The term “episodic memory” was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity—the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one’s own mind—as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences. Subsequently, Clayton et al. developed criteria to test for episodic memory in animals. According to these criteria, episodic memories are not of individual bits of information; they involve multiple components of a single event “bound” together. Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate memory of “what,” “where,” and “when” information and their binding of this information. In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity. Clayton’s experiment required jays to remember the type, location, and freshness of stored food based on a unique learning event. Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another. Jays prefer crickets, but crickets degrade more quickly. Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when. Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information. Clayton acknowledged this by using the term “episodic-like” memory.
8. GWD-18-Q8
According to the passage, part of the evidence that scrub jays can bind information is that they
A. showed by their behavior that they were reexperiencing the past
B. used information acquired through past experiences
C. assessed the freshness of food that had been stored by other jays
D. remembered what kind of food was stored in a particular location
E. recollected single bits of information about sources of food
我觉的E有些牵强 不过D更牵强
还有
10.GWD-18-Q10
In orderfor Clayton’s experiment to show that scrub jays have episodic-like memory,which of the following must be true in the experiment?
A. Some of the jays retrieved stored peanuts onthe first occasion they were allowed to retrieve food.
B. All the crickets were retrieved before any ofthe peanuts were.
C. The peanuts were stored further away than thecrickets.
D. When a jay attempted to retrieve a cricket ora peanut, the jay was prevented from eating it.
E. Throughout the experiment the jays were fedat levels typical of a time of scarcity.
我是找到那句话 不过题目问的是证明episodic-like memory的必要条件，原文也没说那是必要条件啊。
换句话说鸟也可以 只是因为crickets degraded 所以switched their preference from crickets to peanuts
从逻辑 和 定位 我都不明白为什么选 E，相反的如果把A取非就是
No jays retrieved stored peanuts on the first occasion they were allowed to retrieve food. 那不就错了吗
题目问一下哪些是对的 为什么不选A呢？作者: cckjenius 时间: 2011-5-29 09:10
GWD-18-Q8 选E吧。
E，原文有“Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when. ” circkets和peanuts照应了food, where照应了location
D，原文有“Subsequently, Clayton et al. developed criteria to test for episodic memory in animals. According to these criteria, episodic memories are not of individual bits of information” Clayton给jays做实验用的标准说明，episodic memories不是individual bits of information， individual和选项中的single是一样的意思。事实上后面也阐述了为什么不是，因为运用到了多种的信息，比如what, where, when，是一个综合的信息处理过程。
GWD-18-Q10不懂作者: wadsoda 时间: 2011-5-29 20:25
我也选E 答案给的好象是D唉作者: cckjenius 时间: 2011-5-30 06:32
不是吧，点解?作者: with二 时间: 2011-5-30 20:25
今天也做到这篇。一点个人意见： GWD-18-Q8： B 不对，因为如果是这样的话那么就跟文章整体的意思不一致了，文章是说birds其实不能像人一样reexperiencing，而B的意思其实就是reexperiencing。
E不对在bird只是recollect singlebits information的话不能说明他们能够bind information。
D说remember what kind of food was stored in a particular location（说明bird起码能够bind “what”和“where”两种信息）
说来惭愧的是，在下居然选的是C，回头看来C就是irrelevant啦。
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