1、there be 句型：表示自然存在的状态。

There be sth. done 永远错

There is + 动词性名词（eg there is a recovery）多半错 要改成n.+v.的形式

2、表示动作的目的用 to do； 而不是for doing， 但不排除某些动词的固定搭配；

其中 to 其实是 in order to 的意思；

3、时间状语的位置：语法上和逻辑上的修饰不一致。

eg1
……the company has become increasingly willing to compete for the mass market sales it would [in the past] have conceded to rivals.
OG12-7

这里的 in the past 做状语修饰 would have conceded

其中有一项错误选项是： it would have conceded to rivals [in the past] ； 改变了状语的位置放在rivals之后，语法上既可以作定语修饰rivals，也可以做状语修饰conceded，GMAC认为这是有修饰歧义的~

eg2 Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge [over the past twenty years] about brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are…… OG12-21

  这里的 over the past twenty years 做状语修饰 having amassed ； 有筒子可能会问 为什么不是修饰knowledge呢  因为over the past twenty years 修饰完成时态 是更优先的~
这也是GMAT的常考点~

  其中有一个错误选项 having amassed a wealth of knowledge about brain and its development from birth to adulthood [over the past twenty years] ; 改变了状语的位置放在adulthood之后 appears to be modifying adulthood ;

有筒子可能会问 上一条刚说 优先修饰 have done 为什么在这里就可以修饰 adulthood? 我想解释有以下两条： 第一， 状语结构离所要修饰的对象太远了 也就是GMAT常说的 修饰结构要紧跟所要修饰的对象，这条规律适用于定语从句，v-ed分词作定语修饰， v-ing做伴随状语修饰； 第二，一条铁规律是 一般原句中的状语位置不可随意变动， 特别是变动以后放到了一个名词或代词之后， 一般就会出现修饰歧义， 这也是GMAT的常考点之一。

4、V-ing形式可以用作名词(如：running is her favorite sport ); 但sb’s v-ing 形式通常是不正确的; 但sb’s + 动词性名词 + prep. 是可以的 (如： his translation of XXX)

5、The + 动名词 + of + n. 结构很wordy， 不如 n. + v.

eg
…the beginning of the Universe was an explosive instant… 就不如 the universe began in an explosive instant…; 值得注意的是 一切还是要以句子的逻辑大意为最基本的依据~

21、定语从句应紧跟其所修饰的名词或代词的后面，中间成分太多会造成指代、修饰不清。

eg
Mark was appointed to several tasks within Democratic party during his first term that included assistant majority whip and vice-chair of the Democratic Senatorial Committee.
其中 that 引导限定性定语从句 语法上就近修饰term 造成逻辑意思错误。

Mark was appointed to several tasks within Democratic party during his first term, which included assistant majority whip and vice-chair of the Democratic Senatorial Committee.

其中 which 引导非限定性定语从句 语法上就近修饰 term 造成逻辑意思错误。

Mark was appointed to several tasks within Democratic party during his first term including included assistant majority whip and vice-chair of the Democratic Senatorial Committee.  其中including引导分词结构做定语跳跃修饰tasks 这道题现在看来 也许GMAT认为 相比两个定语紧跟修饰的名词或代词而言 v-ing做分词修饰可以不那么严格

22、比较级要和than搭配，而不是compared to/ as compared with等， 常见的就是把这个结构拉的很开 读到后面都忘了前面有比较级 筒子们看见less more 之类的一定要加强印象。

23、With引导的独立主格结构相比各类从句而言与主句逻辑关系不那么紧密，但与主句的主语有紧密的修饰关系。

eg1
In 1988, the Council on Economic Priorities began publishing Shopping for a Better World, with the simple thesis of consumers having the power to change companies by the simple expedient of refusing to buy.
句子的主语是 the Council on Economic Priorities, 而with引导的独立主格结构优先修饰句子的主语做伴随成分，而非做定语成分修饰Shopping for a Better World，造成句子意思表达错误 逻辑不清。 应该为whose thesis was simple: consumers have the power to change companies by the simple expedient of refusing to buy.

Eg2 ……; their language is basically seventeenth-century French with English, Spanish, and Italian words having been added to it. (OG12-129)
同理 with结构优先修饰 their language 而不是French, OG解释说：with doesn’t concisely modify the noun French； 应改为 to which E, S, and I words have been added.

24、be able to 和 can 的区分主要看时态和对称； 将来时中只能用will be able to； 另外这两个结构是可以平行的~

25、not only…but (also)… 是表示递进的连词；表示转折时用but/ but also。 千万不要看到not only 马上就想到 but also，一定要以句子的合理逻辑含义为依据。

①
正常语序中but also不可被主语和住动词拆开(but they also do…)； 但当not only 在句首时，but also 可被拆开。

Eg
In 1978 a national study found that not only had many contractors licensed by a self-policing private guild failed to pass qualifying exams, but they had also falsified their references. 该句中 由that引导的宾语从句中not only在句首使从句倒装， 后面的but also 中插入了主语和助动词。

②
Not only… but also不可用于否定句子中

They don’t fear not only hardship but also death. 错！

应改为：They fear neither hardship nor death.

26、一些长得像，但实际意义差别很大的词总结：

①
unqualifying: not meeting some sort of standards for qualification. 未达标的；unqualified: without any sort of restriction or reservation. 毫无保留的。

②
economic：经济的； economical：节约的。

③
considerate：体贴的； considerable：相当多的。

④
efficient at: 做某事有效率； efficient in: 在某方面节约成效高

⑤
mandate：命令； have a mandate：有选举权

⑥
native of：来自哪里； native to： 物种起源于哪里

⑦
known as： 很著名； be known to 被承认

⑧
aggravate：加重、恶化； aggravating： 令人愤怒的

⑨
rare： 稀少的、半生半熟的； rarely：稀少的

⑩
especially: 强调程度性 specially： 强调特殊性

⑪
ability：强调天生具备； capability：强调能做不能做

27、never只能就修饰完成时； yesterday/ in1879 to 1990等 用过去时。

28、whether:引导宾语从句用whether， 加or not 是累赘的

              引导状语从句时，必须加or not

29、状语从句的正确形式：

①
前提：句子的主语是状语从句的逻辑主语；省略的成分是 主语+be

②
形式：正确形式：表示时间/条件/转折/让步的连词(when/ while/ if/ unless/ although/ even though/ even if) + 形容词短语/v-ing短语/v-ed短语； ※错误形式：表示时间/条件/转折的连词 + 介词短语/名词短语(although just inside the orbit of Jupiter)

③
特殊情况：once可以加介词短语/名词短语； whatever可以加名词短语

30、对夹心修饰的理解：

①
S., v-ing, V.+O.结构；其中，v-ing既可作定语向前修饰S.，也可作状语向后修饰V.

Eg
Scientists, having amassed important information about SARS, are now drawing the conclusion that…

但为什么不说是修饰有歧义呢？  我的理解是， 如果说having…的结构做定语向前修饰scientists 此时就不能向后坐状语修饰 are drawing； 也就是说只一个时间做一种修饰成分~ 或者用NN的话来说，就看作修饰语就好了~

②

有一种情况不被允许:
n., v-ing, S.+V.+O.

Eg
Originally developed for detecting air pollutants, having the ability to analyze the chemical elements in almost any substance without destroying it, a technique called proton-induced X-ray emission is finding uses in medicine, archaeology, and criminology.

  这个句子中，having…结构做定语成分，既可以向前修饰pollutants，也可以向后修饰 a technique， 造成了修饰歧义。

Eg
In her book illustration, carefully coordinating them with her narratives, Beatrix Potter capitalized on her keen observation and love of the natural world.

  同样，在这个句子中，carefully coordinating既可以向前修饰illustration 也可以向后修饰Beatrix Potter， 造成了修饰歧义。

31、Number用法简化版：

①
不作核心词： a number of / numbers of + 复数名词+ 复数谓语，此时表示一定数量的XXX，
核心词是那个复数名词，用法上相当于some等形容词。

②
作核心词：

ⅰ 被具体化为几个数字； New Jersey has one of the 5 highest numbers of reported cases of Lyme diseases in the Unite States.

ⅱ 被具体化倾向不明显，表示一定数量； …..;It’s numbers are now five-times greater than when the use of DDT was sharply restricted in the early 1970’s.

ⅲ 固定搭配： in numbers/ in number 表示在数值方面的减小
在句中作状语； eg
decline/ downturn in number(s)

ⅳ the number of + 复数名词 + 单数谓语

ⅴ the number(s) of 表示标号、数字标识； eg The number of machine part A is 201.

32、
Whereas引导从句时，要求和主句在成分上核心逻辑有对称；若有介词短语，那么介词短语的位置一般要求一致。

Eg
In cooking, small quantities of spices are used, whereas in medicinal usage spices are taken in large quantities in order to treat particular maladies.

33、
Like/unlike 后只加名词表示比较，不能加不定式短语、分词短语(like cooking with spices)、句子或者介词短语；
如果要加这些成分，需要变Like/unlike为 whereas

34、
副词的位置：even放在比较级前修饰(even better)； ever放在住动词后(I have ever done…)； only和first放在被强调成分之前； alone放在被强调成分之后。

35、
两个不同层次，但在逻辑上有联系的句子，用分号(semicolon)连接最好。

36、
嵌入式关系分句：有种关系成分(定语从句)，即是先行项的后置修饰语(定语)，
又是另一个分句结构的宾语(宾语从句)。

Eg
The word wildlife fund has declared that global warming, a phenomenon that most scientists agree is caused by human being’s burning of fossil fuels, will create haroc among migratory birds by altering the environment in ways harmful to their habitats.

①
定语从句：a phenomenon that is caused by…

②
宾语从句：most scientists agree that the phenomenon is caused by…

37、
not one of = none of +复数名词 +单数谓语

38、
ones在比较句中不能指代people应用those

eg
Only seven people have been killed by white shark, fewer than those killed by bee strings.

39、
After having done sth. 不正确。 After 已经表示了 a sequence of a succession of events, 应替换成 after sth./ sb. have done 或者 after sth./sb. did 之类的从句形式。
(ps：这个平时很少见的语法点
我考到了 = =)

40、
which不能指代前面一句话，但in which case 就可以。

41、
独立主格结构、同位语结构、with引导非限定修饰的辨析：

①
独立主格结构：描述一种伴随状态，主句分句同时发生。

ⅰ each型： 句子+复数名词结尾，each+ 介词短语/形容词短语/v-ed短语/v-ing短语。

ⅱ n./pron. + 非谓语动词/形容词短语/介词短语/副词短语，做句子的状语。

ⅲ with型，通常与which/that的定语从句同时出现； with +sb./sth. +非谓语动词/介词短语/形容词短语。

②
同位语：通常描述事物的具体内容、特征、是一种解释。

ⅰ名词性同位语： N. + n. 如： John, my friend, is…

N. + a/an n.
如：
John, a fantastic pianist…

the + n., n. 如：
The toxin chemical, DDT…

ⅱ同位语从句： the theory/ evidence / belief/ principle/ issue + that…

ⅲ概括性同位语：短语/句子, n. + that/ 非谓语

③

With sth. that 做非限定修饰成分

42、
Which作非限定性定语从句引导，和同位语结构同时出现时，优选同位语结构。

43、
Because/ since 等可接句子表示一个事件是另一个事件的原因，而due to/ because of/ owing to 等只接简单的名词，核心词是这些，不能表达复杂的事件原因。

44、
Produce double/ a doubling of/ produce a doubling 必错；
正确形式为： double the production of XXX

45、
主谓宾全的比较不可省助动词，否则变成宾语的比较，产生歧义：

如： I eat apple faster than you do. 我吃苹果比你吃快。√

I eat apple faster than you.
我吃苹果比吃你快。
╳

51、
And可以放在插入语前不影响表达。

52、
宾语从句的时态往往独立于主句。

53、
In accordance with 后接
法律法规，表示符合、一致；

According to： the basis of doing sth./或者是法律法规的具体内容

54、
In the same way as 通常以平行结构出现

Eg
Because new small businesses are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to them in the same way as to established big businesses.

55、
关于指代：

①
This不可裸奔，后面要接具体名词；但GWD曾经出现一例these指代合理的选项，原因是当these和they同时出现时，these可以优先指代附近的复数名词，而对they来说指代哪一个名词等级是一样的。

②
Which 只能指代前面出现过的名词，不能指代一句话，一般改为v-ing引导的结果状从或者同位语。

③
That指代的是核心名词，是一个词。通常 annual、 per capita 都包含在核心词内，虽然是修饰成分。值得注意的是，前面出现的是单数名词，则用that指代，但如果是复数名词，
则用those指代；
若前面出现的是单数名词，后面根据句意需要用这个单数名词的复数形式，则不可用those，而应该用那个名词的复数形式。

④
It指代的可以是一个带修饰成分和核心名词的短语。

⑤
One指代同名异物的东西。