available jobs in their area.  Companies take advantage of the cheap labor to allow their businesses to expand, which is the main reason that outsourcing continues to grow
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 16:58

1.1.9 女性受男性影响
V1 by jaejonng 710
有一篇是也很长，关于女性是否受男性影响的新老观点对比。
首段介绍老观点，受影响。然后介绍新观点不受影响。
观点绕的挺多。大家注意它举的例子。我考的题目几乎全是例子的细节题。
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 16:59

1.2.1 boater*
V1 by doodle
一道是有关于boater的，说是有一个景点1985年的人比1975年的人多了很多，但是调查下来却发现旅游者并没有觉得很拥挤，然后举例分析了原因说是因为旅游者们的preference什么的有改变
V2 by 我爱开开
最后一篇是boater那篇，和基金所述基本相吻合，也比较简单，最后一段全部高亮问整段在全文中的作用。
考古（待确认）
53. 某个公园的小船数量的问题
V2船（750）
1975年要去A岛（一个景点）有两种方式，private boat和chatared boat，1985年的时候这两种方式的船都增多了，作者推测是由于政府的tax credit造成的（这段感觉跟文章不怎么搭界）

第二段说因为船增多了所以boater应该会觉得crowded，但是boaters reported perception of crowdness decreased，预测可能是因为人们的norm, preference变了

第三段进一步展开那个预测，说因为很多人是买了private boat学习自驾去游览的新手，他们不熟悉skill和路线，所以更愿意去人多的地方，这样发生危险的时候可以求助

题：

1.问第三段的作用，选elaborate an explanation suggesting a phenomena in the second paragraph
2.还有一道主旨题，我选分析一个unexpected phenomena的原因（这就是我说第一段跟全文好像没什么关系的原因，其他选项也都没有把第一段的内容概括进去的。。。）

3. 1975年和1985年的情况相比，Boater认为？（应该选认为不那么挤了那项）

4. 1980年前后情况不一样，所以第一问题就问“1970年的法律”暗示什么？我选的是80-85年的情况和75-80年的情况出现不同）

5．以下哪个因素不会影响Boater对拥挤程度的感觉: 答案推测 – changes in norms, preferenceof the visitors

6.是问关于那个政府的政策的说法，哪个是正确的。我选的是不仅仅适用于business boat。这个选项是比出来的答案，其他几个明显与文中相反

7. 第三个问题是问关于菜鸟boater的。记不清选项了

V3(750)

第一段讲1970年的时候，某个景区只有50几艘船，但是到了1985年左右，数量就到了200多艘，这些包括recreational的private boat和chartered boat。其中私人游艇增加了2倍以上。当地的旅游管理局还是什么的相关人士，在游船增加的初期对此问题表示了关注，怕过多的游船会导致当地僻静的景区收益什么的受到影响。但是调查发现，人们的perception of crowdedness并没有上升，反而下降了（有题考）。分析认为，是人们的norm，expectation等因素变化了。最后提出游船增加的主要原因是1970年初期，政府出台了一项税收政策，对那些购买游艇的人，可以减免税收。
第二段开始具体分析为什么游船增加了，但是游客的perception觉得less congested呢？熟悉这个景区宁静氛围的游客们都离开了，新来的游客对这里的expectation又不同（可能来景区之前就觉得会很多人，但是实际到了这里发现没有想象中那么拥挤，perception就给出了没有那么congested的错觉）。同时sailing school招徕了不少新手学员，大家对游玩的路线什么的也不熟悉，可能反而觉得人多可以互相帮助。（但自始至终没有提到一个conclusive的原因，主旨题考到，又干扰选项）。

关于考古：应该就是这篇考古文了，大体内容都一样，很多关键词都是一致的，包括change in norms and preference of visiotors等等。但
是好像有一点变种，第二段和第三段的内容合并了。而且考古的考点我基本都没碰上。
地点的话，应该不是winsconsin，不过应该无差的吧。

V4

53篇小船数量的，大家看寂静吧，很全，寂静上有人说有变体是两段的，我的是三段，题目引用寂静吧1，1975年和1985年的情况相比，Boater认为？（应该选认为不那么挤了那项）（我的答案也一样）
2第三段的作用：应该是对第一段的一个现象的解释，我选的是elaborated on the explanation provided in previous paragraph（我也选的这个）3***新题：问主旨，我选的是出台税收政策对这个地方的的影响
8篇bottle water, 内容跟寂静一样，v8版本最全，题目1 关于bottle water哪个说法正确？选A：manufacturing of plastic bottle比processing the water更浪费能源 B答案是个混淆选项，跟A长的很像，大家选的时候注意
其他的就忘了，寂静有个印象，到时很好选

V5

问第三段的作用，选elaborate an explanation suggesting a phenomena in the second paragraph
1975年和1985年的情况相比，Boater认为？（应该选认为不那么挤了那项）
考古（来自乔小桥）

以下考古 By XYXB

V1
第一段：Wisconsin州有个湖风景很好，从1975-1985间吸引了很多boater来explore，其中有private boat,也有charter boater. 这些年的繁荣归因于1970年出的一项政策----政府资助买船者credit。近年增加了很多, 而且同时私人购船也增多了, 因为有减税政策. 所以一般预期来这里的游客会觉得地方变拥挤了.　但事实相反,　去那里的游客不觉得the place becomingcrowded. 于是作者推测,　大约是由于changes in norms, preferenceof the visitors.（1980年前后情况不一样，所以第一问题就问“1970年的法律”暗示什么？我选的是80-85年的情况和75-80年的情况出现不同）

第二段：描述这样的change.解释这一现象可能是因为游客们并没有预期景点会非常的拥挤。说船变多了,很多人以前没来过,现在想来了 (即菜鸟). 菜鸟们考虑的都是安全阿,谨慎之类的. 有时候乐意去人多的地方,以便出了事好求救。后面讲湖越来越拥挤。

第三段：进一步推测没有预期的原因是景点有许多培训boater的生意不错，noviceboater来因为不知道去什么地方，也没有足够的准备和技能，所以大家容易在相似的地点抛锚啊什么的，这里有一个考点，问你novice boater为啥没有预期到拥挤，我选的答案就是他们没有被告知应该去什么地方划船，怎么划等具体信息。
背景知识
材料：感谢fargone大人！完美匹配考古
Crowding and carrying capacity research has been dominated by cross-sectional studies. Researchers have modeled the impact of visitor use on the quality of the outdoor recreation experience by measuring social conditions (use levels and encounters with others), psychological conditions (evaluation of encounters and perceived crowding), and social psychological conditions (encounter expectations and preferences). From these measures, one can aggregate visitor responses into a normative standard for "appropriate" use levels that can help resource managers set visitor use policy.
      
      his study incorporates time into an analysis of crowding and carrying capacity to investigate how change affects visitor evaluations and experiences. The analysis employed three cross-sectional surveys of boaters to the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore in Wisconsin匹配考古 over a 22-year period, beginning in 1975 and each administered approximately 10 years apart.
       This framework assumed that perceived crowding is an expression of individual judgment and socially shared norms about "appropriate" density at a given site and at a given time.也就是说，挤不挤，感觉说了算 How crowded people feel depends, in part, on the expectations and preferences they bring to a recreation site. People may feel more crowded if they expect a low number of encounters but see more people than they expected. Moreover, based on these evaluative criteria, the individual may not feel crowded or evaluate the experience negatively until visitor encounters reach some threshold number.

      This normative approach, however, is problematic in cross-sectional crowding frameworks because visitors may change over time. Time related issues of change were recognized in the early 1970s during the planning stages of early carrying capacity studies (Shelby & Heberlein, 1986). At the Grand Canyon, there were concerns that the study of current visitors could not truly assess carrying capacity because past visitors, who might be more sensitive, would have been displaced. It is possible that they could have left the Canyon because use levels had increased from 500 visitors a year in the mid 1960s to over 16,000 in 1972. The "last settler syndrome" (Nielson & Endo, 1977) or "uninitiated newcomer" phenomenon (West, 1981) suggests that some newcomers to an area may have weakly defined normative expectations and preferences about an area (Roggenbuck, Williams, Bange, & Dean, 1991) and therefore will define current conditions as normal. Thus, aggregate measures of norms may change because of shifts in visitor composition over time.
Norms may also change independently of visitor composition. Cole and Stewert (2002) used a diary sampling method among Grand Canyon backpackers, and found substantial variation in individual responses to normative evaluations when measured at different backcountry zones and at different times during their trip. The product shift phenomenon suggests that people can also change their minds about standards of appropriate use given changing personal and social contexts (Shelby et al, 1988; Shindler & Shelby, 1995). The norms that they hold may change over time, and hence a relationship between encounters and perceived crowding that holds at one point in time may not hold at a second point. So, collective evaluations may also change, even while visitor characteristics remain roughly the same over time. Even though use level may be increasing, aggregate crowding levels may shift depending on a variety of broad social factors that may change the way people define appropriate uses of a recreation site. The only way to observe the potential for change, either in visitor composition or in the normative standards of visitors, is to measure social conditions and visitor evaluations at a single site over time.
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 16:59

1.2.2 预测未来
V1 by doodle
预测未来的需求却往往导致不好的结果之类的
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:00

1.2.3 日本经济*
By lesezeichen 680
一篇是讲日本经济的，或者说是讨论日本的经济模式吧。说有人认为日本的发展，哦对了，这个文章是93年的文章，所以大概是说当时日本的飞速发展印证了一个理论，这个理论是说怎么样怎么样；然后有critic说非也，日本的发展不过就是assembly line。到这里是第二段了，所以可以大概知道有两种不同的理论，一个说日本的发展是有innovation的，一个就说不过是流水线之类的，这里面有很多词哟，比如pressure之类的，反正就是描述这种发展的性质。然后第三段，作者就说，其实应该是把这两种说法结合起来，就能概括日本这种发展了。
V2 by cecihanjiabei 730
阅读考到对日本经济模式的讨论，一种说法是有很high skill一类的，大概就是说日本挺高科技的，另一种说法认为这种经济模式只是倚靠流水线、监工等方式提高产量、并没有什么innovative；作者很明确的说现实应该中合两者。
V3 by 鸭梨山大 680
还碰到了日本经济模式的那篇（jj里有的），有题好像是问作者的态度，选择有“中立”的那个选项
V4 by coolijun v40
1.2.3 日本经济 原文和 V1 & V2接近 无需补充 文章短 题目也不难
我看到的3个题目都集中在最后一段。
有一个主旨题，选 Find the middle ground of two controversial theories这个选项;
一个推断题Infer那种
一个题问那种情况 Skilled labor更有Bargaining Power

考古已确认和考古 v1 和v4 相似
1.1.1.日本企业模式*
V1【BY Jessielynn】

说日本的企业模式的，先说这种模式越来越引起人们的关注，然后引发不同的讨论。有一种说法是它是类似美国的企业模式，搞什么assembly line，然后有不同意的，说。。。忘记了，然后作者跳出来说前两者都不对，说日本的企业模式施加了stress，increase prudution speed同时也增加了员工的pressure，而且这种模式更注重individual ablility
1. 主题题
2. 针对最后作者认为日本企业模式的细节题
V2【BY hy_super Q50 V40】
一篇阅读是讲日本的经济还是organization 模式的吧，说越来越多的美国的公司开始效仿日本的 organization structure 就是特别注重个人skill的一种
然后就Blablabla不记得了（早知道一考完就回忆了）

V3【BY huchen125680】
日本企业的经营模式然后两派人在争论，很短，也不难题目。有主旨、还有问反对者对于日本企业为什么会productive的原因。

V4【BY raingirl】
一篇日本与美国企业管理者培养方式不同的，先说日本管理者是有技术的，然后培养成管理者，所有人都参与决策，但是管理方式比较单一（大概这个意思）然后说美国的，基本没有技术知识，但是比较多样化

V5【BY 马甲A 730】
日本产业的哪一篇。开始提出一个理论，说日本好，然后又提出一个理论，反驳他说其实就是生产线而已，最后作者跳出来说in fact，没有支持者说得那么好也没有反对者那么极端，给了一个折中
有主旨题

V6【BY lupin 700】
日本企业模式
最后作者的观点有说日本工人dependent on skills,提高了他们bargain的level，这里有题
下列关于反对者的观点正确的是，选的好像是什么什么不是日本企业productive的原因

V7【BY belindarun】
然后就是一篇说日本公司和美国公司的，说他们的什么原则是一样的，但是implementation是很不一样的然后先说日本说他们的senior manager会学很多的知识好多还都是专业、很相关的经理们对公司各部分的信息都很了解而且还说到了什么face to face,还有一个记不清楚了而后又说美国的公司说他们的senior manager就是注重management而不注重知识因为他们认为那是没有用的还有对于公司各部分信息方面他们也不是很喜欢公开和日本公司有很大的不同题目有道except题，好像是关于日本公司的很容易找到还有两道是关于日本公司和美国公司对比的觉得相对还是挺好找的整篇文章结构很清楚

V8【BY 粉红—台灯】
第一篇日本企业模式题目全在狗狗里有所体现（1）作者态度题：...middle ground中庸（2）关于工人的bargin space 来自skill （3）问critics 会认可关于production system哪个观点？选 not innovative

考古：（狗主人说像版本一）

版本一、 jenniferzbf
讲日本的经济管理系统（提到了泰勒理论），然后有一方是支持日本的这种系统，说在管理上有创新等等，然后提到另一方批评这种系统，甚至说它管理上都没有创新（有题），靠得是其他什么玩意（很鄙视的说的），最后作者中和了两方说法，采取了中庸之道（有题）。
考古（花花）
版本一
日本人的高效率引起美国同行来分析。按照（泰罗Taylorism/福特）的管理理论，日本的企业生产力通过详细分工的方法得以提高，(有考题)
说是因为日本制造strategy中更强调innovation和工人skills,corporation等方面，有别于传统的简单重复性生产线工作模式，因此焕发了更高的效率，另一个反驳说日本的成功只不过是增加了工作的强度,不是什么创新，严格意义上讲还是强调分工、合作，是更有效率的流水线管理。作者提出他的观点：其实两种理论都未看到XXX. 小日本的管理要求工人更高的skills, 给了工人更多的讨价余地（有题）。还有主旨题
版本二
一篇是讲有些理论学家觉得泰罗的管理理论不适于日本战后的管理，而日本自己的管理理念有独到创新之处。另一些理论学家反对这个观点，说日本的管理不是什么创新，严格意义上讲还是强调分工、合作，是更有效率的流水线管理。
版本三
有人说是因为日本制造strategy中更强调innovation和工人skills,corporation等方面，有别于传统的简单重复性生产线工作模式，因此焕发了更高的效率，另一个反驳说日本的成功只不过是增加了工作的强度。作者提出他的观点：正是由于第一种观点提出的各种优点，导致了第二种观点的结果，不能只看中其中一个方面
版本四
第一段舉說某段時間開始，有一股風潮開始流行研究日本的工業化，日本人的高效率引起美国同行来分析。Supporters说是按照（泰罗/福特）的管理理论，日本的企业生产力通过，详细分工的方法得以提高（此处有考题），然後發現日本人在製程上面很厲害，说是因为日本制造strategy中更强调innovation和工人skills,corporation等方面，有别于传统的简单重复性生产线工作模式，因此焕发了更高的效率。不過有些人反對，他們覺得這不是技術，這是在濫用勞力，只不过是增加了工作的强度。作者观点居中，并提出他的观点：正是由于第一种观点提出的各种优点，导致了第二种观点的结果，不能只看中其中一个方面。其实两种理论都未看到XXX. 小日本的管理要求工人更高的skills, 给了工人更多的讨价余地（此处有考题）。
第二段說明日本工業泰勒化的好處。....
第三段有點忘了
另外还有一个主旨题。
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:00

1.2.4 P药与心脏病关系
V1 by jessicacai
第一段说，一个关于Nurse的survey发现，那些服用P药的人比不服用的人患心脏病的几率小，从而推测说P药可以decrease患心脏病几率。但又一个survey发现，服用P药的人竟然连accident的几率都比不服用的人小，于是开始质疑原先的结论，因为很显然，吃药与降低事故的几率没关系。于是就继续做实验，结果证明P药会increase患心脏病的几率。
第二段，解释。服用P药的人对于健康比较关注，所以生活习惯各个方面都会注意保健，所以患病的几率小。然后做实验(记不得了，貌似有提到placebo),最后说，两个表面上有联系的事件可能是因为其他的原因而被联系在一起（主旨）
考题：
1）以下哪种情况与“服用原本增加患病几率的p药和患病几率减少”这个paradox最为相似？（这个表达是lz的理解，不是原来的表达）答案蛮好排除的
2）主旨题
3）nurse survey说明了什么？
V2 by applepie02928
还有服用一种药物可以减少心脏病，但同时发现减少事故，专家就进行了一番研究
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:00

1.2.5 企业贷款
V1 by sunnicity
还有一篇阅读是关于high-cost firm 和low-cost firm贷款的，感觉在什么地方看过，就是说因为银行贷款的时候会去审核公司的财务状况， 但是只会向成功贷款的公司的收取评估费，而一般的成功贷款的公司都是low-cost firm，这些成功贷款的公司还支付了银行审查其他公司（那些为通过审查）的费用，所以为了降低这方面的费用， low-cost firm更愿意提供抵押，因为这可以表明他们风险低，而high-cost firm因为风险高一般不会提供抵押，所以low-cost firm可以通过这种方式降低费用。
V2 by 七七四十九
四段了，讲银行放贷low cost company 和high cost company
第一段 银行有个评估理论
第二段  为什么要评估各什么东西，而且评估要收费什么的。还有有关risk的什么东西
第三段 low cost 会以各种方法做业绩以获得贷款
第四段 lowcost company  和highcost company的一个对比
题目有一道问作者认为lowcost以怎样的方法获得贷款，我选的好像是有关做假业绩什么的那个选项
V3 by lunachild 700
大意是：
第一段：银行给企业贷款有两种检查方式Lscreening & collateral.然后有两种企业，low-cost firm, high-cost firm.screening只要收费的哦~
第二段：银行只能给approved的企业（失忆了，好像是说已经有贷款的）企业做screening,否则银行可以给所有企业，且收费但是拒绝掉所有企业（其实没太懂）。但是low-cost的企业更容易得到approved,所以他们经常要为high-cost企业付费，所以他们就不干了！
第三段，那他们怎么办呢？用collateral。因为这个要邮寄，所以有risk,所以小企业不怕，大企业怕，所以小企业爱用这个
好像没有第四段了。。。
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:01

1.2.6 企业downsize
V1 by fargonr
由大萧条的企业裁员downsizing讲起，一面是大幅裁员一面是企业利润的大幅提升，是技术还是组织结构改变使得生产率提高？作者通过这两个是慢慢渗透而不是突发的，反驳了用这两个因素来解释生产力跃升到观点。二三段讲到了外包，企业把业务外包给小公司或者contigent的职员来做，说企业是通过外包压低了成本，解答了前面那个问题。
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:01

1.2.7 企业应如何解决污染
V1 by fargone
讲企业应如何解决污染的问题，提到“机会成本”，跟企业解决产品缺陷的例子做类比，提出解决污染应该怎么怎么
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:01

1.2.8 法国女裁缝
V1 by lynnfordream
a.第一段 说法国在15世纪什么改革前出现一种什么衣服还是缝纫方法，它打破了垄断并且为女性提供了更多的参与商业的机会。一个叫C的人就研究这个了。 然后说这个商业机会还base on political support。
第二段貌似就说C和另外一个人t他们的观点有相同有不同。说了什么C好像是在pre-revolution。然后又说了revolution带来了什么影响。其中有个什么free the market 但是好像限制了political的活动，所以对那个纺织行业有影响。
题目有问C和T这俩人的观点相同地方在哪；还有问提到那个缝纫方法的目的是什么，我觉得是通过它来反应当时的economy的一个什么现象吧。
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:01

1.2.9 landlord和tenant
V1 by 我系大P 620
一个是14世纪英格兰landlord和tenant的关系, 有法案的, 然后那时候因为tenant不会拥有地, 而且要交租之类的, 反正就是好想奴隶那样, 所有都要听地主的话. 后来产生了一些新的tenant, 他们有自主的什么什么的权利. 问题有问主旨, 不好意思, 这篇挺难的, 一版半的长度啊.....我自认我默写JJ很差...
V2 by callida
第一段先说在14世纪初，地主有权，让tenent干活之类的，而且还合法。
第二段大概意思是随着时间发展？？好像是，人们不愿意遵循之前，开始不认为那行为合法了。
第三段，忘了- - O NO.
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:02

1.3.1 苏联生物学家
V1 by 我系大P
还有一个是苏联生物学家的一些生平历史......生物学家的名字啊....我真的不懂啊. 然后这个人是反对neo darwinism什么的, 还提到一个也是苏联的叫lechkov? 的生物学家, 说与他有分歧...不好意思, 生物真的很差. 这篇不长, 3/4版左右.
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:02

1.3.2 GWD women suffrage
1.        GWD-11-Q35 -Q37当代女权主义者对20年代妇女选举权运动的评价
      Recent feminist scholarship con-         早期人们以妇女选举权运动众所周知地
        cerning the United States in the 1920’s     “得到保证”来评价美国的1920’s，
        challenges earlier interpretations that     最近，女权主义者挑战这一观点。
Line        assessed the twenties in terms of the
  (5)        unkept “promises” of the women’s
suffrage movement.  This new scholar-         新观点驳斥道，因为妇女在1920年获
ship disputes the long-held view that            投票权后，妇女投票组织没有实体化，
because a women’s voting bloc did not          选举权不能为妇女争得长久的政治利益。
materialize after women gained the right
(10)        to vote in 1920, suffrage failed to
produce long-term political gains for
women.  These feminist scholars also          女权学家也认为选举权失败，因为它没
challenge the old view that pronounced         有遵守妇女投票将带来道德的无腐败的
suffrage a failure for not delivering on           统治的诺言。
(15)        the promise that the women’s vote
would bring about moral, corruption-
free governance.  Asked whether              被问到选举权是否失败时，他们引用世
women’s suffrage was a failure, these           纪交替时的社会改革家JA的话：“为
scholars cite the words of turn-of-the-            何你不问选举权是否全面失败？“
(20)        century social reformer Jane Addams,
        “Why don’t you ask if suffrage in
        general is failing?”学者的观点认为suffrage是失败
      In some ways, however, these递进       在某些方面，这些女权学者仍然认为
scholars still present the 1920’s as a              1920’s是衰落时期。
(25)        period of decline. After suffrage, they     他们说选举权后，女权运动失去了凝
argue, the feminist movement lost its              聚力，性别意识下降。
cohesiveness, and gender conscious-
ness waned.  After the mid-1920’s, few          1920’s中期后，鲜见女权改革家的成
successes could be claimed by fem-              就：在成功立法方面很少见。
(30)        inist reformers: little could be seen in
the way of legislative victories. 衰退的年代 new scholarship的另一观点
      During this decade, however, there        然而在此时期，以取得更多妇女自治
        was intense activism aimed at achiev-      为目标的强烈的激进主义存在着，扩
ing increased autonomy for women,             宽到妇女的日常生活领域。
(35)         broadening the spheres within which
they lived their daily lives.  Women’s            妇女组织的工作为妇女提供机会：
organizations worked to establish
opportunities for women: they strove to          他们致力于保障妇女完全的公民权利，
        secure for women the full entitlements        包括管理办公室及服务陪审庭的权利。
(40)        of citizenship, including the right to hold
office and the right to serve on juries.最终观点 不同意recent的观点
老新观点
逻辑简图：
1P: recent scholarship challenges earlier interpretations unkept “promise” of women suffrage. Disputes, also challenges older view…
2P: in some ways, however, decline….
3P: during this decade, however, intense activism…. Women’ organization worked to establish opportunities for women…
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-11-Q35:
The passage is primarily concerned with
               
A.        providing evidence indicating that feminist reformers of the 1920’s failed to reach some of their goals偏
B.        presenting scholarship that contrasts suffragist “promises” with the historical realities of the 1920’s
C.        discussing recent scholarship concerning the achievements of women’s suffrage during the 1920’s and presenting an alternative view of those achievements
Recent feminist scholarship concerning the United States in the 1920’s challenges earlier interpretations that assessed the twenties in terms of the unkept “promises” of the women’s suffrage movement.  
D.        outlining recent findings concerning events leading to suffrage for women in the 1920’s and presenting a challenge to those findings
E.        providing support for a traditional view of the success of feminist attempts to increase gender consciousness among women during the 1920’s
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-11-Q36:
It can be inferred that the author of the passage disagrees with the “new scholarship” mentioned in lines 6-7 regarding the
               
A.        degree to which the “promises” of the suffrage movement remained unkept
B.        degree to which suffrage for women improved the morality of governance
C.        degree to which the 1920’s represented a period of decline for the feminist movement
During this decade, however, there was intense activism aimed at achieving increased autonomy for women,。。。
D.        degree of legislative success achieved by feminist reformers during the 1920’s
E.        accuracy of the view that a women’s voting bloc did not materialize once suffrage was achieved
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-11-Q37:※
The purpose of the second paragraph (lines 23-31) of the passage is to

A.        suggest a reason why suffragist “promises” were not kept
B.        contrast suffragist “promises” with the reality of the 1920’s
C.        deplore the lack of successful feminist reform in 1920’s
D.        explain a view held by feminist scholars
E.        answer the question asked by Jane Addams
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:02

2.        GWD-4-Q5 to Q7工业化城市化理论不能解释妇女选举权问题（以瑞士为例）
      Many scholars have theorized that 老观点
        economic development, particularly          很多学者提出，经济发展，特别是工业
        industrialization and urbanization, con-       化和城市化能促进共享民主制的发展。
Line        tributes to the growth of participatory
  (5)        democracy;  according to this theory, it   按照该理论，每当经济发展扩大妇女
would seem logical that women would      的机会，妇女能要求和获得更多数的
both demand and gain suffrage in ever     选举权，这是合乎逻辑的。
greater numbers whenever economic
development expanded their economic
(10)        opportunities.  However, the economic否定老观点
development theory is inadequate to        但是这个经济理论不足以解释某些
explain certain historical facts about the     关于妇女选举权实行的历史事件。
implementation of women’s suffrage.
For example, why was women’s suf-        例如，为什么妇女选举权在1920年
(15)        frage, instituted nationally in the United     就在美国得以全面实施，但直到
States in 1920, not instituted nationally      1970’s才在瑞士全面实施？
in Switzerland until the 1970’s?  Indus-     到1920年，两个国家均高度工业化
trialization was well advanced in both       超过33%的美国工人受雇于各种工
countries by 1920:  over 33 percent        业，瑞士的比例则超过44%。
(20)        of American workers were employed
        in various industries, as compared
        to 44 percent of Swiss workers.
Granted, Switzerland and the United        当然，瑞士和美国不同在于工业扩
States diverged in the degree to            张与城市化程度的吻合程度。
(25)        which the expansion of industry coin-
cided with the degree of urbanization:
only 29 percent of the Swiss population      到1920年，只有29%的瑞士人口
lived in cities of 10,000 or more inhabi-       居住在1万或以上居民的城市里。
tants by 1920.  However, urbanization     但城市化不能完全解释妇女的选举
(30)        cannot fully explain women’s suffrage.      权。
Within the United States prior to 1920,       例如1920年前，在美国，只有低
for example, only less urbanized             度城市化的州赋予妇女选举权。
        states had granted women suffrage.
Similarly, less urbanized countries           近似地，诸如C和G等低度城市
(35)        such as Cambodia and Ghana had           化的国家远早于瑞士赋予妇女投
voting rights for women long before           票权。
Switzerland did.  It is true that Switzer-      瑞士城市化的州确实比农村州更早
land’s urbanized cantons (political           执行妇女投票权的立法。
subdivisions) generally enacted
women’s suffrage legislation earlier
than did rural cantons.  However,           但这些州通常共有其它特点- 类似
these cantons often shared other             的语言背景，更强的左翼党派- 这
characteristics—similar linguistic back-       些可以解释以上的现象。
grounds and strong leftist parties—that
may help to explain this phenomenon.
新老观点
逻辑简图：
Many scholars theorized economic development(industrialization and urbanization) contributes to women’s suffrage.
However, inadequate to explain…… however, urbanization cannot fully explain….
It is true… however, shared other characteristics …… may help to explain
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-4-Q5:
The passage states which of the following about Switzerland’s urbanized cantons?
               
A.        These cantons shared characteristics other than urbanization that may have contributed to their implementation of women’s suffrage.
B.        These cantons tended to be more politically divided than were rural cantons.
C.        These cantons shared with certain rural cantons characteristics such as similar linguistic backgrounds and strong leftist parties.
D.        The populations of these cantons shared similar views because urbanization furthered the diffusion of ideas among them.
E.        These cantons were comparable to the most highly urbanized states in the United States in their stance toward the implementation of women’s suffrage.
It is true that Switzerland’s urbanized cantons (political subdivisions) generally enacted women’s suffrage legislation earlier than did rural cantons.  However, these cantons often shared other characteristics—similar linguistic backgrounds and strong leftist parties—that may help to explain this phenomenon.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-4-Q6:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
               
A.        contrast two explanations for the implementation of women’s suffrage只说了一种理论
B.        demonstrate that one factor contributes more than another factor to the implementation of women’s suffrage
C.        discuss the applicability of a theory for explaining the implementation of women’s suffrage
开始老观点，强转折，有其他因素
D.        clarify certain assumptions underlying a particular theory about the implementation of women’s suffrage
E.        explain how a particular historical occurrence was causally connected to the implementation of women’s suffrage

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-4-Q7:
The passage suggests which of the following about urbanization in Switzerland and the United States by 1920?

A.        A greater percentage of Swiss industrial workers than American industrial workers lived in urban areas.反
B.        There were more cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants in Switzerland than there were in the United States.反
C.        Swiss workers living in urban areas were more likely to be employed in industry than were American workers living in urban areas.无
D.        Urbanized areas of Switzerland were more likely than similar areas in the United States to have strong leftist parties.
E.        A greater percentage of the United States population than the Swiss population lived in urban areas.
Granted, Switzerland and the United States diverged in the degree to which the expansion of industry coincided with the degree of urbanization: only 29 percent of the Swiss population lived in cities of 10,000 or more inhabitants by 1920.
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:03

1.3.3 guardianship
V1 by 我爱开开
还有一篇没太看懂，关键词是guardianship一个学者提出某观点，最后作者不同意该学者的观点。这篇也很长。
愈发

1.3.3 南丁格尔 原文
By eccon
1）Two recent publications offer different assessment of the career of the famous British nurse Florence Nightingale.（主题句，由此句和三段首句可知本文是结论解释型文章，即主要特点是总分式）A book by Anne Summers （观点之一）seeks to debunk （负评价的实义动词）the idealizations and present a reality（正评价词）at odds with Nightingale’s heroic reputation. According to Summers, Nightingale’s importance during the Crimean War（和观点二比较的差别点） has been exaggerated（负评价的实义动词）: not until near the war’s end did she become supervisor of the female nurses. Additionally, （递进副词，表示行文方向一致，因此后面内容可以略读，仅提炼关键词即可，或不读）Summers writes that the contribution of the nurses to the relief of the wounded was at best marginal. The prevailing problems of military medicine were caused by army organizaitonal pratices, and the addition of a few nurses to the medical staff could be no more than symbolic. Nightingale’s place in the national pantheon, Summers asserts, is lrgely due to the propagandistic efforts of contemporary newspaper reporters.（以上略读）

2）By contrast（重要的强转折词，注意对比方/观点的差异点）, the editors （对比观点二）of a new volume of Nightingale’s letters view Nightingale as a person who significantly influenced（正评价词） not only her own age but also subsequenct generations. They highlight her ongoing efforts to reform sanitary conditions after the war（观点二比较的差别点，和观点一中during the Crimean War对比，这一句是后面举例的总结句，重要，知道总结句可以不用看后面的例子。）. For example,（举例通常可以略读，只提取例子中的关键词，如peacetime living conditions，举例的关键看前后的总结句，这里是for example 前面的一句话，因为例子都是用来说明总结句的，只要明白总结句的意思就行了。 ） when she leanred that peacetime living conditions in British barracks were so horrible that the death rate of enlisted men far exeeded that of neighboring civilian populations, she succeeded in persuading the government to establish a Royal Commission on the Health of the Army. She used sums raised through public contributions to found a nurses’ traning hospital in London. Even in administrative matters, the editors assert, her practical intelligence was formidable: as recently as 1947 the British Army’s medical services were still using the cost-accounting system she had devised in the 1860’s.（以上略读）

3）I believe that the evidence of her letters supports（正评价词） continued respect for Nightingale’s brilliance and creativity（正评价词）. （总结句后举例说明，提取关键字，略读）When counseling a village schoolmaster to encourage children to use their faculties of observation, she sounds like a modern educator. Her insistence on classifying the problems of the needy in order to devise appropriate treatments is similar to the approach of modern social workers.（以上略读） In sum（文章最后一句话通常要仔细读，此处为总结句）, although （让步略读，重点是让步后的转折句）Nightingale may not have achieved all of her goals during the Crimean War, her breadth of vision and ability to realize ambitious projects have earned（正评价词） her an eminent（正评价词） place among the ranks of social pioneers.（重点读，表明作者对以上两个不同观点的评述）
题目：
注意我怎么定位的，题干、选项和原文原句的对应线索我用相同颜色标注，题干中的定位依据的关键词我用下划线标注：

73. The passage is primarily concerned with evaluating
(A) the importance of Florence Nightingale’s innovations in the field of nursing
(B) contrasting approaches to the writing of historical biography
(C) contradictory accounts of Florence Nightingale’s historical significance
(D) the quality of health care in nineteenth-century England
(E) the effect of the Crimean War on developments in the field of health care
主题题，直接定位首段首句主题句：Two recent publications offer different assessment of the career of the famous British nurse Florence Nightingale

74. According to the passage, the editors（定位在观点二出现段） of Nightingale’s letters credit（正评价的实义动词，将定位进一步限制在观点二中的正评价处，即找贡献） her with contributing to which of the following?
(A) Improving of the survival rate for soldiers in British Army hospitals during the Crimean War（时间状语为观点一的内容，观点二的比较点在after the war，大胆排除）
(B) The development of a nurses’ training curriculum （原文未出现，排除）that was far in advance of its day
(C) The increase in the number of women doctors （原文未出现，排除）practicing in British Army hospitals
(D) Establishment of the first （极端词文章没有，选项出现，排除！）facility for traiing nurses at a major British university
(E) The creation of an organization for monitoring the peacetime living conditions of British soldiers
原文对应：she succeeded in persuading the government to establish a Royal Commission on the Health of the Army.
直接事实题，定位在2）段，for example 后具体内容中，此题重点在于对于文中未出现的信息的果断排除，千万不要超出文章半步的猜测。

75. The passage suggests which of the following about Nightingale’s relationship with the British public（定位在二段举例中，观点一或其他段落未谈到） of her day?
(A) She was highly respected, her projects receiving popular and governmental support.
(B) She encountered resistance both from the army establishment and the general public.
(C) She was supported by the working classes and opposed by the wealthier classes.
(D) She was supported by the military establishment but had to fight the governmental bureaucracy.
(E) After intially being received with enthusiams, she was quickly forgotten.
She used sums raised through public contributions to found a nurses’ traning hospital in London.  原文中唯一有public这个词的句子只有一处，确定无疑。

76. The passage suggests which of the following about sanitary conditions in Britain after the Crimean War（重要的定位依据，说明是观点二的内容，所以我以前说，对题干的提炼一定要注意，即使只是一个时间状语）?
(A) While not ideal, they were superior to those in other parts of the world.
(B) Compared with conditions before the war, they had deteriorated.
(C) They were more advanced in rural areas than in the urban centers.
(D) They were worse in military camps than in the neighboring civilian populations.
(E) They were unifromaly crude and unsatisfactory throughout England.
(They highlight her ongoing efforts to reform sanitary conditions after the war. For example, )when she leanred that peacetime living conditions in British barracks were so horrible that the death rate of enlisted men far exeeded that of neighboring civilian populations,....

77. Which  of the following statements regarding the differing interpretations of Nightingale’s importance would the author most likely agree（定位于作者的观点，作者观点的总结句，而不是文中提到的两个观点）?
(A) Summers misunderstood both the importance of Nightingale’s achievements during the Crimean War and her subsequent influence on British policy.

(B) The editors of Nightingale’s letters made some valid points about her practical achievements, but they still exaggerated her influence on subsequent genrations.
(C) Although Summers’ account of Nightingale’s role in the Crimean War may be accurate, she ignored evidence of Nightingales’ subsequent achievement that suggests that her reputation as an eminent social reformer is welldeserved.
定位于文末最后一句，关于作者对两个观点的总结句：
In sum, although Nightingale may not have achieved all of her goals during the Crimean War（观点一内容）, her breadth of vision and ability to realize ambitious projects have earned her an eminent place among the ranks of social pioneers.
(D) The editors of Nightingale’s letters mistakenly propagated the outdated idealization of Nightingale that only impedes attempts to arrive at a balance assessment of her true role.
(E) The evidence of Nightingale’s letters supports Summers’ conclusions both about Nightingale’s activities and about her influence.

78. Which of the following is an assumption underlying the author’s assessment of Nightingale’s creativity（定位关键词，三段首句中，所以读原文注意评价词！）?
(A) Educational philosophy in Nightingale’s day did not normally emphasize developing children’s ability to observe.
When counseling a village schoolmaster to encourage children to use their faculties of observation, she sounds like a modern educator.
(B) Nightingale was the first to notice the poor living conditions in British military barracks in peacetime.
(C) No educator before Nightingale had thought to enlist the help of village shcoolmasters in introducing new teaching techniques.
(D) Until Nightingale began her work, there was no concept of organized help for the needy in nineteenth-century Britain.
(E) The British Army’s medical services had no cost-accounting system until Nightingale devised one in the 1860’s.




本题注意细节的排除，坚决按照原文信息！原文未出现的信息坚决不能选！尤其注意极端词汇！（以上选项中划线部分都是排除的依据）

79. In the last paragraph（直接定位）, the author is primarily concerned with
(A) summarizing the arguments about Nightingale presented in the first two paragraphs
(B) refuting the view of Nightingale’s career presented in the preceding pargraph
(C) analyzing the weaknesses of the evidence presented elsewhere in the passage
(D) citing evidence to support a view of Nightingale’s career
(E) correcting a factual error occurring in one of the works under review
段落作用题，需要建立在框架把握的基础上，第三段和前两段的关系如何？从首句或末句判断。
I believe that the evidence of her letters supports continued respect for Nightingale’s brilliance and creativity.
以上的答案是我刚做的,如果有不对的,请MM给我指出来.
按照XDF老师传授的方法,第一遍读完,我会做这样的总结(XDF老师叫做"逻辑简图",携隐看看,其实简单的框架图就好,不用花太多时间像你以前那样总结.)
逻辑简图
1) 对N贡献评价有两个不同观点+第一个观点: TS(主题句), AS (Anne Summers), during the Crimean War, exaggerated ( — )
2）第二个观点：By contrast, Editors, significantly influenced（+）, after the war, for examples
3）作者的观点：I believe....supports（+）...  brilliance and creativity（+）. In sum，eminent（+）
这种逻辑简图简单实用，其实就是总结每段的段意、段内标志文章承转起合的重要的连接词、态度词，帮助你了解文章框架，把握重要的由连接词引出的出题点。
另：从本文你可以看出，一定要培养对关键的连词和作者态度词的重视和敏感！
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:03

1.3.4 neo理论
V1 by callida
一个是neo 什么理论IIS和TDL两个人的观点对比……
第一段是综述他俩观点的不同。IIS的观点是大概意思啊，人适应环境，随之改变。TDL那哥们的意思是不管怎么样，都是通过基因遗传给后代的。
第二段说iis那哥们的观点虽然被tdl那哥们给毁了，但也有可利用的　　
有一题问宗旨的，狗主选的constract那个　　　　
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:06

1.3.5 广告用气味
V1 by callida
先说奢侈品的广告不能用气味。因为气味不及Label，不能帮助人们认品牌。大概意思。这里有一个小小的对比。后面有题，问大概意思啊，Label能干吗。就把气味反着说。
然后第二段吧好像，忘了分没分段了，暂且当分了。举例子说，做实验，给人们一杯黄色的和红色的水，然后说柠檬味，人们就都想的是黄色的那个。后面有题，问哪个的比喻方式和这个是一样的。有两个选项说的都是和食物有关的，有一个是说Pine，给的是绿色的液体。记得是。狗主选的是，说的是皮革，给的是车- -
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:06

1.3.6 妇女地位与政党
V1 by joyhu0814
一个关于妇女地位及在政党中的什么的文章，有些内容类似prep07 RC-2 189   再加上在政党中的什么的
Traditional social science models of class groups in the United States are based on economic status and assume that women's economic status derives from association with men, typically fathers or husbands, and that women therefore have more compelling common interest with men of their own economic class than with women outside it.  Some feminist social scientists, by contrast, have argued that the basic division in American society is instead based on gender, and that the total female population, regardless of economic status, constitutes a distinct class.  Social historian Mary Ryan, for example, has argued that in early-nineteenth-century America the identical legal status of working-class and middle-class free women outweighed the differences between women of these two classes:  married women, regardless of their family's wealth, did essentially the same unpaid domestic work, and none could own property or vote.  Recently, though, other feminist analysts have questioned this model, examining ways in which the condition of working-class women differs from that of middle-class women as well as from that of working-class men.  Ann Oakley notes, for example, that the gap between women of different economic classes widened in the late nineteenth century:  most working-class women, who performed wage labor outside the home, were excluded from the emerging middle-class ideal of femininity centered around domesticity and volunteerism.

Question #16.  189-01        (21999-!-item-!-188;#058&000189-01)

The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) offer sociohistorical explanations for the cultural differences between men and women in the United States
(B) examine how the economic roles of women in the United States changed during the nineteenth century
(C) consider differing views held by social scientists concerning women's class status in the United States
(D) propose a feminist interpretation of class structure in the United States
(E) outline specific distinctions between working-class women and women of the upper and middle classes

Question #17.  189-03        (22045-!-item-!-188;#058&000189-03)

It can be inferred from the passage that the most recent feminist social science research on women and class seeks to do which of the following?

(A) Introduce a divergent new theory about the relationship between legal status and gender
(B) Illustrate an implicit middle-class bias in earlier feminist models of class and gender
(C) Provide evidence for the position that gender matters more than wealth in determining class status
(D) Remedy perceived inadequacies of both traditional social science models and earlier feminist analyses of class and gender
(E) Challenge the economic definitions of class used by traditional social scientists

Question #18.  189-05        (22091-!-item-!-188;#058&000189-05)

Which of the following statements best characterizes the relationship between traditional social science models of class and Ryan's model, as described in the passage?

(A) Ryan's model differs from the traditional model by making gender, rather than economic status, the determinant of women's class status.
(B) The traditional social science model of class differs from Ryan's in its assumption that women are financially dependent on men.
(C) Ryan's model of class and the traditional social science model both assume that women work, either within the home or for pay.
(D) The traditional social science model of class differs from Ryan's in that each model focuses on a different period of American history.
(E) Both Ryan's model of class and the traditional model consider multiple factors, including wealth, marital status, and enfranchisement, in determining women's status.
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:06

自然科学类
2．1．1生物进化理论
V1 by 老张1119
说某种生物的进化吧好像 我只记得大体结构了 因为我两篇超长阅读之后发现第三篇还这么长就崩溃了
第一段是说这种生物的和水有关的一种能力 好像还和水生生物比较了一下
第二段是科学家提出的一个理论
第三段是科学家详尽的解释了这种理论 第三段很长 全段高亮…还高亮了两次…== 第一次好像是问下面哪一个strength了科学家的这种解释 第二次好像是infer题 问可以从这段里面得出什么
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:07

2.1.2 玻璃*
V1 by 周游ing
一个是关于玻璃，说是什么什么原因玻璃易碎，然后人们就用一种烧制过程中控制温度的工艺增强玻璃，但是这个有什么不足，然后还有一种是像塑封一样，就是里面夹一层东西，但是也有不足，然后就又找非传统的玻璃原料，也有什么不足。。。

V2 by 沫澧 700
第一段说说艺术家和建筑师用玻璃来盖房子，但是这个conventional的玻璃作为建筑材料比较有问题，容易被一些粒子怎么怎么样，然后就容易断，然后又说，你你可以给玻璃建筑加个coat,但是这样就影响了建筑的透明度，而增加建筑透明度本身又是使用玻璃做建筑材料的一个主要目的
第二段说可以用一种方法增加牢固性，貌似是在玻璃外面加一种什么东西，然后利用两种材料冷却的速度差，在玻璃外面形成一层保护，就不容易断了
第三段说这样还不够，如果一块玻璃断了一整个房子就塌了，要用一种塑料的还是橡胶的材料把玻璃一块块连接起来，这样就算一块断了，整个建筑也能保持稳定。但是这样也有问题（是什么问题我忘了）
第四段说（还有第四段！！！是有多长） 还有一种方法，就是在玻璃里加什么东西。。。。忘记了额
V3 by joandjaygbd 710
第一段：很多建筑师用玻璃建房子，但玻璃易碎，于是要找protective coating，但它们不透明，所以不好。
第二段：一种技术叫tempering，可以解决，但还是不够。
第三段：介绍tempering还要结合另一种技术，好像是lamination（不知道啥意思），这样更好。。。
第四段：一些建筑师想找一种material，来制作uncommon glass。。。。。
V4 by fanyanyun 710
一篇是寂静里的玻璃的 这篇阅读很长 四段 而且问题考得很细 大家看的时候稍微仔细一点
V5 by 我爱开开
structual glass那一片，不是雅思阅读确定。很长，如基金所述不同的方法解决玻璃的问题。第二段主要说tempering，最后一段说conventional glass怎么样怎么样
v6 by 李潇潇0714
钢化玻璃那篇，有一题是问conventional grass 的定位就好
V6 by coollijun v40
第一段：很多建筑师用玻璃建房子，但整块玻璃易碎，于是要找protective coating，但它们不透明，所以不好。
第二段：一种技术叫tempering，也就是钢化玻璃，接着来描述钢化玻璃的加工流程和原理，最后说这个流程的优点是玻璃碎了也不容故意伤人。
第三段：说Tempering还要结合另一种技术才给力：lamination（贴层），意思通俗点说就是做成玻璃三明治，这样才更好，这样解决了玻璃受力过猛整块玻璃都碎的问题，但是Lamination也有缺点，首先是制作过程有个特殊的要求，另外安装的时候每块要打孔才能达到效果。。。
第四段：一些建筑师想生产uncommon glass解决上面的问题,一拨人用其他材料添加进玻璃的制作工艺，做出来的玻璃和传统的二氧化硅的玻璃比有什么什么特点。另外一拨人则用Adhesive来粘，但悲剧的是粘贴玻璃Reliability没有经过时间的验证。
题目：第二段和第三段关系，（选项都是第三段为第二段作XXXX的作用）
第个类比题，说下列选项中哪个和 Lamination这种工艺比较相近。
有个划线题出在Lamination那里。
有个主旨题。
考古（未确认）
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:07

2.3.1 Glass
V1 by zhangquan8882

一篇是关于glass得，broken，strength，broken into small pieces 不长，两端，不好意思只能记起几个关键词。

V2 by gzpeva

.glass 那篇，3段，比较长。
有一道问，用于建筑的玻璃应该怎么弄，细节题，在第二段有
我选的是：让玻璃的exterior 比 interior 降温rapidly， temper 什么的
有人考古了，可以读下，对做题有帮助还有一道：有一种玻璃，它碎的时候不会产生大块，这样不会伤到人，细节题，考到了。单词的同义替换，原文中有句话高亮，问 integrity 在文中的意思与选项中那个最相近

选项有：

Conformity

Complexity

还有三个，感觉比较容易排除。

最后一道，好像那种随后产生小碎片的玻璃，在制作过程中会很难控制 error什么的，所以不能用来干嘛

V3 by zhepeking

玻璃的强度那篇，JJ里面提到过，可算知道为什么JJ里面就提了一句话了，因为科普性很强，一直在对比工业玻璃和普通玻璃的特性

出了许多道细节题
还有一道类比题，记得好像是定位在第三段里面的,需要大家阅读的时候看的仔细一点
LZ没有遇到主旨题
所以刚开始轮廓法看，只能回头又看了一遍。。。

V4 by Gratuitous

说玻璃刚刚造好的时候是很坚固的，但是之后后就开始老化有很多方式可以使它强化。比如说坚固的电脑屏幕是玻璃制作时采用无空气冷却，有的还往玻璃表层加神马玩意让他坚固但影响透光性，还有的用S开头的化学元素掺和，还有的采用什么新结构，碎的时候会碎成小块儿块儿，不伤人。反正比较简单，题目都偏细节，问的都是每一种工艺的的特别之处，或者给个特别的性质，让猜是哪种工艺。不难，虽然我错的很多

V5 by clair1024

GLASS 那篇
P1玻璃易碎有方法让他变得结实比如。。
P2两种temper让玻璃更结实
P3。。integrity 高亮（题中问哪个词替换integrity的话差异最小根据上下文说钢化玻璃小块的不易碎有完整性）

V6 by anono2010

1, 关于玻璃的制作，以及有机玻璃（tempered glass）具体的制作过程，好处。（这个应该可以考古得到，因为我有印象我在哪里看过）
有一个问题是举了其他几种东西的例子，问哪一个是跟有机玻璃一样的性质，因为文章里有提到有机玻璃的一个“缺点”就是碎了会碎得很细小，但这一点对于安全来说是却是好事。（我选的就是xxx, but....有一个转折的那个，不知道对不对）。

V7 by cztom

首先是那个词汇题，我自己整理过阅读狗狗，所以里面的题目印象很深，integrity: completeness, conformity, high quality, soundness, complexity五个选项都有了哦！我和JJ选的不一样，我觉得应该是soundness，因为单词所在句之前说到这种玻璃要碎的话，会碎成小块，不会碎成大块，就是还保持着integrity的形状或形态吧。。。虽然也有可能是completeness。。。
其次是以下哪种不是使玻璃变硬的方法：的确其中有个和JJ里的“让玻璃外部温度降温比内部快”这个选项，但是这个选项应该是错的，我觉得还是要具体看题，可能我们做到的题目不同吧。。。这题也不难，有三个是使玻璃变硬的方法，排除掉之后就剩两个。。。
还有两题记不清了。。。

V8 by candicece

Temper Glass 机经挺全的~
印象最深的一道题是与文中高亮的Integrity一词意思LEAST相似的哪个？
LZ选的是Complexity印象最深的一道题是与文中高亮的Integrity一词意思LEAST相似的哪个？

V9 by linnan

还有glass那篇，和JJ排版不太一样。3段，一段说传统glass易碎，有2中解决办法，一是cooling时只接触air，另一种方法是外面加coat，但是transparent就下降了（此处有考题），因为一般玻璃就是为了transparent的。二段说第三种方法是调节温度，就是JJ里说的有机玻璃（lim神马的词），外面比里面冷却的快所以就算碎也只是碎成小块，不会伤人（有考题，有一个选项说large fragment 不会伤人直接叉掉，我选的是E额，你妹的我再度失忆）第三段对比有机玻璃和普通玻璃，有什么structure（有考题），但最后来了个大正小负说有机玻璃的缺陷（太着急没仔细看，没考题）
LZ选的是Complexity

V10 by woyaoshuijiao

第三篇是钢化玻璃（temperedclasses）那篇。其实这篇不光是讲钢化玻璃，是讲通过生产工艺的变化可以根据不同的需求制造出不同的玻璃，只不过temperedglass占很大的篇幅罢了。关于这篇文章JJ里面的狗儿们已经很全了。我就不多提了。遇到一道题问什么样的对玻璃的处理是人们最不愿意看到的。文章中定位到第一段中叙述说为了增强建筑玻璃的抗bend能力给玻璃两面加膜以支撑玻璃。但是这反而无法完成玻璃的最基本功能即透光（transparency）.

背景资料 by zhu8809（仅供参考）

Flawed Beauty:. the problem with toughened glass
On 2nd August 199.9, a particularly hot day in the town of Cirencester in the UK, a large pane of toughened glass in the roof of a shopping centre at Bishops Walk shattered without warning and fell from its frame. When fragments were analysed by experts at the giant glass manufacturer Pilkington, which had made the pane, they found that minute crystals of nickel sulphide trapped inside the glass had almost certainly caused the failure.
'The glass industry is aware of the issue,' says Brian Waldron, chairman of the standards committee at the Glass and Glazing Federation, a British trade association, and standards development officer at Pilkington. But he insists that cases are few and far between. 'It's a very rare phenomenon,' he says.
Others disagree. 'On average I see about one or two buildings a month suffering from nickel sulphide related failures,' says Barrie Josie, a consultant engineer involved in the Bishops Walk investigation. Other experts tell of similar experiences. Tony Wilmott of London-based consulting engineers Sandberg, and Simon Armstrong at CIadTech Associates in Hampshire both say they know of hundreds of cases. 'What you hear is only the tip of the iceberg,' says Trevor Ford, a glass expert at Resolve Engineering in Brisbane, Queensland. He believes the reason is simple: 'No-one wants bad press.'
Toughened glass is found everywhere, from cars and bus shelters to the windows, walls and roofs of thousands of buildings around the world. It's easy to see why. This glass has five times the strength of standard glass, and when it does break it shatters into tiny cubes rather than large, razor-sharp shards. Architects love it because large panels can be bolted together to make transparent walls, and turning it into ceilings and floors is almost as easy.
It is made by heating a sheet of ordinary glass to about 620°C to soften it slightly, allowing its structure to expand, and then cooling it rapidly with jets of cold air. This causes the outer layer of the pane to contract and solidify before the interior. When the interior finally solidifies and shrinks, it exerts a pull on the outer layer that leaves it in permanent compression and produces a tensile force inside the glass. As cracks propagate best in materials under tension, the compressive force on the surface must be overcome before the pane will break, making it more resistant to cracking.
The problem starts when glass contains nickel sulphide impurities. Trace amounts of nickel and sulphur are usually present in the raw materials used to make glass, and nickel can also be introduced by fragments of nickel alloys falling into the molten glass. As the glass is heated, these atoms react to form tiny crystals of nickel sulphide. Just a tenth of a gram of nickel in the furnace can create up to 50,000 crystals.
These crystals can exist in two forms: a dense form called the alpha phase, which is stable at high temperatures, and a less dense form called the beta phase, which is stable at room temperatures. The high temperatures used in the toughening process convert all the crystals to the dense, compact alpha form. But the subsequent cooling is so rapid that the crystals don't have time to change back to the beta phase. This leaves unstable alpha crystals in the glass, primed like a coiled spring, ready to revert to the beta phase without warning.
When this happens, the crystals expand by up to 4%. And if they are within the central, tensile region of the pane, the stresses this unleashes can shatter the whole sheet. The time that elapses before failure occurs is unpredictable. It could happen just months after manufacture, or decades later, although if the glass is heated - by sunlight, for example - the process is speeded up. Ironically, says Graham Dodd, of consulting engineers Arup in London, the oldest pane of toughened glass known to have failed due to nickel sulphide inclusions was in Pilkington's glass research building in Lathom, Lancashire. The pane was 27 years old.
Data showing the scale of the nickel sulphide problem is almost impossible to find. The picture is made more complicated by the fact that these crystals occur in batches. So even if, on average, there is only one inclusion in 7 tonnes of glass, if i you experience one nickel sulphide failure in your building, that probably means you've got a problem in more than one pane. Josie says that in the last decade he has worked on over 15 buildings with the number of failures into double figures.
One of the worst examples of this is Waterfront Place, which was completed in 1990. Over the following decade the 40 storey Brisbane block suffered a rash of failures. Eighty panes of its toughened glass shattered due to inclusions before experts were finally called in. John Barry, an expert in nickel sulphide contamination at the University of Queensland, analysed every glass pane in the building. Using a studio camera, a photographer went up in a cradle to take photos of every pane.
These were scanned under a modified microfiche reader for signs of niclrel sulphide crystals. 'We discovered at least another 120 panes with potentially dangerous inclusions which were then replaced,' says Barry. 'It was a very expensive and time-consuming process that took around six months to complete.' Though the project cost A$1.6 million (nearly £700,000), the alternative - re-cladding the entire building - would have cost ten times as much.



toughened glass为钢化玻璃
当钢化玻璃破碎时，它的碎片不像普通玻璃一样。钢化玻璃有时会突然破碎，“热胀冷缩”，外层比内层先收缩，天暖和的时候才会膨胀。

Brian Waldron在英文原文中一共出现了三次。第一次出现：“‘The glass industry is aware of the issue,’ says Brian Waldron.”意思是：“Brian Waldron说：‘整个玻璃行业已经意识到了这个问题（在没有任何征兆的情况下，一种硫化镍微型晶体可以导致钢化玻璃破碎）。’”第二次出现：“But he insists that cases are few and far between.”意思是：“但他坚持认为这种案例只不过是沧海一粟罢了。”第三次出现：“‘It’s a very rare phenomenon,’ he says.”意思是：“他说：‘这是一个非常罕见的现象。’”

Trevor Ford在原文中一共出现了两次。第一次出现：“‘What you hear is only the tip of the iceberg, ’ says Trevor Ford”意思是：“Trevor Ford说：‘你所听到的只是冰山一角（言外之意，实际上，硫化镍导致钢化玻璃破裂这类问题发生了很多次，但被我们听到的很少）。”第二次出现：“He believes the reason is simple: ‘No-one wants bad press.’”意思是说：“他认为（上述这件事的）原因很简单：‘没有人喜欢坏消息。’”

Graham Dodd在原文中只出现了一次：“Ironically, says Graham Dodd … the oldest pane of toughened glass known to have failed due to nickel sulphide inclusions … was 27 years old.”意思是：“Graham Dodd说，具有讽刺意味的是，由于含有硫化镍而导致破裂的钢化玻璃中，使用时间最长的一块用了27年。”（原文中出现了“最”这样含义，原文中“使用时间最长”和选项中“出事时间最晚”是一个意思。）

John Barry在原文中一共出现了三次。第一次出现：“John Barry, an expert in nickel sulphide contamination at the University of Queensland, analysed every glass pane in the building.”意思是：“Queensland大学硫化镍方面的专家 John Barry检查了这栋大楼中的每一块玻璃。”第二次出现：“‘We discovered at least another 120 panes with potentially dangerous inclusions which were then replaced,’ says Barry.”意思是：“Barry说：‘我们发现还有另外的120块玻璃也存在同样的危险，后来将它们换掉了。’”第三次出现：“‘It was a very expensive and time-consuming process that took around six months to complete.’”意思是说：“（替换存在危险的玻璃）是一个昂贵而又费时的过程，它花了大约整整六个月的时间。”
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:07

2.1.3 地震前鸟行为
V1 by 周游ing
是关于地震前鸟的一场行为，说一个地方老人发现一种鸟大群的从海岸飞到内陆，觉得奇怪，因为不是气候变化的时候（有题），后来就地震了；其他一些地方也有类似的现象。人们就觉得是鸟能感知到地震最初造成的轻微动，但是后来说不对，那样的话鸟就应该逃到海上，因为海上伤害比内陆小，然后别的地方也都有这样的跟鸟有关的现象。（有个题问各地有什么共同点，lz就选了都和鸟有关，因为其他的都很不相关。）
V2 by YueYiLei
先讲将智利地震，海鸟都往内陆飞（有出题，取反即可），然后就这一奇怪的显现作出解释，再否定解释，最后又引出新的可能的解释。
V3 by 李潇潇0714
地震前鸟飞的，什么summer，本来鸟是遇到THE END OF THE BAD WHETHER,大事故才飞的，现在小动静它飞毛啊。。
V4 by holdonzz 730
有一个是地震后鸟类行为的那个，与之前JJ的表述一致。主旨题肯定问到了，还有一道是问作者在文章中所举例子的共性是什么？我选的是birds（因为文章后来也都是举些鸡鸭鹅的例子）
V5 风雨楼台
是地震前鸟的行为（提醒大家读的时候注意什么什么人，貌似是那里的居民，后面两题问到了这些人的态度啊什么的）
V6 by 鸭梨山大 680
碰到了海鸟和地震的那篇，有一题问智利那地方的人对海鸟有种啥看法，我选的是“当地人认为在天气正常的情况下海鸟不会一大群一起往内陆飞”
背景知识
我的材料：是一些跟动物地震预报相关的基础知识，当作背景配合jj来看就好
The weather is influenced by factors such as solar activity, globe rotation, warming of the land masses and oceans, and the orbits of the Sun, Moon and planets.
      As humans, we consider ourselves to be the most intelligent species on the planet  -  however, through the refining of our natural behaviours and through the process of our education and ‘advancements’ we  have actually lost many (or most) of our basic instincts.
      Animals, birds, insects and plant life have a far greater ability to sense and interpret weather changes and signs than humans, and this is linked to their natural survival instincts.
      Birds are closer to nature than humans and therefore more sensitive to invisible energies.   Their physical actions express approaching prevailing energy – such as earthquakes – before even the most psychic human is aware of it.
      If a bird or flock of birds acts strangely, you may be able to deduce that they ‘know’ something that you do not about changes in the weather or an impeding natural event or disaster.  
Animals and birds react to signs in many different ways and their irregular behaviour and reactions can predict future significant changes in the weather. Science is yet to determine exactly How animals know what’s to come.  Is it a rise or fall in atmospheric pressure;  a reaction to the electromagnetic forces generated by sunspots;  or even changes in the levels of humidity?  Or, is it a combination of these factors, or something entirely different altogether?  Whatever the triggers may be, they have an effect on the natural world around us.
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:08

2.1.4 气温上升
V1 by jsf22
说冰河期之后全球各部分温度上升的情况。
第一段说认为冰河期后各部分温度变化不一致，两极高纬度好像变化比较小，有个科学家通过研究海底的东西支持这个观点。
第二段新观点说另外的科学家从陆地提取的样本发现全球各部分温度变化差不多，最后又有一个科学家通过检查样本中的化学成分支持了新观点。
有主旨题。
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:08

2.1.5特殊植物
V1 by cc1990
是说印度生物学家发现的一个现象，虽然很多人认为Unbelievable，但最后还是被证实了。就一种植物能模仿真菌，吸引小虫来授粉。第二段是详细介绍这种怎么植物模仿。最后一段是说也有一些其他植物也这样，共同特点有odor,color,texture之类的。问题只记得一个了。。就是文章从哪些角度写那种特殊植物的。应该选color和texture，因为第二段就是从这两方面写的。
V2 by doodle
有关于一种植物如何通过动物来传授花粉
V3 by michelleyiyan
还有一篇关于植物的，个人感觉比较坑爹，特别多专有名词看不懂，就是大概讲一种什么植物模仿其它植物来吸引虫子为它传粉。
V4 by alecjin 690
一个好像是植物，花粉之累的。（有一个题问提过什么，colour,shape,texture,味道）
背景知识
我的材料：
   词汇：pollination授粉  mimicry  模仿  entice  诱使 怂恿
（感谢CC1990提供jj和文章）
Pollination study comes up with new insights
Dipannita Das, TNN, Nov 5, 2010, 01.43am IST
      PUNE: Did you know that inflorescence can deceive its pollinators (beetles and bees) by mimicking an egg-laying site through a nauseating gaseous stench. With this deception, the plants achieve pollination without actually providing any reward to the insects.
      This observation was made in Amorphophallus species(tuberous herbaceous plants), commonly known as corpse flower or elephant foot yam belonging to the Arum family in the northern parts of the Western Ghats and Konkan region, by scientists Sachin A Punekar and K P N Kumaranof the Agharkar Research Institute here. This work is a kind of first from the Indian subcontinent addressing the pollen morphology and pollination ecology of these species.
      Another aspect found in a large number of these species is the process of heating. The spadix (a type of inflorescence) produces 30-45 degree Celsius heat during at least the first night, when flowers become susceptible and pollinators are attracted to it.
      The research paper was published this year in Elsevier research journal Flora Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants and has been recently cited under the top 25 hottest articles under the environmental science theme.The present study, using scanning electron microscope, delves adequately on this topic. It can be utilised as an important tool to distinguish taxa (group of organism) and also to resolve taxonomic problems, Punekar said.
      The inflorescence form的形态 and shape形状 plays a significant role in attracting insects. Amorphophallus have a very strong and obnoxious odour臭味. The odour of each species has a characteristic chemical composition, Punekar said. In many species, the odour is a nauseating gaseous stench. This odour attracts pollinator insects that breed or feed on dung, decaying matter or fungi. 授粉动物会被恶臭吸引，因为他们都是“吃屎长大的”，囧-。-This also results in pollinators meeting their sexual partners and completing their reproductive cycle, he said.
      The study observes five phases of insect trapping in Amorphophallus species, which facilitate pollination.
      The initial phase of attracting beetles from a distance is possibly based on a visual trap resulting from the inflorescence size and form and the frequency of the plant in a particular area. In the second phase, beetles get attracted from a distance by the odour trap, where the appendix emits a stench. In the third phase, most of the insects fall to the bottom of the spathe via a slippery trap provided by the wet appendix.
      During the fourth phase of pollination, the insects, attracted by a food trap, crawl over the pistillate zoneand staminate zone. Here, the visual attraction act as baits.
In the last phase, the trapped insects get shelter from light inside the kettle and meet sexual partners, achieving copulation and sometimes lay their eggs.

（文章2，看不看都可以，重点看上一篇）
In a number of flowering plants, especially orchids, a plant uses mimicry to entice the insect pollinator to visit the flower and successfully pollinate it with no reward of food to the pollinating insect.   
      
      Many flowers that are dark red or red-purple produce a scent that is similar to the scent of rotting flesh. In this case, the pollinator visits the flower believing that there is a meal or a carcass on which to lay its eggs. Female blowflies will land on these flowers, lay their eggs, and in the process of moving about the flower inadvertently pollinate it. However, when the eggs hatch the maggots die, as there is no rotting flesh to eat. In other cases the duped pollinator lands on the flower and moves around the flower and inadvertently pollinates the flower while trying to find the rotting flesh to eat.

      Besides the need to eat, pollinators need to mate in order to produce the next generation and ensure the continuation of the species. Many orchids take advantage of this innate behavior to reproduce.

      The warty hammer orchid of Western Australia produces a chemical scent that is almost identical to the pheromone that the female thynnine wasp releases when she is sexually receptive. The orchid's labellum (lower lip) is also shaped similarly to the body of the female wasp. The male thynnine wasp grasps the imitation female and tries to fly off with her to mate and in the process crashes into the flower structure containing the pollen and the stigma. Pollen from one orchid is carried to another and pollination occurs. The male thynnine wasp's desire to mate as many times as possible lends to this trait of pollinating the warty hammer orchid.

      Some plants take advantage of the sex drive of specific insects. The Copper Beard Orchid has a floral structure and scent that mimics the female scoliid wasp. The male wasp attempts to mate with the flower (pseudocopulation) and in doing so provides the pollination service as they travel from one orchid to another attempting to mate with other "female wasps."

源文档 <http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers ... egies/mimicry.shtml>
      
      In order for the Hammer orchid to be successfully pollinated, the male wasp must be fooled by another individual orchid, where it goes through the same procedure. But this time the pollen is deposited in the stigma, and so that plant has been pollinated.

源文档 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakaea>

      铁锤兰 铁锤兰的颜色和味道就像是生肉，它是一种生长于澳大利亚的植物，这类植物的特点在于一个窄窄的铰接茎干上均长着似昆虫的唇瓣和一个有翼柱壮物携带花粉和柱头 。铁锤兰的授粉方式十分独特，它会把自己装扮成雌性黄蜂的模样，勾引雄性黄蜂过来交配。
    在《PLoS Biology》学报上刊登的最新研究成果指出，全球授粉动物多样性的破坏会威胁植物群落的可持续发展。
由于每隔16年就有一次动物灭绝危机，因此动物多样性的丧失对于生态系统的扰动程度还不能确定。植物是地球的初级生产者，而扮演植物再生重要角色的授粉动物越来越受到重视。这种植物——授粉动物的互利关系十分特殊，一个物种的消失甚至会威胁到别的物种的存在。Colin Fontaine等人通过自然条件下对植物和授粉动物相互关系的实验，发现全球授粉动物多样性的破坏会威胁植物群落的可持续发展。
研究人员用了不同的植物（全开的花和未全开放的花）和口器长短不同的昆虫（食蚜蝇和大黄蜂）进行实验。授粉动物选择了各自适合的植物：食蚜蝇选择的大都是全开的花朵，蜜蜂选择的大都是未全开放的花朵。蜜蜂也可以在全开的花上授粉，但是只要有未全开放的花朵，它们就会放弃全开的花。授粉者的出现，会使授粉更高效，使植物再生更成功。当实验减少授粉动物种类时，发现物种的丧失会影响植物——授粉动物群落，进而最终触发生物多样性危机，并通过食物链反映出来。
大约有70%的植物依靠动物授粉，而至少有82种哺乳动物授粉者和103种鸟类授粉者已经灭绝或者濒临灭绝，这是亟需重视的问题。
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:08

2.1.6 Concrete
V1 by jaejonng 710
第一段介绍concrete的作用，处理方法（这里有题，原文改写）
第二段说细菌对concrete应该有好的影响，但是细菌的存货时间很短，只有几天，所以其实是没有用的。
然后有个J做了一个实验，证明细菌对concrete还是有用的，因为数量猛增，而且其实可以活的很长，几个月甚至几年。
接下去又对J的实验部分否定，提出了另一个approach（很短，属于延伸部分），说在吧细菌加到concrete之前可以先做一个处理，这里有类比题，问这个处理和选项的哪个相似。
V2 by 小右twister 700+
关于concrete容易破碎的问题解决方法的讨论
Concrete有一种问题，就是在水渗进去的时候，受热胀冷缩的影响会crack（和一般的rock一样，这是第二个题目好像）
然后科学家就发明了一种方法，向concrete中加上了一种bacteria，这种bacteria（这个bacteria和另外一种加入的化学成分形成了另一种成分，这也是个考题，问的是哪种是concrete中原来就有的），但是有一个缺陷，就是这种bacteria在concrete中活不久
然后就发明了另一种方法，将bacteria先放到clay中，再放到concrete中，这样bacteria的寿命就能延长到even a year（有一题问的是哪一种情况最影响这种先放到clay的方法的可行性，类似于逻辑的weaken题）
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:09

2.1.7 生物种群的多样性
V1 by沫澧 700
对比死水和活水里生物种群的多样性(这篇很坑爹。。。这篇生物专业术语特别多) 说活水和死水里生物种群的多样性是不一样的，但是为什么捏
第二段说在活水里可能是因为物种繁殖的速度决定了这个物种是否能存活，繁殖速度足够快（我猜是说不能在还没生出一堆小宝宝之前就被悲催的冲走了），才能在活水里存活下来。如果这是唯一的原因的话，死水里的种群多样性应该高于活水，但是捏，你懂得，没有这么简单。。。科学家们又发现，一些死水里的种群还不如活水多，介个又是为什么捏~ 第三段来鸟~~
第三段科学家又说，这可能是因为死水里捕食者predator多，使得死水里生物种类少。而活水里捕食者少，各种群之间主要为了争夺有限的资源而发生矛盾，限制了他们的数量
V2 by jessiacacai
关于ecosystem，很长的一段。
很难确定在ecosystem的管理中怎么做才是合适的，比如是否应该用species diversity作为indicator of a healthy system. 一贯认为，越diverse越好，但是也存在一些其他情况。举了个例子，某E做的研究，说一个pristine的环境是low diverse，而另一个环境加入了exotic species而增加了diversity.
考题：
E的研究说明了什么？lz选的答案是low diversity好
V3 by bmny 720
有一篇阅读讲的是阶段性干涸的水里的鱼和永不干涸的水里的鱼，单词意思不是很理解，不知道是不是这个意思
第二段，阶段性干涸的水里的鱼繁殖后代的时间不够（因为水干了后代就孵不出来了），然后怎么怎么地就推出阶段性干涸的水里的鱼的variety应该比永不干涸的水里的多，但是事实却不是这样的。某人研究发现，这是因为永不干涸的水里，predator也比较多。
第三段就讲，这个predator多了以后，永不干涸的水里的鱼的种内（还是种间？）竞争（竞争食物和空间）就少了。
有一个问题问的是阶段性干涸的水里的鱼的竞争方式，不知道我有没有看反。。。
V4 by joandjaygbd 710
讲一种temporary habitat 和permanent habitat之间community diversity还是difference什么的~~不太记得了
temporary物种少，predator少，所以survival主要依靠resource competition
permanent物种多，large predator多，所以survival就靠avoid predator的捕食。。。
这篇文章第三段全highlight了，超鲜艳~~
V5 by 小右twister 700+
关于composition of different ponds 对同一种动物生存的影响
一个是ephemeral的池塘，一个是permanent的池塘，对同一种tadpole
在ephemeral的池塘中，tadpole多为同类竞争；在permanent的池塘中，tadpole主要面对predator的竞争（嘿~我可能记反了，还有其他一些因素的影响，比如tadpole的成长期什么的。。。。）
V6 by 慕小蕾 700+
死水活水的那个。一个是E开头的水，一个是P开头的水。
     先说动物在E中能否存活，取决于development的时间，如果还没development完水就dry up了，就不能存活。这样说来E中的生物应该比P生物多，但是发现并不是这样。
     然后科学家就研究了predator 和 competition of resources(不是这个词，意思差不多）的关系。得出结论E中的生物更需要为了resource来compete的能力，而P中的生物更需要抵御predator的能力。（这边有题）
V7 by anny22781 750
然后有一篇好像是生物多样性，一般认为生态系统越多样化就越好，可是也有可能生物多样性反而带来不好的影响，比如有个research发现某个地方有外来的物种出现导致了物种比另一个地方更多样，可就是因为有外来的物种生态学家认为很有可能会有degration。
背景知识
Natural aquatic habitats include ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, springs, estuaries, bays, and various types of wetlands. Some of these habitats are shallow and others deep, some are cold-water and others warm-water, some are freshwater and others saltwater, and some have high oxygen levels and others little oxygen.
Aquatic habitats can be classified as:
•        non-flowing waters like lakes and ponds,
•        slowly-flowing waters like marshes and swamps, and
•        flowing waters like rivers and streams.
Aquatic ecosystems consist of living organisms together with their nonliving habitat. Although the ecosystem concept is a useful one, the exact definition is somewhat arbitrary. For example, an ecosystem can range in size from a small water droplet to the vast oceanic ecosystem, and the upper, lower, and horizontal boundaries are often not well established.
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:09

2.1.8 农作物
By lesezeichen 680
篇说农作物的，但是我不懂那个单词我就不误导了，总之很长的文章，好几段。一段先说了这个p开头的单词的作物（也许是野生植物，或者说多年生，因为是和crop和annualy做比较的）和普通我们种植的作物的区别，大概就是不需要施肥也不会遭虫子之类的。第二段就说了一下我们老祖宗是怎么慢慢开始农作物耕种的，大概是解释为什么有的就变成了我们的水稻玉米之类的，有的就还是野生的没人要的吧，嗨~，然后后面第三段，或者甚至第四段就开始讲了各种原理，总之就是再说这种p植物可以被种植的feasibility吧。
V2 by fanyanyun 710
有一篇是讲农作物 wild和家养的（好像是D开头的单词） 然后说是家养的和野生的很多特性不一样  第二段介绍为什么后不一样 好像是祖先选择的结果 这段仔细看 有题  然后后面又说科学家想把家养的和野生的杂交 获得新的品种 具有野生的抗虫性    有一道题是让你选科学家杂交是最想获得野生的什么特性  是为了能保持土地 还是抗虫性 还是为了能扩大种植的面积
V3 sherryzhao
说那个perennial plant的研究。记得有一段是说祖先挑了annual但是其实perennial可以达到相同的quality..还有一段是说perennial为了适应野外生存会把更多resource放给根茎。
V4 by coollijun v40
第一段有P的野生的作物和Annual的作物对比，和普通我们种植的作物的区别，他的优点有神马神马，包括不需要施肥，不会遭虫子云云
第二段就说了一下我们老祖宗是怎么慢慢开始农作物耕种的，这段介绍了Annual最后成为了我们的标准农作物的原因是因为祖先经过几代的筛选，而P没有成为标准农作物是因为P生长周期很短，因此不需要人工特别挑选，需要得时候就到野外去找就是。（这个地方有个题目问为啥P没有成为主要的作物）
然后后面第三段，第四段就是我们要把P Domesticated！可以杂交，也可以培育P，而P的缺点是产种率低，低的原因是植物把大部分的营养资源都用来抵抗旱灾，抵抗虫子了，我们如果能够对P进行一些修改（这个地方会考一个题目，问要把P的哪个能力给河蟹掉，要河蟹的就是抵抗旱灾的能力，因为家养后会有人工灌溉，不需要植物本身再耗费资源去抵抗旱灾了），这样就可以取长补短。这样P以后前途无量啊。（主旨题一个）
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:09

2.1.9 热带气温下降
V1 by angella0228 710
第三篇是关于热带气温下降的
说热带气温就下降了2度，别的地方都下降了5度。没人可以解释这个。一个科学家G做research发现海里一个什么动物的化石好像，表明他在***时候活着，而那个动物要在很高的温度才能生存，所以就觉得在***时候的气温就下降了2度。而陆地上证据表面下降的更多，和海洋不一致什么的，然后就cast doubt to 科学家G的结论。于是另一个科学家研究了一下发现那个人是错的，每个地方下降的温度都一样。
（1）    问G的research作用
（2）    另一个人的研究发现了什么
V2 by coollijun v40
2.1.9 气温  做到这里的时候时间关系，很快过的原文就选了答案，所以记不起来，没法补充啦。
问题一： 1976年后的那个陆地研究有何意义？
问题一： 主旨题
问题三： 细节题
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:10

2.2.1 steam egenier
V1 by sunicity
最后一篇阅读是关于steam egenier 的效用，传统观念认为可以提高效率， 减少燃料消耗，但是又有一些人反对，说事实上这会引起燃料消耗的增加，因为效率提高人们用coal的成本就低了， 事实证明也是这样，一般是刚开始时候燃料消耗减少，之后就更多的增加。
V2 by liaoangbo 600
还有一篇是关于蒸汽机的燃烧效率和煤炭开采的，LZ没看懂，但确定是先说了下原来J发明的蒸汽机怎么样，然后瓦特发明的蒸汽机怎么样，然后是一些关于蒸汽机效率和煤炭消耗量的文字，没懂。最后说瓦特的蒸汽机整到苏格兰去，一开始因为效率提高了，煤炭消耗少了，可因此又刺激了经济大量使用蒸汽机，所以后来煤炭消耗量一下有增加了，这里考了道题，说瓦特的蒸汽机整到苏格兰去后发生了什么？我选的刚开始的时候减少了煤炭消耗。顺便说下这篇很短3/5屏左右，而且LZ是在30题以后碰上的，所以估计是600分的题目，遇到这篇的同学们请注意自己目前的分数段。
V3 by 慕小蕾 700+
第一段先说有些把资源的大量损耗归结为传统的steam engine，所以建议开发新的更省资源的。
然后一个人提出这样做不会达到省资源的目的，因为开发新的机器虽然会减少能耗，但会提高人们的利用率。
最后引用了一个例子。用一个叫W的engine在一个城市。这个城市在用W初期，资源的耗费确实减少了，但过了几年，资源的耗费就成倍的增长。
V4 by weiyibin139
考到了蒸汽机的那一篇，文章只有半屏幕，很短，而且不是很难，只要记住文章的脉络主旨即可
传统的观点认为蒸汽机增加了烧煤的效率，所以就会使用煤减少，但是S的研究表明，增加了烧煤的效率，但是使用煤成本降低，用煤量反而增多，最后举了Scotland的例子，Scotland采用了W的蒸汽机增加了烧煤的效率，但用煤量反而增多了。
考题：主旨题，以及问举例W的蒸汽机的作用，都是很简单的，不过在高分题库里，做的时候要小心（这是我最后一篇阅读，而且我确定我前几篇阅读做的很好）
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:10

2.2.2 limb进化
V1 by fargone
讨论limb是怎么从鱼类进化来得，第一段说limb是当鱼从干了水域挪到另一个水域的过程中逐渐进化出来的。第二段提出新的观点说limb是当鱼还是什么水生物在水里时就进化出来了，用以让它把头抬出水面呼吸。第三段记不起来了
V2 by joandjaygbd 710
新老观点并提出解释，讲vertebrate怎么evolve legs
第一段：Fish 先cross dry land 再evolve legs
第二段：但是，a new finding of fossils of S(一种鱼) 显示，fish evolve legs in aquatic conditions.
第三段：解释为什么，讲了limb 的作用，可以帮助它们从水里探头出来，呼吸还是干嘛~~~
Q：第一段的作用
V3 by 风雨楼台
是说关于水生动物陆地进化过程中leg是什么时候长出来的，讲到了两种fossil来证明。
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:10

2.2.3 GWD27 q3-q6
BY ten0708
GWD-27-Q3-Q6 鸟为什么会飞的两种理论
Two opposing scenarios,        两种解释鸟飞的假设：树栖和疾走。
the “arboreal” hypothesis and
the “cursorial” hypothesis, have
Line traditionally been put forward con-
(5)  cerning the origins of bird flight.
The “arboreal” hypothesis holds      树栖论说鸟祖先爬上树滑行下来，随
that bird ancestors began to fly       着羽毛越来越大，最终飞了起来。
by climbing frees and gliding
down from branches with the
(10) help of incipient feathers: the
height of trees provides a good
starting place for launching flight,
especially through gliding. As
feathers became larger over time,
(15) flapping flight evolved and birds
finally became fully air-borne.
This hypothesis makes intuitive       树栖论的问题：始祖鸟和M恐龙没有
Sense, but certain aspects are         明显的栖树适应性，如合适的脚。
Troubling. Archaeopteryx (the
(20) earliest known bird) and its
maniraptoran dinosaur cousins
have no obviously arboreal
adaptations, such as feet fully
adapted for perching. Perhaps        没分析显示始祖鸟曾用前肢爬树和飞，
(25) some of them could climb trees,
but no convincing analysis has
demonstrated how Archaeopteryx
would have both climbed and
flown with its forelimbs, and there
(30) were no plants taller than a few       始祖鸟化石发现的地方也没有发现高
meters in the environments where      树。
Archaeopteryx fossils have been
found. Even if the animals could       即使它会爬树也不表明会滑翔。
climb trees, this ability is not
(35) synonymous with gliding ability.
(Many small animals, and even
some goats and kangaroos,
are capable of climbing trees
but are not gliders.) Besides,
(40) Archaeopteryx shows no obvi-
ous features of gliders, such as        它没明显的滑翔特征。
a broad membrane connecting
forelimbs and hind limbs.
   The “cursorial”(running)
(45) hypothesis holds that small           疾走论认为鸟为了躲避猎食者，奔跑
dinosaurs ran along the ground        并张开双臂平行
and stretched out their arms for
balance as they leaped into the
air after insect prey or, perhaps,
(50) to avoid predators. Even rudi-         前肢的原始特征能帮助身体稍微升高
mentary feathers on forelimbs
could have expanded the arm’s
surface area to enhance lift
slightly. Larger feathers could         然后鸟慢慢就飞起来了。
(55) have increased lift incrementally,
until sustained flight was gradu-
ally achieved. Of course, a leap
into the air does not provide the
acceleration produced by drop-
(60) ping out of a tree; an animal
would have to run quite fast
to take off. Still, some small
terrestrial animals can achieve
high speeds. The cursorial
(65) hypothesis is strengthened by
the fact that the immediate the-         兽脚亚目恐龙祖先拥有各种疾走的
ropod dinosaur ancestors of            特点。
birds were terrestrial, and they
had the traits needed for high
(70) lift off speeds: they were small,
agile, lightly built, long-legged,         另外，
and good runners. And because         它们用两足走，双臂有空用来拍打。
they were bipedal, their arms
were free to evolve flapping flight,
(75) which cannot be said for other
reptiles of their time.

---------------------------------------------------------
Q 3:
The primary purpose of the passage is to

A.        present counterevidence to two hypotheses concerning the origins of  bird flight
B.        propose and alternative to two hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight
correct certain misconceptions about hypotheses concerning the  origins of bird flight
C.        (missing)
D.        refute a challenge to a hypothesis concerning the origins of bird flight
E.        evaluate competing hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight

---------------------------------------------------
Q 4:
The passage presents which of the following facts as evidence that tends to undermine the arboreal hypothesis?

A.        Feathers tend to become larger over time
B.        Flapping flight is thought to have evolved gradually over time
C.        Many small animals are capable of climbing trees.
D.        Plants in Archaeopteryx’s known habitats were relatively small
E.        Leaping into the air does not provide as much acceleration as gliding out of a tree

------------------------------------------------
Q 5:
Which of the following is included in the discussion of the cursorial hypothesis but not in the discussion of the arboreal hypothesis?

A.        A discussion of some of the features of Archaeopteryx
B.        A description of the environment known to have been inhabited by bird ancestors
C.        A possible reason why bird ancestors might have been engaging in activities that eventually evolved into flight
D.        A description of the obvious features of animals with gliding ability
E.        An estimate of the amount of time it took for bird ancestors to evolve the kind of flapping flight that allowed them to become completely airborne

-------------------------------------------------
Q 6:
The passage suggests which of the following regarding the climbing ability of Archaeopteryx?

A.        Its ability to climb trees was likely hindered by the presence of incipient feathers on its forelimbs.
B.        It was probably better at climbing trees than were its maniraptoran dinosaur cousins.
C.        It had certain physical adaptations that suggest it was skilled at climbing trees.
D.        Scientists have recently discovered fossil evidence suggesting it could not climb trees.
E.        Scientists are uncertain whether it was capable of climbing trees
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:11

2.2.4 伽利略水泵
V1 by 千堂月莎 710
有问到 主旨，备选答案记得有 A-说明伽利略在发现某问题里的作用 B-描述 a series of scientists 不断找寻某答案的过程（我选的这个）
C-说明两种实质相同的，对某现象的解释/推论方法(应该是一对一错，不是实质相同吧)
还问了以下哪些因素与水可以上升的高度无关 选项包括什么 水管的直径 和什么什么的
V2 by michelleyiyan
再就是伽利略关于水能在pump里面通过多高的认识，后来说伽利略的认识是错误的，然后提出了另外一个人的观点
V3 by 小右twister 700+
关于气压的理论，伽利略合理接受力亚里士多德的部分理论，却在further research中astray了；然后另一个人discover了正确的理论
有一个主题题，一个小列举的提问（影响。。。的factors有哪些。。。关键词我给忘了。。。）
背景知识
阅读材料：感谢xibao大人！狗主人确定！
Galileo’s parti non quante seem to account for his curious physical treatment of vacua. His attention had been directed to failure of suction pumps and siphons for columns of water beyond a fixed height. He accounted for this by treating water as a material having its own limited tensile strength, on the analogy of rope or copper wire, which will break of its own weight if sufficiently long. The cohesion of matter seemed to him best explained by the existence of minute vacua. Not only did he fail to suggest the weight of air as an explanation of the siphon phenomena, but he rejected that explanation when it was clearly offered to him in a letter by G. B. Baliani. Yet Galileo was not only familiar with the weight of air; he had himself devised practicable methods for its determination, set forth in this same book, giving even the correction for the buoyancy of the air in which the weighing was conducted.
重要提示：http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Galileo.aspx这个是原地址, 介绍Galileo 生平. 然后大家search pump, 第一个pump的那一段就是了
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:11

2.2.5 galaxy cluster
V1 by cgzjessieli740
第三篇是讲什么galaxy cluster 和galaxy，还提到black whole， heating cooling（关键词有了，大家自己google一下~~）， 反正第一段说发现一个现象，然后和什么不符（好像），第二段给出一个能解释的factor， 第三段，完了，彻底失忆了~~~
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:11

2.2.6        海洋动物
V1 by 小贝elaine
大致讲的是海里的两种动物（一个是鱼类 另一个忘了什么东西了）有着很特殊的生存关系。它们从不互相作为猎食对象，其中一种动物活着的时候还生存在那个鱼类的背上，而不寄生在鱼类背上的这一类动物也不会被鱼类吃掉。还讲到这类动物在活着的时候才会寄生在鱼身上，死了就自动离开了。这是前面两段的内容。
最后一段出现了两次高亮：第一次是大约4行左右的词被高亮，第一个词是Yet开头的，问题是这段高亮的话能说明什么问题之类的。
第二次是最后一段全段高亮，太长了，各种意思 基本有点看晕的状态，问题也是和全段总体内容相关的，具体题目实在想不起来了，对不起啊！
哦，对了，在文章中后部分（忘了是哪段了），写到现在还没有出现什么方法能完全清晰的说明这两种生物之间的生存关系一类。（这地方有题，问题。。。记不清了 哇）
作者: fifthstreet    时间: 2011-6-10 17:12

2.2.7行星颜色
V1 by 小贝Elaine
是一种行星还是什么的 现在的颜色和10年（还是20年）前的颜色不一样了，是因为blabla因素，blabla因素，阐述这两个因素的句子不算太长，较容易懂。然后提到这行星的温度和它的一个什么条件有关：下面解释的是温度和此条件呈负相关的关系，即温度increase了，此条件就decrease了（这里有根据这个负相关关系所出的细节题：问题意思是一个升高了，会引起什么样的变化），记得还有一道跟全文观点有关的题目，具体怎么问的 记不清了。。。再次抱歉啊！！



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