题号与书中的序号一致所有分类都是先OG12综合再到og12版语文，所以每个分类后半部分题目题号又是从头开始的

一．MUST BE TRUE
题号：共4题 31,33,56,12

二．MAIN CONCLUSION：题号：共11题
26, 66，70,91,101,102,19,43,57，64，75

主旨题原意改写包括以下几种情况：

1、
题干和题干之间的比较，答案也是比较类型的原意改写。

2、
题干是A-B-C的推理，答案就是A-C的改写。

3、
题干是A-B，答案就是A或B的原意改写，或者是A-B的原意改写。

4、
数学相关的题目，往往由数字的表述改为比例、比较的论述。

5、
充分必要条件需要注意：原命题和对应的逆否命题都是正确的。及若A推出B，则非B也能推出非A。

6、
公共元素直推：把自己不懂的内容简单写到纸上。

因此，这类题的答案内容大部分都在原文出现过（或者为改写）。

七
Paradox (Explanation)题号：共15题 8,9,18,22,24,46,59,62,80,92,98,60,61,72,73

题目：虽然1,所以2存在矛盾。选项：3。

整体：虽然1，但是3，所以2。或者因为3，所以1和2.

即正确选项：（1）与1兼容并导致2。（2）使1和2都成立。

干扰项：（1）和矛盾（1或2或两者）无关。 （2）与2相反或矛盾。

认清矛盾---排除无关---test（能够导致看似矛盾的结果，且与背景不冲突的其他因素。）

在看题目的时候要把前面分析的1和2提炼出来。准确找出矛盾双方。看选项的时候，错误地选项大部分是不相关，而不相关的选项中大部分会出现和矛盾无关的新事物。错误选项中还有一些是和2相反的。正确的选项要么是在兼容1的同时导致2，要么是同时导致1和2。记住这个逻辑关系：虽然1，但是3，所以2或者因为3，所以1和2。

八．METHOD OF REASONING（包括ROLE）题号：37,54,85,86

这种推理方法的题目，关键在于提炼出推理方法所对应的两部分内容。大部分时候，这两部分内容是一方反驳另一方被反驳，但是比如恐龙和蝙蝠的题目就不是反驳的关系，而是类比的关系。不管是什么关系，提炼出相关的两个内容，找共同点找差别，探究两者之间的逻辑关系。看选项时要很快能够判断出出现了题目中未出现信息的不相关选项。筛选出正确答案。

一．MUST BE TRUE

看原文：共同结合点的，将其结合起来，看能推出什麽。如果没有结合点，记住信息。对原文有充分必要推理有的，找推理起点（或在原文，或在问题，或在选项），由起点列出推理链。用该推理链选项找答案。常考NUMBERS AND PERCENTAGES和充分必要。

答案：是原文某句话的重写或逆否命题或某几句话的结合，特别是原文有充分必要推理的。特别注意数量上和可能性上的词的差别。对正确答案的预判：包含结论或推理中的关键词

TEST：FACT TEST。即选项的内容全部来之原文。

题号：共4题 31,33,56,12

[url=]31.[/url][c1] A company’s two divisions performed with remarkable consistency over the past three years: in each of those years, [url=]the pharmaceuticals division has accounted for roughly 20 percent of dollar sales and 40 percent of profits, and the chemicals division for the balance.[/url][c2]
Which of the following can properly be inferred regarding the past three years from the statement above?

[url=](A)[/url][c3] Total dollar sales for each of the company’s divisions have remained roughly constant.

(B) The pharmaceuticals division has faced stiffer[url=] competition [/url][c4] in its markets than has the chemicals division.

(C) The chemicals division has realized lower[url=] profits per dollar of sales[/url][c5] than has the pharmaceuticals division.
C

(D) The [url=]product mix [/url][c6] offered by each of the company’s divisions has remained unchanged.

(E)[url=] Highly profitable products[/url][c7] accounted for a higher percentage of the chemicals divisions sales than those of the pharmaceuticals division’s.

[c1]相关无关即可迅速排除得出答案

[c2]重要信息

[c3]文中讲的是百分比，不是total dollar sales。

[c4]无。

[c5]根据文章内容，药剂是20%和40%；化学相应就是80%和60%，该选项正确，药剂占较少的dollar sales 利润却更多。

[c6]无

[c7]无

33.[url=] Advertisement: [/url][c1] Today’s customers expect high quality. [url=]Every advance in the quality of manufactured products raises customer expectations.[/url][c2] The company that is satisfied with the current quality of its products will soon find that its customers are not. At MegaCorp, meeting or exceeding customer expectations is our goal.

Which of the following must be true on the basis of the statements in the advertisement above?

(A) MegaCorp’s [url=]competitors[/url][c3] will succeed in attracting customers only if those competitors

adopt MegaCorp’s goal as their own.

(B) A company that does not[url=] correctly anticipate the expectations [/url][c4] of its customers is certain to fail in advancing the quality of its products.

(C) [url=]MegaCorp[/url]’s goal is possible to meet only if continuing advances in product quality are

possible. C[c5]

(D) If a company becomes satisfied with the quality of its products, then the quality of its products is sure to[url=] decline.[/url][c6]

(E) MegaCorp’s [url=]customers are currently satisfie[/url][c7] d with the quality of its products.

[c1]推理链：顾客注重质量         公司保持原产品质量将会发现顾客不再是这样的期望     所以满足或超出顾客的期望值是目标。

[c2]Reasoning

[c3]无

[c4]文中没有说要正确预测期望值，逆命题不对

[c5]关键词goal，advances全部来之于原文

[c6]无

[c7]无

56.[url=] The fewer restrictions there are on the advertising of legal services, the more lawyers there are who advertise their services, and the lawyers who advertise a specific service usually charge less for that service than the lawyers who do not advertise.[/url][c1] [url=]Therefore, [/url][c2] if the state removes any of its current restrictions, such as the one against advertisements that do not specify fee arrangements, [url=]overall consumer legal costs will be lower than if the state retains its current restrictions.[/url][c3]

If the statements above are true, which of the following must be true?

(A) Some lawyers who now advertise will [url=]charge more [/url][c4] for specific services if they do not have to specify fee arrangements in the advertisements.

(B)[url=] More consumers will use[/url][c5] legal services if there are fewer restrictions on the advertising of legal services.

[url=](C)[/url][c6] If the restriction against advertisements that do not specify fee arrangements is removed, more lawyers will advertise their services.
C

(D) If more lawyers advertise lower prices for specific services, some lawyers who do not

advertise will also[url=] charge less than they currently charge [/url][c7] for those services.

(E) If the only restrictions on the advertising of legal services were those that apply to [url=]every type[/url][c8] of advertising, most lawyers would advertise their services.

[c1]Reasoning

[c2]标志词

[c3]结论

[c4]无

[c5]无

[c6]对原文第一句的重写，perfect

[c7]无

[c8]文中说的不是类型，属于无关选项

↔.12 [url=]Large national budget deficits do not cause large trade deficits. [/url][c1] [url=]If they did, countries with the largest budget deficits would also have the largest trade deficits. In fact, when deficit figures are adjusted so that different countries are reliably comparable to each other,[/url][url=] there is no such correlation.[/url][c2] [c3]

If the statements above are all true, which of the following can properly be inferred on the basis of them?

(Al Countries with large national budget deficits tend to restrict[url=] foreign trade.[/url][c4]

(8l[url=] Reliable comparisons of the deficit figures of one country with those of another are impossible.[/url][c5]

(Cl[url=] Reducing a country's national budget deficit will not necessarily result in a lowering of any trade deficit that country may have.[/url][c6] C

(0) When countries are ordered from largest to smallest in terms of [url=]population[/url][c7] , the smallest countries generally have the smallest budget and trade deficits.

[url=](El [/url][c8] Countries with the largest trade deficits never have similarly large national budget deficits.

[c1]结论

[c2]反证法证明结论

[c3]结论的强调

[c4]无

[c5]与原文结论无关啊

[c6]结论的具体化

[c7]无

[c8]逆命题不对

二．MAIN CONCLUSION：

看原文：找出主结论

答案：原文主结论的重写。必须概括全文并且是MUST BE TRUE。与第一类题目的区别就在与答案必须是概括性的，而第一类只需要答案是真实性的。

TEST：原文找结论时，对没有指示词的，假设某个为结论，看看是其他句子是它的前提，直到找到主结论。

题号：共11题
26, 66，70,91,101,102,19,43,57，64，75

X26. When a polygraph test is judged inconclusive, this is no reflection on the examinee. Rather, [url=]such a judgment means that the test has failed to show whether the examinee was truthful or untruthful[/url][c1] . Nevertheless, [url=]employers will sometimes refuse to hire a job applicant because of an inconclusive polygraph test result.[/url][c2]

Which of the following[url=] conclusions[/url][c3] can most properly be drawn from the information above?

(A) Most examinees with inconclusive polygraph test results are[url=] in fact untruthful.[/url][c4]

(B) Polygraph tests[url=] should not be used[/url][c5] by employers in the consideration of job applicants.

[url=](C)[/url][c6] An inconclusive polygraph test result is sometimes unfairly held against the examinee. C

(D) [url=]A polygraph test indicating[/url][c7] that an examinee is untruthful can sometimes be mistaken.

(E) Some employers have [url=]refused to consider the results [/url][c8] of polygraph tests when evaluating job applicants.

[c1]副结论

[c2]主结论

[c3]与第一类题目的区别

[c4]无文中没有说测试者实际上诚实与否

[c5]无，并且主结论就是用了test的结果，也可以说与结论方向不同了 Og解释：Th is sweeping conclusion is not as well supported by the passage as is (C). Th e passage discusses only inconclusive polygraph results.

[c6]对两个结论的结合

[c7]无，也不是对结论的概括，可直接排除

[c8]错，文中没说拒绝考虑测试结果，相反的他是考虑了才会用这个刷人，只不过他忽略了结果的真实程度

66. To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of Country Z banned imports of the types of products those industries were starting to make. As a direct result,[url=] the cost of those products to the buyers, several export-dependent industries in Z, went up, sharply limiting the ability of those industries to compete effectively in their export markets.[/url][c1]

Which of the following conclusions about Country Z’s adversely affected export-dependent industries is best supported by the passage?

(A) Profit margins in those industries [url=]were not high[/url][c2] enough to absorb the rise in costs mentioned above. A

(B) Those industries had to contend with [url=]the fact that other countries banned imports[/url][c3] from

Country Z.

(C) Those industries [url=]succeeded in expanding the domestic marke[/url][c4] t for their products.

(D) Steps to offset rising materials costs by[url=] decreasing labo[/url][c5] r costs were taken in those

industries.

(E) Those industries[url=] started to move into [/url][c6] export markets that they had previously judged

unprofitable.

[c1]结论

[c2]Cost上涨则降低了竞争力，证明它本身的收益不足以承受cost的上涨

[c3]文中无

[c4]无

[c5]无

[c6]无

66. To protect certain fledgling industries, the government of Country Z banned imports of the types of products those industries were starting to make. As a direct result,[url=] the cost of those products to the buyers, several export-dependent industries in Z, went up, sharply limiting the ability of those industries to compete effectively in their export markets.[/url][c1]

Which of the following conclusions about Country Z’s adversely affected export-dependent industries is best supported by the passage?

(A) Profit margins in those industries [url=]were not high[/url][c2] enough to absorb the rise in costs mentioned above. A

(B) Those industries had to contend with [url=]the fact that other countries banned imports[/url][c3] from

Country Z.

(C) Those industries [url=]succeeded in expanding the domestic marke[/url][c4] t for their products.

(D) Steps to offset rising materials costs by[url=] decreasing labo[/url][c5] r costs were taken in those

industries.

(E) Those industries[url=] started to move into [/url][c6] export markets that they had previously judged

unprofitable.

[c1]结论

[c2]Cost上涨则降低了竞争力，证明它本身的收益不足以承受cost的上涨

[c3]文中无

[c4]无

[c5]无

[c6]无

X70. Although aspirin has been proven to eliminate moderate fever associated with some illnesses,[url=] many doctors no longer routinely recommend its use for this purpose[/url][c1] . [url=]A moderate fever stimulates the activity of the body’s disease-fighting white blood cells and also inhibits the growth of many strains of disease-causing bacteria. [/url][c2]

If the statements above are true, which of the following conclusions is most strongly supported by them?

(A) Aspirin, an effective painkiller,[url=] alleviates the pain and discomfort of many illnesses[/url][c3] .

[url=](B[/url][c4] ) Aspirin can prolong a patient’s illness by eliminating moderate fever helpful in fighting

some diseases. B

[url=](C[/url][c5] ) Aspirin inhibits the growth of white blood cells, which are necessary for fighting some illnesses.

[url=](D) [/url][c6] The more white blood cells a patient’s body produces, the less severe the patient’s illness will be.

[url=](E)[/url][c7] The focus of modern medicine is on inhibiting the growth of disease-causing bacteria within the body.

[c1]结论1

[c2]结论2

[c3]无

[c4]对结论的联立

[c5]文中不是说阿司匹林会阻止白细胞的增长，而是moderate fever

[c6]无

[c7]无

91. Environmentalist: The commissioner of the Fish and Game Authority would have the public believe that increases in the number of marine fish caught demonstrate that this resource is no longer endangered. [url=]This is a specious argument,[/url][c1] [url=]as unsound as it would be to assert that the ever-increasing rate at which rain forests are being cut down demonstrates a lack of danger to that resource. The real cause of the increased fish-catch is a greater efficiency in using technologies that deplete resources.[/url][c2]

The environmentalist’s statements, if true, best support which of the following as a conclusion?

(A) [url=]The use of technology[/url][c3] is the reason for the increasing encroachment of people on nature.

(B) It is possible to[url=] determine how many fis[/url][c4] h are in the sea in some way other than by catching fish.

(C) The proportion of marine fish that are caught is[url=] as high as[/url][c5] the proportion of rain forest trees that are cut down each year.

(D)[url=] Modern technologies waste resources[/url][c6] by catching inedible fish.

[url=](E)[/url][c7] Marine fish continue to be an endangered resource. E

[c1]结论

[c2]Reasoning

[c3]无关

[c4]无关

[c5]无

[c6]无

[c7]对结论的重写

X101. For a trade embargo against a particular country to succeed, a high degree of both international accord and ability to prevent goods from entering or leaving that country must be sustained. A total blockade of Patria’s ports is necessary to an embargo, but [url=]such an action would be likely to cause international discord over the embargo.[/url][c1]

The claims above, if true, most strongly support which of the following conclusions?

(A)[url=] The balance of opinion[/url][c2] is likely to favor Patria in the event of a blockade.

(B) As long as international opinion is unanimously against Patria, [url=]a trade embargo is likely to succeed.[/url][c3]

(C) A naval blockade of Patria’s ports would[url=]ensure that no goods enter[/url][c4] or leave Patria.

(D) Any trade embargo against Patria would be likely to fail at some time. [url=]D[/url][c5]

(E) For a blockade of Patria’s ports to be successful, international opinion must be

[url=]unanimous.[/url][c6]

[c1]结论

[c2]无关

[c3]与结论不符

[c4]无

[c5]对结论的反向重写。

Reasoning： Since international accord is necessary for the success of an embargo but the blockade required in this case would create international discord, the contradictions of this paradoxical situation make any embargo unlikely to succeed.

[c6]无

102. Theater Critic: The play La Finestrina, now at Central Theater, was written in Italy in the eighteenth century. The director claims that[url=] this production is as similar to the original production as is possible in a modern theater[/url][c1] . Although [url=]the actor who plays Harlequin the clown gives a performance very reminiscent of the twentieth-century American comedian Groucho Marx, Marx[/url]’s comic style was very much within the comic acting tradition that had begun in sixteenth-century Italy.[c2]

The considerations given[url=] best serve as part of [/url][c3] an argument that

(A)[url=] modern audiences[/url][c4] would find it hard to tolerate certain characteristics of a historically accurate performance of an eighteenth-century play

(B) Groucho Marx [url=]once performed [/url][c5] the part of the character Harlequin in La Finestrina

(C) in the United States the [url=]training[/url][c6] of actors in the twentieth century is based on principles that do not differ radically from those that underlay the training of actors in eighteenth-century Italy

[url=](D)[/url][c7]
the performance of the actor who plays Harlequin in La Finestrina does not serve as evidence against the director’s claimD

(E) the director of La Finestrina [url=]must have advised[/url][c8] the actor who plays Harlequin to model his performance on comic performances of Groucho Marx

[c1]结论

[c2]推理链：这部作品演员的表演让人联想到20世纪的某某       某某的喜剧风格起源于16世纪的意大利   所以这部作品很像产生于中世纪的剧院的戏剧

[c3]注意是part，无需概括性

[c4]无

[c5]无

[c6]无

[c7]放入推理链中依然能推出结论，取非后放入即破坏了推理链，所以是正确答案

[c8]无

19. A computer equipped with signature-recognition software, which restricts access to a computer to those people whose signatures are on file , identifies a person's signature by analyzing not only the form of the signature but also such characteristics as pen pressure and signing speed. [url=]Even the most adept forgers cannot duplicate all of the characteristics the program analyzes.[/url][c1]

Which of the following can be logically concluded from the passage above?

(A) [url=]The time[/url][c2] it takes to record and analyze a signature makes the software impractical for everyday use.

(8) Computers equipped with the software will [url=]soon be installed in most banks[/url][c3] .

[url=](C) [/url][c4] Nobody can gain access to a computer equipped with the software solely by virtue of skill at forging signatures. C

(D) Signature-recognition software has [url=]taken many years[/url][c5] to develop and perfect.

(E) In many cases even authorized users are [url=]denied legitimate access [/url][c6] to computers equipped with the software.

[c1]结论

[c2]无

[c3]无

[c4]结论的改写

[c5]无

[c6]无

Q43. [url=]Laws requiring the use of headlights during daylight hours can prevent automobile collisions[/url][c1] . However, since daylight visibility is worse in countries farther from the equator, any such laws[url=] would obviously be more effective in preventing collisions in those countries. In fact. the only countries that actually have such laws are farther from the equator than is the continental United States.[/url][c2]

Which of the following conclusions could be most properly drawn from the information given above?

(A) Drivers in the continental United States who used their headlights during the day would be just [url=]as likely to become involved in a collision as[/url][c3] would drivers who did not use their headlights.

(B) In many countries that are farther from the equator than is the continental United States, poor daylight visibility is[url=] the single most important factor[/url][c4] in automobile collisions.

(C) The [url=]proportion [/url][c5] of automobile collisions that occur in the daytime is greater in the continental United States than in the countries that have Daytime headlight laws.

(D) [url=]Fewer[/url][c6] automobile collisions probably occur each year in countries that have daytime headlight laws than occur within the continental United States.

[url=](E)[/url][c7] Daytime headlight laws would probably do less to prevent automobile collisions in the continental United States than they do in the countries that have the laws. E

[c1]信息2

[c2]主要信息1

[c3]无

[c4]无

[c5]无

[c6]无

[c7]信息1：离赤道越远，DHL理应更有效阻止车祸，但是离赤道很远的国家有DHL的只有美国；信息2：DHL可以减少摩托车事故。     其他有该法律的国家距离赤道都比美国近，而DHL并没有十分有效（否则不会只有美国有该法律）。

X57. [url=]Meteorite explosions in the Earth's atmosphere as large as the one that destroyed forests in Siberia , with approximately the force of a twelve-megaton nuclear blast, occur about once a century[/url][c1] . [url=]The response of highly automated systems controlled by complex computer programs to unexpected circumstances is unpredictable.[/url][c2]

Which of the following conclusions can most properly be drawn, if the statements above are true, about a highly automated [url=]nuclear-missile defense system[/url][c3] controlled by a complex computer program?

[url=](A)[/url][c4] Within a century after its construction, the System would react inappropriately and might accidentally start a nuclear war.

(B) The system would[url=] be destroyed[/url][c5] if an explosion of a large meteorite occurred in the Earth's atmosphere.

(C) It would be impossible for the system to [url=]distinguish[/url][c6] the explosion of a large meteorite from the explosion of a nuclear weapon.

(D) Whether the system would respond inappropriately to the explosion of a large meteorite would depend on the [url=]location[/url][c7] of the blast.

(E) It is not certain [url=]what the system's response to the explosion of a large meteorite would be,[/url][c8] if its designers did not plan for such a contingency. E

[c1]Reasoning

[c2]结论

[c3]关键词

[c4]Construction和war均无关

[c5]无

[c6]无

[c7]无

[c8]因为系统是为nuclear missile defense建造的，而meteorite explosion的能量和N一样，所以不知系统会做出什么反应

64. High levels of fertilizer and pesticides, needed when farmers try to produce high yields of the same crop year after year, pollute water supplies. Experts therefore urge farmers to diversify their crops and to rotate their plantings yearly. To receive governmental price-support benefits for a crop, farmers must have produced that same crop for the past several years.

The statements above, if true, best support which of the following conclusions?

[url=](A) [/url][c1] The rules for governmental support of farm prices work against efforts to reduce water pollution. A

(8) [url=]The only solution [/url][c2] to the problem of water pollution from fertilizers and pesticides is to take farmland out of production.

(C) Farmers can continue to[url=] make a profit[/url][c3] by rotating diverse crops, thus reducing costs for chemicals, but not by planting the same crop each year.

(D) [url=]New farming technique[/url][c4] s will be developed to make it possible for farmers to reduce the application of fertilizers and pesticides.

(E) Governmental price supports for farm products are set at levels that are not high enough to allow farmers to get [url=]out of debt.[/url][c5]

[c1]将上述两个方面结合起来

[c2]无

[c3]无

[c4]无

[c5]无

75. United States hospitals have traditionally relied primarily on revenues from paying patients to offset losses from unreimbursed care. Almost all paying patients now rely on governmental or private health insurance to pay hospital bills. Recently, insurers have been strictly limiting what they pay hospitals for the care of insured patients to amounts at or below actual costs.

Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the information above?

(A) Although the advance of technology has made expensive medical procedures available to the wealthy, such procedures are out of the reach of low-income patients.

[url=](B) [/url][c1] If hospitals do not find ways of raising additional income for unreimbursed care, they must either deny some of that care or suffer losses if they give it. B

(C) Some patients have incomes too high for eligibility for [url=]governmental health insurance[/url][c2] but are unable to afford private insurance for hospital care.

(D) If the hospitals reduce their costs in providing care, insurance companies will maintain the current level of reimbursement, thereby providing more funds for unreimbursed care.

(E) Even though philanthropic donations have traditionally provided some support for the

hospitals, such donations are at present declining.

[c1]对上述的重写

[c2]无关

三．WEAKEN

看原文：找出结论和推出该结论的前提。特别注意结论的特殊性和具体性。

找答案：用结论的具体性去区分有关无关，并结合TEST。对于特殊类，先预测出答案，用此预测去找答案

TEST：问自己，是否该答案使作者再考虑他的观点或迫使作者做出反应或原文该前提能证明该结论吗。

几种特殊类型：

原文前提和结论关系不密切：正确选项直接WEAKEN结论

因果型结论：即原文给出两件事，然后得出结论说是一件事（因）导致另一件事（果）。WEAKEN该结论的方法包括：A。是其他原因或可能导致该结果。B。割断因果：或有因无果或有果无因。C。因果颠倒了。D显示因果关系的资料不准确。

条件型结论：结论带条件（即为充分必要）。WEAKEN的方法显示充分条件成立，必要条件可以不成立。或举反例，或提供有关信息。

原文是类比：WEAKEN方式为两者本质不同，或直接weaken结论

调查：有效性受怀疑（被调查的没代表性等）

题号：共45题
1，5,15,23,30,35,36,40,45,60,63,73,75,83,87,90,81,88,96,104,111,114,116,118,120,123,4,5,11,15,16,18,20,22,24,26,27,31,41,46,47,49,50,80,81

[url=]1.[/url][c1] [url=]“Life expectancy[/url][c2] ” is the average age at death of the entire live-born population. In the middle of [url=]the nineteenth century, life expectancy in North America was 40 years, whereas now it is nearly 80 years[/url][c3] . Thus,[url=] in those days, people must have been considered old at an age that we now consider the prime of life.[/url][c4]

Which of the following, if true, undermines the argument above?

(A) In the middle of the nineteenth century, the[url=] population[/url][c5] of North America was significantly smaller than it is today.

[url=](B)[/url][c6] Most of the gains in life expectancy in the last 150 years have come from reductions in the number of infants who die in their first year of life. B

[url=](C)[/url][c7] Many of the people who live to an advanced age today do so only because of medical technology that was unknown in the nineteenth century.

[url=](D)[/url][c8] The proportion of people who die in their seventies is significantly smaller today than is the proportion of people who die in their eighties.

(E) More people in the middle of the nineteenth century engaged regularly in vigorous [url=]physical activity [/url][c9] than do so today.

[c1]调查型

[c2]调查内容

[c3]Reasoning

[c4]结论

[c5]平均数与总数多少无关

[c6]有效性受到攻击，bingo

[c7]可能是对结论的一种解释，support

[c8]Support

[c9]对寿命的影响不能从文中得知，所以Little effect on the argument。

[url=]5.[/url][c1] A company is considering changing its policy concerning daily working hours. Currently, this company requires all employees to arrive at work at 8 a.m. The proposed policy would [url=]permit each employee to decide when to arrive—from as early as 6 a.m. to as late as 11 a.m. [/url][c2]

The adoption of this policy would be most likely to decrease employees’ productivity if the employees’ job functions required them to

(A) work without [url=]interruption[/url][c3] from other employees

(B) consult at least once a day with employees from [url=]other companies[/url][c4]

(C) [url=]submit their work[/url][c5] for a supervisor’s eventual approval

(D)[url=] interact frequently[/url][c6] with each other throughout the entire workday   D

(E) undertake projects that take [url=]several days[/url][c7] to complete

[c1]具体性

[c2]结论

[c3]无关

[c4]无关

[c5]无关

[c6]需要经常合作，所以员工不能同时到的话会影响工作

[c7]无关

[url=]10.[/url][c1] Cable-television spokesperson: [url=]Subscriptions to cable television are a bargain in comparison to “free” television.[/url][c2] Remember that “free” television is not really free. It is consumers, in the end, who pay for the costly advertising that supports “free” television.

Which of the following, if true, is most damaging to the position of the cable-television spokesperson?

[url=](A) [/url][c3] Consumers who do not own television sets are less likely to be influenced in their purchasing decisions by television advertising than are consumers who own television sets.

[url=](B)[/url][c4] Subscriptions to cable television include access to some public-television channels, which do not accept advertising.

(C) For locations with poor television reception, cable television provides [url=]picture quality [/url][c5] superior to that provided by free television.

(D) There is as much advertising on many cable television channels as there is on “free” television channels. D

[url=](E)[/url][c6] Cable-television subscribers can choose which channels they wish to receive.

[c1]具体性

[c2]结论

[c3]无关

[c4]没说明free TV情况，同E

[c5]无关，并且也不能weaken

[c6]没有说明free TV是否可以，Little effect

[url=]15.[/url][c1] A conservation group in the United States is trying to change the long-standing image of bats as frightening creatures. The group contends that[url=] bats are feared and persecuted solely
[/url][c2] because [url=]they are shy animals that are active only at night.[/url][c3]

Which of the following, if true, would cast the most serious doubt on the accuracy of the group’s contention?

(A) Bats are steadily losing [url=]natural roosting places[/url][c4] such as caves and hollow trees and are thus turning to more developed areas for roosting.

(B) Bats are [url=]the chief consumers of nocturnal insects[/url][c5] and thus can help make their hunting territory more pleasant for humans.

[url=](C) [/url][c6] Bats are regarded as frightening creatures not only in the United States but also in Europe, Africa, and South America.

[url=](D)[/url][c7] Raccoons and owls are shy and active only at night, yet they are not generally feared and persecuted. D

(E) [url=]People know [/url][c8] more about the behavior of other greatly feared animal species, such as lions, alligators, and snakes, than they do about the behavior of bats.

[c1]因果型

[c2]结论

[c3]Reasoning

[c4]无关

[c5]无关

[c6]不涉及原因

[c7]显示因果关系的资料不准确，bingo

[c8]无关

[url=]23. [/url][c1] A drug that is highly effective in treating many types of infection can, at present, be obtained only from the bark of the ibora,[url=] a tree that is quite rare in the wild. It takes the bark of 5,000 trees to make one kilogram of the drug[/url][c2] . It follows, therefore, [url=]that continued production of the drug must inevitably lead to the ibora’s extinction.[/url][c3]

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?

(A) The drug made from ibora bark is[url=] dispensed to doctors[/url][c4] from a central authority.

(B) The drug made from ibora bark is [url=]expensive to produce.[/url][c5]

[url=](C)[/url][c6] The leaves of the ibora are used in a number of medical products.

[url=](D)[/url][c7] The ibora can be propagated from cuttings and grown under cultivation. D

[url=](E) [/url][c8] The ibora generally grows in largely inaccessible places.

[c1]因果型

[c2]Reasoning

[c3]结论

[c4]无关

[c5]无关

[c6]Support

[c7]割断因果，bingo

[c8]无关

[url=]30[/url][c1] . Robot satellites relay important communications and identify weather patterns. Because[url=] the satellites can be repaired only in orbit, astronauts are needed to epair them. Without repairs, the satellites would eventually malfunction.[/url][c2] Therefore, [url=]space flights[/url]

carrying astronauts must continue.[c3]

Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the argument above

(A) Satellites[url=] falling from orbit[/url][c4] because of malfunctions burn up in the atmosphere.

[url=](B)[/url][c5] Although satellites are indispensable in the identification of weather patterns, weather

forecasters also make some use of computer projections to identify weather patterns.

(C) [url=]The government[/url][c6] , responding to public pressure,has decided to cut the budget for space flights and put more money into social welfare programs.

[url=](D)[/url][c7] Repair of satellites requires heavy equipment, which adds to the amount of fuel needed to lift a spaceship carrying astronauts into orbit.

[url=](E) [/url][c8] Technical obsolescence of robot satellites makes repairing them more costly and less practical than sending new, improved satellites into orbit. E

[c1]因果型

[c2]Reasoning

[c3]结论

[c4]无关

[c5]无关

[c6]无关

[c7]没有weaken结论

[c8]割断因果，可以用新卫星代替维修旧卫星，weaken must continue

35. [url=]Last year the rate of inflation was 1.2 percent, but for the current year it has been 4 percent[/url][c1] . We can conclude [url=]that inflation is on an upward trend and the rate will be still higher next year.[/url][c2]

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion above?

[url=](A) [/url][c3] The inflation figures were computed on the basis of a representative sample of economic data rather than all of the available data.

(B) Last year a dip in oil prices brought inflation temporarily below its recent stable annual level of 4 percent. B

[url=](C)[/url][c4] Increases in the pay of some workers are tied to the level of inflation, and at an inflation rate of 4 percent or above, these pay raises constitute a force causing further inflation.

[url=](D[/url][c5] ) The 1.2 percent rate of inflation last year represented a 10-year low.

(E) Government intervention [url=]cannot affect the rate of inflation[/url][c6] to any significant degree.

[c1]Reasoning

[c2]结论

[c3]没有weaken，因为无法知道如果采用all data会得出什么结论

[c4]Support

[c5]没有Weaken

[c6]无关

[url=]X[/url]36.[c1] [url=] Offshore oil-drilling operations entail an unavoidable risk of an oil spill, but importing oil on tankers presently entails an even greater such risk per barrel of oil. [/url][c2] Therefore,[url=] if we are to reduce the risk of an oil spill without curtailing our use of oil, we must invest more in offshore operations and import less oil on tankers.[/url][c3]

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?

[url=](A)[/url][c4] Tankers can easily be redesigned so that their use entails less risk of an oil spill. A

[url=](B)[/url][c5] Oil spills caused by tankers have generally been more serious than those caused by offshore operations.

[url=](C[/url][c6] ) The impact of offshore operations on the environment can be controlled by careful management.

(D) Offshore operations usually [url=]damage the ocean floor[/url][c7] , but tankers rarely cause such damage.

(E) Importing oil on tankers is currently[url=] less expensiv[/url][c8] e than drilling for it offshore.

[c1]具体性

[c2]Reasoning

[c3]结论

[c4]直接weaken原因。做错是因为一开始觉得选项没有给出offshore的情况，但是注意，less risk已经说明了两者的比较

[c5]Support

[c6]没有说tanker的情况，Little effect

[c7]无关，文中只涉及oil spill

[c8]无关

40. In the last decade there has been a significant decrease in coffee consumption. During this same time, there has been increasing publicity about the adverse long-term effects on health of the caffeine in coffee. Therefore, [url=]the decrease in coffee consumption[/url]

must have been caused by consumers’ awareness of the harmful effects of caffeine.[c1]

Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question the explanation above?

[url=](A)[/url][c2] On average, people consume 30 percent less coffee today than they did 10 years ago.

[url=](B)[/url][c3] Heavy coffee drinkers may have mild withdrawal symptoms, such as headaches, for a day or so after significantly decreasing their coffee consumption.

[url=](C) [/url][c4] Sales of specialty types of coffee have held steady as sales of regular brands have declined.

[url=](D) [/url][c5] The consumption of fruit juices and caffeine-free herbal teas has increased over the past decade.

(E)[url=]Coffee prices increased[/url][c6] steadily in the past decade because of unusually severe frosts in coffee-growing nations. E

[c1]因果型结论

[c2]没有weaken

[c3]Support

[c4]不能说明销售的减少不是因为上述

[c5]无关

[c6]其他原因造成的结果，bingo

45. Some anthropologists study modern-day societies of foragers in an effort to learn about our ancient ancestors who were also foragers.[url=] A flaw in this strategy [/url][c1] is that [url=]forager societies are extremely varied. Indeed, any forager society with which anthropologists are familiar has had considerable contact with modern, non-forager societies.[/url][c2]

Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the criticism made above of the anthropologists’ strategy?

[url=](A) [/url][c3] All forager societies throughout history have had a number of important features in common that are absent from other types of societies. A

[url=](B)[/url][c4] Most ancient forager societies either dissolved or made a transition to another way of life.

(C)[url=] All anthropologists study [/url][c5] one kind or another of modern-day society.

[url=](D)[/url][c6] Many anthropologists who study modern-day forager societies do not draw inferences about ancient societies on the basis of their studies.

[url=](E) [/url][c7] Even those modern-day forager societies that have not had significant contact with modern societies are importantly different from ancient forager societies.

[c1]因果型结论

[c2]Reasoning

[c3]所有的forager societies都有共同的特点，并且这些特点是别的类型的社会没有的，直接weaken flaw。 割断因果

[c4]Support

[c5]无关

[c6]有可能是因为他们觉得做这样的比较是没有用的，所以没有weaken

[c7]Support

60. [url=]Red blood cells in which the malarial-fever parasite resides are eliminated from a person[/url]’s body after 120 days. Because the parasite cannot travel to a new generation of red blood cells,[c1] [url=]any fever that develops in a person more than 120 days after that person has moved to a malaria-free region is not due to the malarial parasite.[/url][c2]

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion above?

(A) The fever caused by the malarial parasite may[url=] resemble the fever caused by flu viruses.[/url][c3]

[url=](B)[/url][c4] The anopheles mosquito, which is the principal insect carrier of the malarial parasite, has been eradicated in many parts of the world.

[url=](C)[/url][c5] Many malarial symptoms other than the fever, which can be suppressed with antimalarial medication, can reappear within 120 days after the medication is discontinued.

[url=](D)[/url][c6] In some cases, the parasite that causes malarial fever travels to cells of the spleen, which are less frequently eliminated from a person’s body than are red blood cells. D

(E) In any region infested with[url=] malaria-carrying mosquitoes,[/url][c7] there are individuals who appear to be immune to malaria.

[c1]Reasoning

[c2]因果型结论

[c3]无关

[c4]无关

[c5]Medication discontinued与文中讨论的没有联系

[c6]寄生在cells of the spleen的p比red blood cells 消失得更慢，即大于120，所以病人120天后复发还是有可能是疟疾热的。割断因果，bingo

[c7]无关

63. When hypnotized subjects are told that they are deaf and are then asked whether they can hear the hypnotist, they reply, “No.” Some theorists try to explain this result by arguing that [url=]the selves of hypnotized subjects are dissociated into separate parts, and that the part that is deaf is dissociated from the part that replies.[/url][c1]

Which of the following challenges indicates the most serious weakness in the attempted explanation described above?

[url=](A)[/url][c2] Why does the part that replies not answer, “Yes”? A

(B) Why are the observed facts [url=]in need of any special explanation[/url][c3] ?

[url=](C)[/url][c4] Why do the subjects appear to accept the hypnotist’s suggestion that they are deaf?

[url=](D)[/url][c5] Why do hypnotized subjects all respond the same way in the situation described?

(E) Why are the separate parts of the self the same for all subjects?

[c1]结论

[c2]Challenge the theory。直接weaken结论

[c3]无关

[c4]文中结论如果正确则能回答这个问题。所以它没有weaken结论

[c5]同C

73. In comparison to the standard typewriter keyboard, the EFCO keyboard, which places the most-used keys nearest the typist’s strongest fingers, allows faster typing and results in less fatigue. Therefore, [url=]replacement of standard keyboards with the EFCO keyboard will result in an immediate reduction of typing costs[/url][c1] .

Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the conclusion drawn above?

[url=](A) [/url][c2] People who use both standard and EFCOkeyboards report greater difficulty in the transition from the EFCO keyboard to the standard keyboard than in the transition from

the standard keyboard to the EFCO keyboard.

[url=](B[/url][c3] ) EFCO keyboards are no more expensive to manufacture than are standard keyboards and require less frequent repair than do standard keyboards.

[url=](C)[/url][c4] The number of businesses and government agencies that use EFCO keyboards is increasing each year.

(D) The more training and experience an employee has had with the standard keyboard, the[url=] more costly[/url][c5] it is to train that employee to use the EFCO keyboard. D

[url=](E)[/url][c6] Novice typists can learn to use the EFCO keyboard in about the same amount of time that it takes them to learn to use the standard keyboard.

[c1]因果型结论

[c2]Support

[c3]Support

[c4]Support

[c5]直接weaken结论

[c6]无关

75. [url=]An overly centralized economy, not the changes in the climate, is responsible for the poor agricultural production in Country X since its new government came to power.[/url][c1] Neighboring Country Y has experienced the same climatic conditions, but while agricultural production has been falling in Country X, it has been rising in Country Y.

Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?

[url=](A)[/url][c2] Industrial production also is declining in Country X.

[url=](B) [/url][c3] Whereas Country Y is landlocked, Country X has a major seaport.

[url=](C)[/url][c4] Both Country X and Country Y have been experiencing drought conditions.

[url=](D)[/url][c5] The crops that have always been grown in Country X are different from those that have always been grown in Country Y. D

[url=](E) [/url][c6] Country X’s new government instituted a centralized economy with the intention of

ensuring an equitable distribution of goods

[c1]因果型结论

[c2]无关

[c3]无关

[c4]对reasoning的重写，没有weaken

[c5]割断因果，bingo

[c6]集中制经济的目的与文中集中制导致产量下降无关

83. Journalist: In physics journals, the number of articles reporting the results of experiments involving particle accelerators was lower last year than it had been in previous years. Several of the particle accelerators at major research institutions were out of service the year before last for repairs, so it is likely that [url=]the low number of articles was due to the decline in availability of particle accelerators.[/url][c1]

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the journalist’s argument?

[url=](A) [/url][c2] Every article based on experiments with particle accelerators that was submitted for publication last year actually was published.

[url=](B) [/url][c3] The average time scientists must wait for access to a particle accelerator has declined

over the last several years.

[url=](C) [/url][c4] The number of physics journals was the same last year as in previous years.

[url=](D) [/url][c5] Particle accelerators can be used for more than one group of experiments in any given year.

[url=](E)[/url][c6] Recent changes in the editorial policies of several physics journals have decreased the likelihood that articles concerning particle accelerator research will be accepted for publication. E

[c1]因果型结论

[c2]没有weaken

[c3]Support

[c4]Support

[c5]并不能说明为什么article减少了

[c6]其他原因导致的结果

X87. In the United States, of the people who moved from one state to another when they retired, [url=]the percentage[/url][c1] who retired to Florida has decreased by three percentage points over the past ten years. Since many local businesses in Florida cater to retirees, [url=]these declines are likely to have a noticeably negative economic effect on these businesses and therefore on the economy of Florida.[/url][c2]

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument given?

[url=](A)[/url][c3] People who moved from one state to another when they retired moved a greater distance, on average, last year than such people did ten years ago.

[url=](B)[/url][c4] People were more likely to retire to North Carolina from another state last year than

people were ten years ago.

[url=](C)[/url][c5] The number of people who moved from one state to another when they retired has increased significantly over the past ten years. C

[url=](D)[/url][c6] The number of people who left Florida when they retired to live in another state was greater last year than it was ten years ago.

[url=](E)[/url][c7] Florida attracts more people who move from one state to another when they retire than does any other state.

[c1]对这样的字眼提高敏感度

[c2]因果型结论

[c3]无关

[c4]无关

[c5]文中说的是百分比，选项说总人数增加了，所以即使百分比小，迁移至Florida的人不一定减少，割断因果。

[c6]Support

[c7]没有割断因果的联系

90. A new law gives ownership of patents—documents providing exclusive right to make and sell an invention—to universities, not the government, when those patents result from government-sponsored university research. [url=]Administrators at Logos University plan to sell any patents they acquire to corporations in order to fund programs to improve undergraduate teaching.[/url][c1]

Which of the following, if true, would cast the most doubt on the viability of the college administrators’ plan described above?

[url=](A)[/url][c2] Profit-making corporations interested in developing products based on patents held by

universities are likely to try to serve as exclusive sponsors of ongoing university research

projects.

(B)[url=] Corporate sponsors[/url][c3] of research in university facilities are entitled to tax credits under new federal tax-code guidelines.

[url=](C)[/url][c4] Research scientists at Logos University have few or no teaching responsibilities and participate little if at all in the undergraduate programs in their field.

[url=](D)[/url][c5] Government-sponsored research conducted at Logos University for the most part duplicates research already completed by several profit making corporations. D

(E) Logos University is unlikely to [url=]attract corporate sponsorship [/url][c6] of its scientific research.

[c1]具体性结论

[c2]无关

[c3]无关

[c4]无关

[c5]只有该选项与具体性有关，并且迫使administrator重新考虑

[c6]无关

[url=]81[/url][c1] . When demand for a factory’s products is high, more money is spent at the factory for safety precautions and machinery maintenance than when demand is low. Thus the average number of on-the-job accidents per employee each month should be lower during periods when demand is high than when demand is low and less money is available for safety precautions and machinery maintenance.

Which of the following, if true about a factory when demand for its products is high, casts the most serious doubt on the conclusion drawn above?

(A) Its employees ask for[url=] higher wages[/url][c2] than they do at other times.

[url=](B)[/url][c3] Its management hires new workers but lacks the time to train them properly. B

(C) Its employees are less likely to [url=]lose their jobs[/url][c4] than they are at other times.

(D) Its management sponsors a monthly safety award for each division in the factory.

[url=](E)[/url][c5] Its old machinery is replaced with modern, automated models.

[c1]推理链：demand high
more money spent in safety and xxx，
average number of accident is lower
less money is spent in xxx

[c2]无关

[c3]因此新工人不熟悉做业，，事故平均数不见得比demand low的时候低，割断推理链。

[c4]无关，D也是

[c5]没有说明新model的情况，所以没有weaken。

X88. Businesses are suffering because of a lack of money available for development loans. To help businesses, [url=]the government plans to modify the income-tax structure in order to induce individual taxpayers to put a larger portion of their incomes into retirement savings accounts,[/url][c1]
because as more money is deposited in such accounts, more money becomes

available to borrowers.

Which of the following, if true, raises the most serious doubt regarding the effectiveness of the government’s plan to increase the amount of money available for development loans for businesses?

(A) When levels of personal retirement savings increase,[url=] consumer borrowing[/url][c2] always increases correspondingly. A

(B) The increased tax revenue the government would receive as a result of business expansion would not [url=]offset the loss[/url][c3] in revenue from personal income taxes during the first year of the plan.

(C) Even with tax incentives,[url=] some people[/url][c4] will choose not to increase their levels of retirement savings.

(D)[url=] Bankers[/url][c5] generally will not continue to lend money to businesses whose prospective

earnings are insufficient to meet their loan repayment schedules.

(E) The modified tax structure would give all taxpayers, regardless of their incomes, the

same tax savings for a given[url=] increase in their retirement savings[/url][c6] .

[c1]因果型结论

[c2]借款人增加了，所以business能借到的钱并没有增多，割断因果

[c3]无关

[c4]部分人的决定不会改变总体走向

[c5]无关

[c6]Support

XQ[url=]96.[/url][c1]
Hotco oil burners, designed to be used in asphalt plants, are so efficient that Hotco will [url=]sell one to the Clifton Asphalt plant for no payment other than the cost savings between the total amount the asphalt plant actually paid for oil using its former burner during the last two years and the total amount it will pay for oil using the Hotco burner during the next two years.[/url][c2] On installation, [url=]the plant will make an estimated payment, which will be adjusted after two years to equal the actual cost savings.[/url][c3]

Which of the following, if it occurred, would constitute a disadvantage for Hotco of the plan described above?

(A) [url=]Another manufacturer’s introduction[/url][c4] to the market of a similarly efficient burner

(B) The Clifton Asphalt plant’s [url=]need for more than one[/url][c5] new burner

(C) Very poor efficiency in the Clifton Asphalt plant’s[url=] old burner[/url][c6]

([url=]D) [/url][c7] A decrease in the demand for asphalt

(E) A steady [url=]increase in the price of oil[/url][c8] beginning soon after the new burner is installed E

[c1]具体性

[c2]H卖一个新的burner给C，价格为C因使用新的burner与旧的相比所省下的油钱，所以省得越多H赚得越多

[c3]结论

[c4]无关

[c5]无关

[c6]无关

[c7]Support，demand减少，用油就少啦，所以H赚得越多

[c8]现在的成本增加，所以节省的成本减少

[url=]Q[/url]104.
[c1] Although the discount stores in Goreville’s central shopping district are expected to close within five years as a result of competition from a SpendLess discount department store that just opened, those locations will not stay vacant for long. In the five years since the opening of Colson’s, a non-discount department store, a new store has opened at the

location of every store in the shopping district that closed because it could not compete with Colson’s.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

[url=](A)[/url][c2] Many customers of Colson’s are expected to do less shopping there than they did before the SpendLess store opened.

(B) Increasingly, the stores that have opened in the central shopping district since Colson’s opened [url=]have been discount stores[/url][c3] .
B

(C) At present, the central shopping district has as many stores operating in it as it ever had.

(D) Over the course of the next five years, it is expected that Goreville’s population will grow at a faster rate than it has for the past several decades.

(E)[url=] Many stores[/url][c4] in the central shopping district sell types of merchandise that are not available at either SpendLess or Colson’s.

[c1]推理链：尽管一些打折商店因为竞争不过S而有可能在五年倒闭，但这些地方不会长时间空着。因为新的商店会开在这个地方，而这个地方原来开的商店是因为竞争不过一个新开的不打折的C商店而倒闭的（结论）

[c2]不是C与S的比较

[c3]割断因果，如果是打折商店，就不存在说与C相比没有竞争力的问题

[c4]并没有说明这些商店就是那些倒闭的商店，所以无法衡量其对结论的影响

111. [url=]The difficulty[/url][c1] with the proposed high-speed train line is that a used plane can be bought for one-third the price of the train line, and the plane, which is just as fast, can fly anywhere. The train would be a fixed linear system, and we live in a world that is spreading out in all directions and in which consumers choose the freewheel systems (cars, buses, aircraft), which do not have fixed routes. Thus[url=] a sufficient market for the train[/url]

will not exist.[c2]

Which of the following, if true, most severely weakens the argument presented above?

[url=](A)[/url][c3] Cars, buses, and planes require the efforts of drivers and pilots to guide them, whereas the train will be guided mechanically.

[url=](B)[/url][c4] Cars and buses are not nearly as fast as the high-speed train will be.

(C)[url=]Planes are not [/url][c5] a free-wheel system because they can fly only between airports, which are less convenient for consumers than the high speed train’s stations would be. C

[url=](D)[/url][c6] The high-speed train line cannot use currently underutilized train stations in large cities.

[url=](E[/url][c7] ) For long trips, most people prefer to fly rather than to take ground-level transportation.

[c1]推理链：因为火车是固定的，而一架飞机的价格等于铁路造价的三分之一，并且又快可到达目的地又广，而铁路线是固定的     人们需要可自由选择目的地的交通工具     结论

[c2]因果型结论

[c3]与原文的原因，也不能weaken结论

[c4]文中说了飞机比火车快

[c5]显示导致结果的原因有误

[c6]Support

[c7]Support

∆，114. Guidebook writer: I have visited hotels throughout the country and have noticed that in those built before 1930 the quality of the original carpentry work is generally superior to that in hotels built afterward. Clearly [url=]carpenters working on hotels before 1930 typically worked with more skill, care, and effort than carpenters who have worked on hotels built subsequently.[/url][c1]

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the guidebook writer’s argument?

(A) The quality of original carpentry in hotels is generally far superior to the quality of original carpentry in other structures, such as[url=] houses and stores.[/url][c2]

(B) Hotels built since 1930 can generally [url=]accommodate[/url][c3] more guests than those built

before 1930.

[url=](C)[/url][c4] The materials available to carpenters working before 1930 were not significantly different in quality from the materials available to carpenters working after 1930.

[url=](D)[/url][c5] The better the quality of original carpentry in a building, the less likely that building is to fall into disuse and be demolished. D

[url=](E)[/url][c6] The average length of apprenticeship for carpenters has declined significantly since 1930.

[c1]因果型结论

[c2]无关

[c3]没有信息说明其与木工质量的关系

[c4]Support

[c5]显示导致因果的资料有误。说明用现存的hotel做比较不具有代表性，因为很可能过去很多质量不好的都弃用了，剩下的都是好的。

[c6]Support

116. Firms adopting “profit-related-pay” (PRP) contracts pay wages at levels that vary with the firm’s profits. In the metalworking industry last year, [url=]firms with PRP contracts in place showed productivity per worker on average 13 percent higher than that of their[/url]

competitors who used more traditional contracts.[c1]

If, on the basis of the evidence above, it is argued that PRP contracts increase worker productivity, which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken that argument?

(A) [url=]Results similar[/url][c2] to those cited for the metalworking industry have been found in other

industries where PRP contracts are used.

(B) Under PRP contracts costs other than labor costs, such as plant, machinery, and energy, make up an increased proportion of the[url=] total cos[/url][c3] t of each unit of output.

(C) Because introducing PRP contracts greatly changes individual workers’ relationships to the firm, negotiating the[url=]introduction of PRP[/url][c4] contracts is complex and time-consuming.

(D)Many firms in the metalworking industry have [url=]modernized production equipment[/url][c5] in the last five years, and most of these introduced PRP contracts at the same time. D

(E) In firms in the metalworking industry where PRP contracts are in place, the average [url=]take-home pay[/url][c6] is 15 percent higher than it is in those firms where workers have more traditional contracts.

[c1]因果型结论

[c2]Support

[c3]与生产力无关

[c4]与生产力无关

[c5]其他原因导致的结果，bingo

[c6]同BC

[url=]118.[/url][c1] Northern Air has dozens of flights daily into and out of Belleville Airport, which is highly congested. Northern Air depends for its success on economy and quick turnaround and consequently is[url=] planning to replace its large planes with Sky buses[/url][c2] , whose novel aerodynamic design is extremely fuel efficient. The Sky bus’s fuel efficiency results in both lower fuel costs and reduced time spent refueling.

Which of the following, if true, could present the most serious disadvantage for Northern Air in replacing their large planes with Sky buses?

[url=](A) [/url][c3] The Sky bus would enable Northern Air to schedule direct flights to destinations that

currently require stops for refueling.

[url=](B)[/url][c4] Aviation fuel is projected to decline in price over the next several years.

(C) The fuel efficiency of the Sky bus would enable Northern Air to eliminate refueling at some of its destinations, but [url=]several mechanics would lose their jobs.[/url][c5]

[url=](D)[/url][c6] None of Northern Air’s competitors that use Belleville Airport are considering buying

Sky buses.

[url=](E)[/url][c7] The aerodynamic design of the Sky bus causes turbulence behind it when taking off that forces other planes on the runway to delay their takeoffs. E

[c1]具体性

[c2]结论

[c3]Support

[c4]无关

[c5]无关

[c6]无关

[c7]所以没有改变拥挤状况，并很可能加重，weaken

[url=]120[/url][c1] . The earliest Mayan pottery found at Colha, in Belize, is about 3,000 years old. Recently, however, 4,500-year-old stone agricultural implements were unearthed at Colha. These implements resemble Mayan stone implements of a much later period, also found at Colha. Moreover, the implements’ designs are strikingly different from the designs of

stone implements produced by other cultures known to have inhabited the area in prehistoric times. Therefore, [url=]there were surely Mayan settlements in Colha 4,500 years ago.[/url][c2]

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

(A) [url=]Ceramic [/url][c3] ware is not known to have been used by the Mayan people to make agricultural implements.

(B) Carbon-dating of corn pollen in Colha indicates that [url=]agriculture began there around 4,500 years ago.[/url][c4]

(C) Archaeological evidence indicates that some of[url=] the oldest stone [/url][c5] implements found at Colha were used to cut away vegetation after controlled burning of trees to open areas of

swampland for cultivation.

[url=](D)[/url][c6] Successor cultures at a given site often adopt the style of agricultural implements used by earlier inhabitants of the same site. D

(E) Many religious and social institutions of the Mayan people who inhabited Colha 3,000 years ago relied on a[url=] highly developed system [/url][c7] of agricultural symbols.

[c1]推理链：最早在G发现的M是3000多年前的 但是，最近，4500年前的stone在C被挖掘出来，并且这些石头和其他已知更早的文明里的石头有非常显著的不同         结论

[c2]结论

[c3]无关

[c4]无关

[c5]无关

[c6]Weaken推理链中间，说明

[c7]无关

X[url=]123.[/url][c1] Outsourcing is the practice of obtaining from an independent supplier a product or service that a company has previously provided for itself. Since a company’s chief objective is to realize the highest possible year-end profits, [url=]any product or service that can be obtained from an independent supplier for less than it would cost the company to provide the product or service on its own should be outsourced.[/url][c2]

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

(A) If a company decides to use independent suppliers for a product, it can generally [url=]exploit the vigorous competition[/url][c3] arising among several firms that are interested in supplying that product.

(B)[url=]Successful outsourcing[/url][c4] requires a company to provide its suppliers with information about its products and plans that can fall into the hands of its competitors and give them a business advantage. B

[url=](C[/url][c5] ) Certain tasks, such as processing a company’s payroll, are commonly outsourced, whereas others, such as handling the company’s core business, are not.

[url=](D)[/url][c6] For a company to provide a product or service for itself as efficiently as an independent supplier can provide it, the managers involved need to be as expert in the area of that product or service as the people in charge of that product or service at an independent supplier are.

[url=](E) [/url][c7] When a company decides to use an independent supplier for a product or service, the independent supplier sometimes hires members of the company’s staff who formerly made the product or provided the service that the independent supplier now supplies.

[c1]前提与结论联系不大

[c2]结论（认真读清结论讲什么）

[c3]无关

[c4]直接weaken结论，说只有这样的才是成功的outsourcing，而不是结论所说的，所有xxx都should be outsourced

[c5]举例说明，并不影响结论

[c6]无关

[c7]无关

X4. [url=]The price the government pays for standard weapons purchased from military contractors is determined by a pricing method called "historical costing." [/url][c1] Historical costing allows contractors to protect their profits by adding a percentage increase, based on the current rate of inflation, to the previous year's contractual price.

Which of the following statements, if true, is the best basis for a criticism of historical costing as an economically sound pricing method[url=] for military contracts[/url][c2] ?

(A) [url=]The government might continue to pay[/url][c3] for past inefficient use of funds. A

(8) The rate of inflation has[url=] varied considerably[/url][c4] over the past twenty years.

(C) The contractual price will be greatly affected by[url=] the cost of materials [/url][c5] used for the products.

(D) Many [url=]taxpayers question[/url][c6] the amount of money the government spends on military contracts.

(E) The pricing method based on historical costing might not encourage the development of [url=]innovative weapons.[/url][c7]

[c1]具体性结论

[c2]看清题目，是指对军事合同的weaken，不是对生产商！

[c3]HC没有考虑过去价格的合理性和有效性，并且只允许成本上升，所以政府会持续支付过去的无效率费用，a serious flaw

[c4]无关

[c5]假设成本已经考虑到前一年的价格当中，则该项不影响结论，百分比的增加已经反映了成本的变化。但选项没有说明是否考虑，所以Little effects

[c6]无关

[c7]无关

5. Since the mayor's publicity campaign for Greenville's bus service began six months ago, morning automobile traffic into the midtown area of the city has decreased 7 percent. During the same period, there has been an equivalent rise in the number of persons riding buses into the midtown area. Obviously, [url=]the mayor's publicity campaign has convinced many people to leave their cars at home and ride the bus to work.[/url][c1]

Which of the following, if true, casts the most serious Doubt on the conclusion drawn above?

(A)[url=] Fares for all bus routes[/url][c2] in Greenville have risen an average of 5 percent during the past six months.

[url=](8)[/url][c3] The mayor of Greenville rides the bus to City Hall in the city's midtown area.

(C)[url=] Road reconstruction[/url][c4] has greatly reduced the number of lanes available to commuters in major streets leading to the midtown area during the past six months. C

[url=](D)[/url][c5] The number of buses entering the midtown area of Greenville during the morning hours is exactly the same no was it was one year ago.

(E) Surveys show that longtime bus riders are no more [url=]satisfied with the Greenville bus service[/url][c6] than they were before the mayor's publicity campaign began

[c1]因果型结论

[c2]不能说明情况，文中涉及的是midtown area

[c3]无关

[c4]其他原因导致的结果

[c5]Support

[c6]顽固

[url=]11.[/url][c1] Shelby Industries manufactures and sells the same gauges as Jones Industries. Employee wages account for 40 percent of the cost of manufacturing gauges at both Shelby Industries and Jones Industries. Shelby Industries is seeking a competitive advantage over Jones Industries. Therefore,[url=] to promote this end, Shelby Industries should lower employee wages.[/url][c2]

Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?

(A) Because they make a small number of precision instruments, gauge manufacturers cannot receive volume discounts on[url=] raw materials [/url][c3] .

[url=](B)[/url][c4] Lowering wages would reduce the quality of employee work, and this reduced quality would lead to lowered sales. B

[url=](C) [/url][c5] Jones Industries has taken away 20 percent of Shelby Industries' business over the last year.

[url=](D)[/url][c6] Shelby Industries pays its employees, on average, 10 percent more than does Jones

Industries.

[url=](E)[/url][c7] Many people who work for manufacturing plants live in areas in which the manufacturing plant they work for is the only industry.

[c1]推理链：S和J生产同样的商品，员工的工资占成本的40%
S要提高优势  结论

[c2]结论

[c3]无关

[c4]直接weaken结论

[c5]无关

[c6]Support

[c7]并不能说明降低工资对生产的影响

15. In an attempt to promote the widespread use of paper rather than plastic, and thus reduce non-biodegradable waste, the council of a small town [url=]plans to ban the[/url]

sale of disposable plastic goods for which substitutes made of paper exist[c1] . The council argues that since most paper is entirely biodegradable, paper goods are

environmentally preferable.

Which of the following, if true, indicates that the plan to ban the sale of disposable plastic goods is ill suited to the town council's environmental goals?

[url=](A) [/url][c2] Although biodegradable plastic goods are now available, members of the town council believe biodegradable paper goods to be safer for the environment.

[url=](8) [/url][c3] The paper factory at which most of the townspeople are employed plans to increase

production of biodegradable paper goods.

(C) After other towns enacted similar bans on the sale of plastic goods, the environmental benefits were [url=]not discernible for several years.[/url][c4]

[url=](D) [/url][c5] Since most townspeople prefer plastic goods to Paper goods in many instances, they are likely to purchase them in neighboring towns where plastic goods are available for sale. D

[url=](El[/url][c6] Products other than those derived from wood pulp are often used in the manufacture of paper goods that are entirely biodegradable.

[c1]因果型结论

[c2]Support

[c3]Support

[c4]不代表the ban无效

[c5]割断因果

[c6]无关

16. Since the deregulation of airlines, delays at the nation's increasingly busy airports have increased by 25 percent. To combat this problem, [url=]more of the takeoff and landing slots at the busiest airports must be allocated to commercial airlines.[/url][c1]

Which of the following, if true, casts the most doubt on the effectiveness of the solution proposed above?

(A)The major causes of delays at the nation's busiest airports are[url=] bad weather and overtaxed air traffic control equipment. A[/url][c2]

[url=](B)[/url][c3] Since airline deregulation began, the number of airplanes in operation has increased by 25 percent.

[url=](C)[/url][c4] Over 60 percent of the takeoff and landing slots at the nation's busiest airports are reserved for commercial airlines.

[url=](D)[/url][c5] After a small Mid western airport doubled its allocation of takeoff and landing slots, the

number of delays that were reported decreased by 50 percent.

[url=](E)[/url][c6] Since deregulation the average length of delay at the nation's busiest airports has doubled.

[c1]结论

[c2]其他原因造成的，直接weaken结论

[c3]没有weaken结论，结论就是说要把更多的飞机分配到商业线上

[c4]同B

[c5]Support

[c6]无关，因为delay还是存在

18. Unlike the wholesale price of raw wool, the wholesale price of raw cotton has fallen considerably in the last year. Thus, although the retail price of cotton clothing at retail clothing stores has not yet fallen , [url=]it will inevitably fall.[/url][c1]

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?

[url=](A)[/url][c2] The cost of processing raw cotton for cloth has increased during the last year .A

[url=](8) [/url][c3] The wholesale price of raw wool is typically higher than that of the same volume of raw

cotton.

[url=](C) [/url][c4] The operating costs of the average retail clothing store have remained constant during

the last year.

[url=](0)[/url][c5] Changes in retail prices always lag behind changes in wholesale prices.

[url=](E)[/url][c6] The cost of harvesting raw cotton has increased in the last year.

[c1]因果型结论

[c2]成本升高，所以价格升高，weaken结论

[c3]无关

[c4]Support

[c5]Support

[c6]包括在the wholesale cost里面

20. Start-up companies financed by venture capitalists have a much lower failure rate than companies financed by other means. [url=]Source of financing,
therefore, must be a more important causative factor
in the success of a start-up company than are such
factors[/url][c1] as the personal characteristics of the
entrepreneur, the quality of strategic planning, or the

management structure of the company.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument above?

(A) Venture capitalists tend to be [url=]more responsive [/url][c2] than other sources of financing to changes in a start-up company's financial needs.

(8) The[url=] strategic planning[/url][c3] of a start-up company is a less important factor in the long-term success of the company than are the personal characteristics of the entrepreneur.

[url=](C) [/url][c4] More than half of all new companies fail within five years.

[url=](D) [/url][c5] The management structures of start-up companies are generally less formal than the

management structures of ongoing businesses.

(E)Venture capitalists[url=] base their decisions [/url][c6] to fund start-up companies on such factors as the characteristics of the entrepreneur and quality of strategic planning of the company. E

[c1]因果型结论

[c2]无关

[c3]无关

[c4]无关

[c5]无关

[c6]直接weaken结论

X22. In the arid land along the Colorado River, use of the river's water supply is strictly controlled: farms along the river each have a limited allocation that they are allowed to use for irrigation. But the trees that grow in narrow strips along the river's banks also use its

water. Clearly, therefore, [url=]if farmers were to remove those trees, more water would be available for crop irrigation.[/url][c1]

Which of the following , if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

[url=](A)[/url][c2] The trees along the river's banks shelter it from the sun and wind , thereby greatly reducing the amount of water lost through evaporation . A

[url=](8) [/url][c3] Owners of farms along the river will probably not undertake the expense of cutting down trees along the banks unless they are granted a greater allocation of water in return .

[url=](C)[/url][c4] Many of the tree species currently found along the river's banks are specifically adapted to growing in places where tree roots remain constantly wet.

[url=](0) [/url][c5] The strip of land where trees grow along the river's banks would not be suitable for growing crops if the trees were removed.

[url=](E)[/url][c6] The distribution of water allocations for irrigation is intended to prevent farms farther upstream from using water needed by farms farther downstream.

[c1]条件型结论

[c2]条件不充分，tree并不是可以用到更多的水，而是它本身消耗少

[c3]无关

[c4]Support

[c5]文中讨论的是available water，不是available arable land

[c6]无关

24. Automobile Dealer's Advertisement: The Highway Traffic Safety Institute reports that the PZ 1000 has
the fewest injuries per accident of any car in its class. This shows that [url=]the PZ 1000 is one of the safest cars available today.[/url][c1]

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument in the advertisement?

[url=](A)[/url][c2] The Highway Traffic Safety Institute report listed many cars in other classes that had more injuries per accident than did the PZ 1000.

[url=](B)[/url][c3] In recent years many more PZ 1000s have been sold than have any other kind of car in its class.

[url=](C) [/url][c4] Cars in the class to which the PZ 1000 belongs are more likely to be involved in accidents than are other types of cars. C

[url=](D) [/url][c5] The difference between the number of injuries per accident for the PZ 1000 and that for other cars in its class is quite pronounced.

[url=](E)[/url][c6] The Highway Traffic Safety Institute issues reports only once a year.

[c1]因果型结论

[c2]Support

[c3]无关

[c4]显示因果的资料有误

[c5]没有weaken

[c6]无关

26. Editorial: The mayor plans to deactivate the city's fire alarm boxes, because most calls received from them are false alarms. The mayor claims that the alarm boxes are no longer necessary, since most people now have access to either public or private telephones. But the city's commercial district, where[url=] there is the greatest risk of fire, has few residents and[/url]

few public telephones[c1] , [url=]so some alarm boxes are still necessary.[/url][c2]

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the editorial's argument?

(A)[url=] Maintaining [/url][c3] the fire alarm boxes costs the city more than five million dollars annually.

[url=](B) [/url][c4] Commercial buildings have automatic fire alarm systems that are linked directly to the fire department.  B

[url=](C)[/url][c5] The fire department gets less information from an alarm box than it does from a telephone call.

[url=](Dl[/url][c6] The city's fire department is located much closer to the residential areas than to the

commercial district.

[url=](El [/url][c7] On average, almost 25 percent of the public telephones in the city are out of order.

[c1]Reasoning

[c2]因果型结论

[c3]无关

[c4]割断因果

[c5]无关

[c6]无关

[c7]无关

[url=]X[/url]27[c1] . State spokesperson: Many business people who have not been to our state believe that [url=]we have an inadequate road system. Those people are mistaken[/url][c2] , as is obvious from the fact that in each of the past six years, our state has spent more money per mile on

road improvements than any other state.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the reasoning in the spokesperson's argument?

[url=](Al [/url][c3] In the spokesperson's state, spending on road improvements has been increasing more slowly over the past six years than it has in several other states.

(8l Adequacy of a state's road system is generally less important to a businessperson considering doing business there than is the availability of [url=]qualified employees.[/url][c4]

[url=](C)[/url][c5] Over the past six years, numerous businesses have left the spokesperson's state, but about as many businesses have moved into the state.

(Dl In general, the number of miles of road in a state's road system depends on both [url=]the area and the population of the state.[/url][c6]

(El Only states with seriously inadequate road systems need to spend [url=]large amounts [/url][c7] of money on road improvements. E

[c1]两个答案之中，选和文章有明显相关之处的选项！

[c2]因果型结论

[c3]没有weaken

[c4]无关