86. Having the right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper's bullet during the First World War, Horace pippin, a Black American painter, worked by holding the brush in his right hand and guiding its movements with his left.

B) In spite of his right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper's bullet during the First World war

C) Because there had been a sniper's bullet during the First World War that crippled his right hand and arm

D) The right hand and arm being crippled by a sniper's bullet during the first World War

E) His right hand and arm crippled by a sniper's bullet during the First World War

为什么D中的the不好用？是不是独立主格的规定格式是要用his来指代清楚的？模糊记得独立主格是非谓语形式，D也算是个非谓语形式吧？

哪位来帮我把D和E 清楚区分一下，谢谢

我查了语法书，没有发现独立主格中不能用the的规律，书里甚至说“独立结构”中作主语的名词词组有时可以省去限定词，例： The manager sat quietly in the office, (his) eyes closed. 也就是说一些限定词（例如本题 ）其实是可有可无的，但是不是只要用限定词就只能用his, 不能用the呢？ 另外，我知道D中 “being”should be omitted，但却说不出为什么， 请NN解答。

我对D，E的理解是，他们主要差别在 being done 与 done在结构中表示的不同含义：

分词在前置状语或独立主格里面的形式，我分为四种：

1.主动： sth doing （默认情况下使用）

2.主动： sth having done （强调动作在主句谓语动词之前发生，注意是强调“在。。之前发生”，动作有明显先后顺序时才用）

3.被动： sth done（默认情况下使用）

4.被动： sth being done（强调动作与主句谓语动作同时发生，注意是强调“。。与。。同时发生”，动作有明显同时性才用）

个人感觉，欢迎指正