V5(V39) 4.肌肉疲劳什么的。一开始一个noble prize的人说the function of muscle will brake when muscle detects high level of lactic acid。但是后来有几个Canadian scientist做了个实验发现the muscle acts so even when the level of lactic acid is low，然后又有个什么实验（不记得了）。最后一段说其实第一段的那个theory不是完全的错，但是真正决定什么时候stop the muscle function的是neural system。所以这个过程是subjective而不是Objective(有道题问了这个)。
V8：（710）
Theory 1: muscles go into automated brake when lactic acid builds up after exhausting exercise, leading to fatigue.
Theory Two: psychologists argue central nervous system controls the sense of extreme fatigue to keep body from collapse; psychologists say that theory 1 is right about lactic build up, however wrong in the "location".( location=Central nervous system)
类似原文：By pipilovelail
注意highlight的部分
Interestingly —or unnervingly, depending on how you look at it— some researchers are uncovering evidence that Stanovnik’s rule of thumb might be right. A spate of recent studies has contributed to growing support for the notion that the origins and controls of fatigue lie partly, if not mostly, within the brain and the central nervous system. The new research puts fresh weight to the hoary coaching cliché: you only think you’re tired.From the time of Hippocrates, the limits of human exertion were thought to reside in the muscles themselves, a hypothesis that was established in 1922 with the Nobel Prize-winning work of Dr. A.V. Hill. The theory went like this: working muscles, pushed to their limit, accumulated lactic acid.When concentrations of lactic acid reached a certain level, so the argument went, the muscles could no longer function. Muscles contained an ‘‘automatic brake,’’ Hill wrote,‘‘carefully adjusted by nature.’’Researchers, however, have long noted a link between neurological disorders and athletic potential. In the late 1800’s, the pioneering French doctor Philippe Tissié observed that phobias and epilepsy could be beneficial for athletic training. A few decades later, the German surgeon August Bier measured the spontaneous long jump of a mentally disturbed patient, noting that it compared favorably to the existing world record. These types of exertions seemed to defy the notion of built-in muscular limits and, Bier noted, were made possible by‘‘powerful mental stimuli and the simultaneous elimination of inhibitions.’’Questions about the muscle-centered model came up again in 1989 when Canadian researchers published the results of an experiment called Operation Everest II, in which athletes did heavy exercise in altitude chambers. The athletes reached exhaustion despite the fact that their lactic-acid concentrations remained comfortably low. Fatigue, it seemed, might be caused by something else.In 1999, three physiologists from the University of Cape Town Medical School in South Africa took the next step. They worked a group of cyclists to exhaustion during a 62-mile laboratory ride and measured, via electrodes, the percentage of leg muscles they were using at the fatigue limit. If standard theories were true, they reasoned, the body should recruit more muscle fibers as it approached exhaustion — a natural compensation for tired, weakening muscles.Instead, the researchers observed the opposite result. As the riders approached complete fatigue, the percentage of active muscle fibers decreased, until they were using only about 30 percent. Even as the athletes felt they were giving their all, the reality was that more of their muscles were at rest.Was the brain purposely holding back the body?‘‘It was as if the brain was playing a trick on the body, to save it,’’says Timothy Noakes, head of the Cape Town group. ‘‘Which makes a lot of sense, if you think about it. In fatigue, it only feels like we’re going to die. The actual physiological risks that fatigue represents are essentially trivial.’’From this, Noakes and his colleagues concluded that A.V. Hill had been right about the automatic brake, but wrong about its location.They postulated the existence of what they called a central governor:a neural system that monitors carbohydrate stores, the levels of glucose and oxygen in the blood, the rates of heat gain and loss, and work rates. The governor’s job is to hold our bodies safely back from the brink of collapse by creating painful sensations that we interpret as unendurable muscle fatigue.Fatigue, the researchers argue, is less an objective event than a subjective emotion —the brain’s clever, self-interested attempt to scare you into stopping.The way past fatigue, then, is to return the favor: to fool the brain by lying to it, distracting it or even provoking it. (That said, mental gamesmanship can never overcome a basic lack of fitness. As Noakes says, the body always holds veto power.)‘‘Athletes and coaches already do a lot of this instinctively,’’Noakes says.‘‘What is a coach, after all, but a technique for overcoming the governor?’’The governor theory is far from conclusive, but some scientists are focusing on a walnut-size area in the front portion of the brain called the anterior cingulate cortex. This has been linked to a host of core functions, including handling pain, creating emotion and playing a key role in what’s known loosely as willpower. Sir Francis Crick, the co-discoverer of DNA, thought the anterior cingulate cortex to be the seat of the soul. In the sports world, perhaps no soul relies on it more than Jure Robic’s.Some people‘‘have the ability to reprocess the pain signal,’’ says Daniel Galper, a senior researcher in the psychiatry department at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. ‘‘It’s not that they don’t feel the pain; they just shift their brain dynamics and alter their perception of reality so the pain matters less. It’s basically a purposeful hallucination.’’Noakes and his colleagues speculate that the central governor theory holds the potential to explain not just feats of stamina but also their opposite: chronic fatigue syndrome (a malfunctioning, overactive governor, in this view).Moreover, the governor theory makes evolutionary sense. Animals whose brains safeguarded an emergency stash of physical reserves might well have survived at a higher rate than animals that could drain their fuel tanks at will.The theory would also seem to explain a sports landscape in which ultra-endurance events have gone from being considered medically hazardous to something perilously close to routine. The Ironman triathlon in Hawaii —a 2.4-mile swim, 112-mile bike ride and marathon-length run—was the ne plus ultra in endurance in the 1980’s, but has now been topped by the Ultraman, which is more than twice as long. Once obscure, the genre known as adventure racing, which includes 500-plus-mile wilderness races like Primal Quest, has grown to more than 400 events each year. Ultramarathoners, defined as those who participate in running events exceeding the official marathon distance of 26.2 miles, now number some 15,000 in the United States alone. The underlying physics have not changed, but rather our sense of possibility. Athletic culture, like Robic, has discovered a way to tweak its collective governor.
B 对于第一段的提出的一些现象提供了解释/ 解释第一段中的一个puzzle
Q3下列哪种歌曲广告对消费者影响最大：
男人，高知名度歌手，原声（male high personal significance original lyrics）
cherryxuzhaoli google到的类似文章
DAVID ALLAN Saint Joseph's University dallan@sju.edu
This study examines the effects of popular music in advertising to determine both the theoretical (the effect of popular music on the processing of advertising messages) and practical (the design of more effective advertisements using popular music) implications. An experiment is reported that tested the effects of three integrations of popular music in advertising: original lyrics, altered lyrics, and instrumentals (plus a control treatment with no music) on attention and memory. The results indicated that song vocals, either original or altered, are more effective stimuli of advertising effects than instrumentals or no popular music.
But Kahneman (1973) said that attention describes some internal mechanisms that determine the significance not the relevance of stimuli. This suggests that popular music with high or low personal significance will lead to greater or lesser attention to the integrated advertising messages; popular music vocals will be more attention-getting than other treatments; and original popular vocals with high personal significance will be the most effective at getting the attention of the individual.
Popular music with original vocals was a more effective stimulus of attention and memory when high in personal significance and popular music with altered vocals was a more effective stimulus of attention and memory when low in personal significance
The individuals in this experiment processed songs and artists they considered high in personal significance differently from those that were low in significance.... When the artist was significant, the original vocal led to greater brand attention but when the artist was not significant, the altered vocal led to greater brand attention.... It suggests that the level of significance of the music and/or the artist can affect involvement possibly resulting in different processing of the advertising messages.
and/or the artist can affect involvement possibly resulting in different processing of the advertising messages. While high personal significance can be a possible explanation for the attentiongaining value of original vocals, low personal significance cannot adequately explain the attention-gaining value of altered vocals. Three possible explanations include thenoveltyof hearing a popular song with altered lyrics (especially the first time); irritationcaused by the changed lyrics; and/or the lack of fit of the song or the artist with the brand. All of these could have been attention-gaining stimuli causing greater attention to the brand and the song. It is clear, however, that lyrics (either original or altered) are important and that even though an interaction was observed for just one song and artist ("The Middle" by Jimmy Eat World) based on the lyrics, the results are of practical importance to advertisers for two primary reasons. First, the use of no music or an instrumental version of a popular song should be avoided. Second, if the advertiser is able to use a popular song that is personally significant to the target market of the brand, then the original vocal version should be used, but if not, an altered vocal version should be considered.
Either way, personalsignificance plays a role in the effectiveness of popular music in advertising on attention and memory, brand memory were observed for one of the brands (Sony) for both the song ("Without Me") and the artist (Eminem), with some apparent significant effects for genders. It is interesting to note that for the Kodak brand, males were observed to have greater memory for the brand than females when the song and the artist ("The Middle" by Jimmy Eat World) were highly significant but that females had greater memory for the brand when the song and the artist were low in personal significance. This could suggest that males are more sensitive to the level of personalsignificancethey have for advertising messages integrated in popular music than females, but this would need future research.
V6
讲advertisement的不同情况的有效性
前面一大段好像是在讲下面这三种情况
1>With songs more effective than without
2>With vocal more effective than without
3>With original lyrics when in high personal significance more effective than with altered lyrics when in low personal significan 这种情况还解释了因为人们的注意力会放在了改过的词中, 原文有”lack of fit” 这里有题..
第二段讲:但是却没有原因解释得到下面这种情况
4>Male 对ad的反应会比Female 多..
然后还有一题是出了很多选项, 问你哪种是最effective的
V8
问题1：貌似是主旨题
问题2：说第二段的作用，我选的是解释第一段中的一个puzzle
问 题3：然后还有一题是出了很多选项, 问你哪种是最effective的我选的是male original lyrics when in high personal significance 好像还有个popular吧，总之要包含male high personal significance original lyrics
需要回原文的第一段和第三段定位 （Ozy：关键字为 男，原来，个人重要）作者: caicainiao 时间: 2011-5-11 15:44
第三篇~~~ 上来竟然有一屏半，这个长啊，是关于暗黑物质的
第一段：科学家猜测暗黑物质在宇宙中有很多啦
第二段：以往的科学手段测不出暗黑物质，科学家只能通过一个实验测定。这个测试是通过暗黑物质对其他星球的光造成的折射这种原理进行的
第三段：看到过暗黑物质，但不如设想能看到的多。而且其实它们主要在我们的星系，而不在outer space, where orginally expected to have more 黑物质(此处有题)
问题二，问在新的发现之前scientist 没有预料到什么，我选的是没想到 这种物质m... 会在galaxy center的比例那么多。这题确定！（因为文中最后一段说本来科学家本来hypothesis的是这种物质在 galaxy outer area 会比center 更多，结果新的发现是反过来的，读到这里时就觉得这个很可能是个考点)
问题三，有个高亮短语好像在这里 scientist before determine many equipments.. ... they are reluctant to estimate the quantity of 这种物质， 问有什么作用， 正确选项应该表达这个意思的那个： 科学家觉得应该还有更多这种物质的。（我理解是这种物质在科学家眼里应该很多的只是现阶段由于技术的原因没被发现而已或者detect不到而已）
In the 1980's, astronomer BohdanPaczynski proposed a way of determining whether the enormous dark haloconstituting the outermost part of the Milky Way galaxy is composed of MACHO's(massive compact halo objects), which are astronomical objects too dim to bevisible. Paczynski reasoned that ifMACHO's make up this halo, a MACHO would occasionally drift in front of a starin the Large Magellanic Cloud, a bright galaxy near the Milky Way. The gravity of a MACHO that had so drifted,astronomers agree, would cause the star's light rays, which would otherwisediverge, to bend together so that, as observed from Earth, the star wouldtemporarily appear to brighten, a process known as microlensing. Because many individual stars are ofintrinsically variable brightness, some astronomers have contended that the brighteningof intrinsically variable stars can be mistaken for microlensing. However, whereas the different colors oflight emitted by an intrinsically variable star are affected differently whenthe star brightens, all of a star's colors are equally affected bymicrolensing. Thus, if a MACHO magnifiesa star's red light tenfold, it will do the same to the star's blue light andyellow light. Moreover, it is highlyunlikely that a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud will undergo microlensingmore than once, because the chance that a second MACHO would pass in front ofexactly the same star is minuscule.
Question #55. 639-01 (23881-!-item-!-188;#058&000639-01)
It can be inferred from the passagethat which of the following would constitute the strongest evidence of themicrolensing of a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud?
(A) The brightness of such a staris observed to vary at irregular intervals.
(B) The brightening of such a staris observed to be of shorter duration than the brightening of neighboringstars.
(C) The red light of such a star isobserved to be brighter than its yellow light and its blue light.
(D) The red light, yellow light,and blue light of such a star are observed to be magnified temporarily by thesame factor.
(E) The red light of such a star isobserved to have increased tenfold.
Question #56. 639-04 (23927-!-item-!-188;#058&000639-04)
According to the passage,Paczynski's theory presumes that if MACHO's constituted the Milky Way's darkhalo, occasionally a MACHO would
(A) drift so as to lie in a directline between two stars in the outer Milky Way
(B) affect the light rays of a starin the Large Magellanic Cloud with the result that the star would seem for atime to brighten
(C) become obscured as a result ofthe microlensing of a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud
(D) temporarily increase theapparent brightness of a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud by increasing thegravity of the star
(E) magnify each color in thespectrum of a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud by a different amount
Question #57. 639-06 (23973-!-item-!-188;#058&000639-06)
The passage is primarily concernedwith
(A) outlining reasons why aparticular theory is no longer credited by some astronomers
(B) presenting data collected by aresearcher in response to some astronomers' criticism of a particular line ofreasoning
(C) explaining why a researcherproposed a particular theory and illustrating how influential that theory hasbeen
(D) showing how a researcher'stheory has been used to settle a dispute between the researcher and someastronomers
(E) describing a line of reasoningput forth by a researcher and addressing a contention concerning that line ofreasoning
黑物质叫Black Matter。文章还提到一个东西很重要，是“Neutralino”，好像有题。黑物质还分hot 和cold。我找来的Neutralino和black Matter的关系，也就这个还跟原文沾点儿边：
As a heavy, stable particle, the lightest neutralino is an excellent candidate to comprise the universe's cold dark matter. In many models the lightest neutralino can be produced thermally in the hot early universe and leave approximately the right relic abundance to account for the observed dark matter. A lightest neutralino of roughly 10–10000 GeV is the leading weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter candidate.
Neutralino dark matter could be observed experimentally in nature either indirectly or directly. In the former case, gamma ray and neutrino telescopes look for evidence of neutralino annihilation in regions of high dark matter density such as the galactic or solar center. In the latter case, special purpose experiments such as the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) seek to detect the rare impacts of WIMPs in terrestrial detectors. These experiments have begun to probe interesting supersymmetric parameter space, excluding some models for neutralino dark matter, and upgraded experiments with greater sensitivity are under development.
第一段讲:宇宙中大家知道的物质只占了5%,剩下的都是暗物质.剩下的不记得了.第一段没什么出题点
第二段:提问,暗物质是由什么组成的?P和N不是,接下来是"Nor can more than a few of Neutrino怎么怎么的,意思是Neutrino也不是暗物质. 接下来高亮"一个关于newtrino的实验,说它很轻啦,速度很快啦,因此很hot "总之也不是dark matter.
第三段: 记得个fit的词(我理解是根据以上neutrino特征的反面推出的dark matter的特征), 能fit dark matter的物质具有的特点是cold, sluggish等等. 貌似在现在的cosmatic中不存在,但是在standard的假说中有一种neutranilo的物质符合
第四段: 主要讲neutronilo的,这里提到它不被electromagnetic怎么着(在比较俩个N不同的选项里出现),同时它又是最轻的,它又很stable, 因为如果不够轻的话就会不stable从而被分成俩个更轻的(很绕的逻辑),
第二段和第四段非常长,而且有很多细节题.
第一题:高亮的实验的作用
记得的选项是:1,回答段首的问题.2,支持前面那句话"nor more than".3,为了第三段什么的.我选了第二个.
第二题:Neutrino 和 neutranilo的描述哪个正确(以下简称n1,n2)
1,n2在宇宙初期不被electromagnetic影响(我犹豫了下,文中是提到有,但是没有前面的宇宙初期的限定,我没选)
2,n2比n1重.(我选的这个)
3,n1不stable(文中没提)
4,n2在cosmic中实际上还没被发现?(我排除了)
V23 BY lupin 700
狗狗里面考古的V8说的很准确，感谢作者，感谢~~
第三段结尾说，这个物质宇宙中没有发现，但是有一个什么什么的模型吧可以推测好像，然后进入第四段开始推测这种物质的特点。(这个模型有题，其实就是在第四段的内容里面找)
第四段说了symmetric的观点，好像是说宇宙中的物质都有其对称的物质，然后开始根据N推测(哪个N记不得了)，最后结果是这个物质是massive,stable,sluggish的
有一题说下列哪个是正确的，选了一个说Neutrilino比other super**的要stable，不确定
还有一题说关于mass of universe正确的是，好像这么问的，我选的是dark matter的质量那些看的见得gas啊，还什么东东的要重，也不确定
V24 BY 粉红—台灯
dark matters暗物质 （1）开头是暗物质的定义：Stars, loose gas,..........5% visual（第一句话有考题 第三题 我的答案就是把这句话同意改写 答案用词invisual） （2）问Neutralino的特点：选项有两个numerous..., mass, not stable,sluggish.
搜索：伍月 （待确认）
In the 1980's, astronomer BohdanPaczynski proposed a way of determining whether the enormous dark haloconstituting the outermost part of the Milky Way galaxy is composed of MACHO's(massive compact halo objects), which are astronomical objects too dim to bevisible. Paczynski reasoned that ifMACHO's make up this halo, a MACHO would occasionally drift in front of a starin the Large Magellanic Cloud, a bright galaxy near the Milky Way. The gravity of a MACHO that had so drifted,astronomers agree, would cause the star's light rays, which would otherwisediverge, to bend together so that, as observed from Earth, the star wouldtemporarily appear to brighten, a process known as microlensing. Because many individual stars are ofintrinsically variable brightness, some astronomers have contended that the brighteningof intrinsically variable stars can be mistaken for microlensing. However, whereas the different colors oflight emitted by an intrinsically variable star are affected differently whenthe star brightens, all of a star's colors are equally affected bymicrolensing. Thus, if a MACHO magnifiesa star's red light tenfold, it will do the same to the star's blue light andyellow light. Moreover, it is highlyunlikely that a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud will undergo microlensingmore than once, because the chance that a second MACHO would pass in front ofexactly the same star is minuscule.
Question #55. 639-01 (23881-!-item-!-188;#058&000639-01)
It can be inferred from the passagethat which of the following would constitute the strongest evidence of themicrolensing of a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud?
(A) The brightness of such a staris observed to vary at irregular intervals.
(B) The brightening of such a staris observed to be of shorter duration than the brightening of neighboringstars.
(C) The red light of such a star isobserved to be brighter than its yellow light and its blue light.
(D) The red light, yellow light,and blue light of such a star are observed to be magnified temporarily by thesame factor.
(E) The red light of such a star isobserved to have increased tenfold.
Question #56. 639-04 (23927-!-item-!-188;#058&000639-04)
According to the passage,Paczynski's theory presumes that if MACHO's constituted the Milky Way's darkhalo, occasionally a MACHO would
(A) drift so as to lie in a directline between two stars in the outer Milky Way
(B) affect the light rays of a starin the Large Magellanic Cloud with the result that the star would seem for atime to brighten
(C) become obscured as a result ofthe microlensing of a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud
(D) temporarily increase theapparent brightness of a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud by increasing thegravity of the star
(E) magnify each color in thespectrum of a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud by a different amount
Question #57. 639-06 (23973-!-item-!-188;#058&000639-06)
The passage is primarily concernedwith
(A) outlining reasons why aparticular theory is no longer credited by some astronomers
(B) presenting data collected by aresearcher in response to some astronomers' criticism of a particular line ofreasoning
(C) explaining why a researcherproposed a particular theory and illustrating how influential that theory hasbeen
(D) showing how a researcher'stheory has been used to settle a dispute between the researcher and someastronomers
(E) describing a line of reasoningput forth by a researcher and addressing a contention concerning that line ofreasoning
V3"第一段是说DAM造成生态损害，所以拆除DAM会有很多好处，举了几个好处的例子
第二段是说贸然拆除DAM也会有很多损害，比如会使得一些不受欢迎的鱼溯江而上危害生态，还有由于大坝上游积累的淤泥中有很多毒素，拆除大坝也会时这些毒素随淤泥流向下游，还有其它例子
第三段举了美国Arizona那边一个大坝的例子，说拆除大坝可以拯救一种什么青蛙，但同时又会时一些危害鱼类得以跑到上游。于是科学家们想了种方法，就是把想要保护的青蛙鱼类的给捕起来，然后往大坝下游放毒药先毒死那些危害鱼类再拆除大坝放生这些保护物种。但是结果却是那些危害鱼类没给完全毒死
最后大概是说具体结果还要WAIT AND SEE。过了两天，再细节就记不大清了，大概只记得这些了，抱歉作者: caicainiao 时间: 2011-5-11 15:45
1.1.8 CEO
v1
第二篇第一段讲的是CEO在企业成功的因素中占的决定因素大吗？后面提出不是CEO是中层管理人员
第二段，讲CEO在是什么情况下有影响，但他们的影响很快消失，因为中层管理人员他么能够更多的接触员工
第三段讲在某个情况下影响较大，但是这不会使他们有更多"工资"（不确定），反正后面是有转折的，
整片文章时在削弱CEO对企业成功的影响
V2
说的是CEO的作用以及compensation for CEO 过高的问题，有学者认为CEO报酬高对公司业绩有好处，however， 作者反驳了这一点，三段，第一段总起，接着说consultants主要从CEO客户获益，第二段说CEO与实际具体工作的参与员工没有太多接触，inspire他们的概率小，接触他们的主要是中层管理者，CEO报酬过高会使这一部分人不满，lower morale。第三段说在IT等高技术产业，CEO的作用是决定性的，因为最终决策他们定。但这不能说明他们公司贡献大，因为他们做出的错误决策跟正确决策数量相当。 文章思路大概就这样子
V3
一篇是ceo的
第一段说CEO影响力大
第二段说CEO 没有中层人员领到力强
第三段说有些时候CEO 还是很重要的，对公司决策有影响，然后说明
v4
CEO 的compensation and performance
第一段 some argue deserve some says CEO的impact minor
第二段 middle manager paly more to corporation employee
第三段 techonology company CEO 更值得 making decision 他们要 but not to say most CEO deserve compensation
V5
第一篇是讨论CEO们的高薪酬是否合理，这篇jj好像已经很多了，记得一个题目是：
a. 一共三段，问每一段都提到了什么，我选的是views of authorative parties .....记不得原句了，汗
b. 没有b了，因为不记得了。。
V6
一篇CEO，就是为什么CEO不该拿高工资。三段很简单
V7
JJ里的CEO，每一段中间部分都有However用来削弱CEO的influence以及加强they don't deserve the compensation。
V8
狗狗里德CEO.第二段那个middle manager有一道细节题。好像选的是middle manager看见CEO赚的比较多心里很不爽，影响工作积极性
V9
考了CEO的影响的那篇
第一段：由于公司请的consultant可以从CEO那里得到更多将来的contract，所以他们经常评估说CEO对公司的影响大。
第二段：CEO对普通员工的影响力不是很大，因为这些员工通常是忠于他们的小的team还是group，所以中层管理人员通常的影响力大于CEO。CEO的薪资太高会影响这些中层管理人员的忠诚度。
第三段：在一些公司，需要经常做决定的，比如IT公司，CEO的impact就比较大，但是他们同时也做了很多灾难性的决定。
V10
CEO这个文章结构狠清楚，每一段开头，一个group说应该给CEO高薪，然后作者开始反驳这个group，题目也是总结题为主。作者: caicainiao 时间: 2011-5-11 15:51
V2
widely held view物种灭绝是因为地球上发生catastrophic
关于catastrophe 在阅读大全上找了个相关的，给大家参考下 答案EDADBC
Although numbers of animals in a given region may fluctuate from year to year, the fluctuations are often temporary and, over long periods, trivial. Scientists have advanced three theories of population control to account for this relative constancy.
The first theory attributes a relatively constant population to periodic climatic catastrophes that decimate populations with such frequency as to prevent them from exceeding some particular limit. In the case of small organisms with short life cycles, climatic changes need not be catastrophic: normal seasonal changes in photoperiod (daily amount of sunlight), for example, can govern population growth. This theory—the density-independent view—asserts that climatic factors exert the same regulatory effect on population regardless of the number of individuals in a region.
A second theory argues that population growth is primarily density-dependent—that is, the rate of growth of a population in a region decreases as the number of animals increases. The mechanisms that manage regulation may vary. For example, as numbers increase, the food supply would probably diminish, which would increase mortality. In addition, as Lotka and Volterra have shown, predators can find prey more easily in high-density populations. Other regulators include physiological control mechanisms: for example, Christian and Davis have demonstrated how the crowding that results from a rise in numbers may bring about hormonal changes in the pituitary and adrenal glands that in turn may regulate population by lowering sexual activity and inhibiting sexual maturation. There is evidence that these effects may persist for three generations in the absence of the original provocation. One challenge for density-dependent theorists is to develop models that would allow the precise prediction of the effects of crowding.
A third theory, proposed by Wynne-Edwards and termed “epideictic,” argues that organisms have evolved a “code” in the form of social or epideictic behavior displays, such as winter-roosting aggregations or group vocalizing; such codes provide organisms with information on population size in a region so that they can, if necessary, exercise reproductive restraint. However, Wynne-Edwards’ theory, linking animal social behavior and population control, has been challenged, with some justification, by several studies.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) argue against those scientists who maintain that animal populations tend to fluctuate
(B) compare and contrast the density-dependent and epideictic theories of population control
(C) provide example of some of the ways in which animals exercise reproductive restraint to control their own numbers
(D) suggests that theories of population control that concentrate on the social behavior of animals are more open to debate than are theories that do not
(E) summarize a number of scientific theories that attempt to explain why animal populations do not exceed certain limits
2. It can be inferred from the passage that proponents of the density-dependent theory of population control have not yet been able to
(A) use their theory to explain the population growth of organisms with short life cycles
(B) reproduce the results of the study of Christian and Davis
(C) explain adequately why the numbers of a population can increase as the population’s rate of growth decreases
(D) make sufficiently accurate predictions about the effects of crowding
(E) demonstrate how predator populations are themselves regulated
3. Which of the following, if true, would best support the density-dependent theory of population control as it is described in the passage?
(A) As the number of foxes in Minnesota decrease, the growth rate of this population of foxes begins to increase.
(B) As the number of woodpeckers in Vermont decreases, the growth rate of this population of woodpeckers also begins to decrease.
(C) As the number of prairie dogs in Oklahoma increases, the growth rate of this population of prairie dogs also begins to increase.
(D) After the number of beavers in Tennessee decreases, the number of predators of these beavers begins to increase.
(E) After the number of eagles in Montana decreases, the food supply of this population of eagles also begins to decrease.
4. According to the Wynne-Edwards theory as it is described in the passage, epideictic behavior displays serve the function of
(A) determining roosting aggregations
(B) locating food
(C) attracting predators
(D) regulating sexual activity
(E) triggering hormonal changes
5. The challenge posed to the Wynne-Edwards-theory by several studies is regarded by the author with
(A) complete indifference
(B) qualified acceptance
(C) skeptical amusement
(D) perplexed astonishment
(E) agitated dismay
6. Which of the following statements would provide the most of logical continuation of the final paragraph of the passage?
(A) Thus Wynne-Edwards’ theory raises serious questions about the constancy of animal population in a region.
(B) Because Wynne-Edwards’ theory is able to explain more kinds of animal behavior than is the density-dependent theory, epideictic explanations of population regulation are now widely accepted.
(C) The results of one study, for instance, have suggested that group vocalizing is more often used to defend territory than to provide information about population density.
(D) Some of these studies have, in fact, worked out a systematic and complex code of social behavior that can regulate population size.
(E) One study, for example, has demonstrated that birds are more likely to use winter-roosting aggregations than group vocalizing in order to provide information on population size.作者: caicainiao 时间: 2011-5-11 15:54
V2
P1. A travel guide mentioned the existence of sea serpents based on the recent recovery of huge and amorphous organisms from the ocean. However, little was known about the true identity of these organisms.
P2. Recent scientific findings provided unequivocal evidence that these organisms are in fact a type of whale.
P3. Due to the mystery-mongering attitude of writers on this topic, it may take longer for the general public to accept the fact suggested by recent scientific findings.
Q1. Which of the following would the author most likely to agree regarding the travel guide?
--> The travel guide shares the same attitude with some writers on this topic.
Q2. Which of the following would the author most likely to agree regarding the organisms recovered from the ocean?
-->They are huge and have no skeletons or distinctive shapes （八神妄语：其实，考的是amorphous）
V4
P1. A travel guide mentioned the existence of sea serpents based on the recent recovery of huge and amorphous(无定形的,无组织的)organisms from the ocean. However, little was known about the true identity of these organisms.
P2.Recent scientific findings provided unequivocal evidence that these organisms are in fact a type of whale.
P3.Due to the mystery-mongering 传奇的传播 attitude of writers on this topic, it may take longer for the general public to accept the fact suggested by recent scientific findings.
v2 P1:讲述海怪的存在,有引用好像是导游还是什么人的话,说明有海怪存在(这里有题,会问为什么引用这个话,我选择说明在这个时候还没有人去研究海怪传说的真实性.)接着距离说明很多地方有残骸washed ashore.2001年的例子,2003年的例子,还有提到1988年的例子,(是智利的一个海岸?)说前一次在1988年,后来还有残骸出现.(后面这个有题)
P2:就讲澳洲的科学家着手研究这些残骸.欲采取DNA验证手段.有些残骸证明是抹香鲸(perm whale, cachalot)的.大多数残骸都年代久远,因此很难提取DNA,但是分析其纤维组织结构也能证明是类似动物身上的组织.
P3:至此,这个谜团已经解开了.之前有很多探索文章或者报道里面都是渲染了一种mystery的色彩,以后开始,这些都要被revised了.但是因为人们比较喜欢mystery的东西,可能短时间内这种改变还不会来临.
题目有,
（1）为什么引用那个人的话; JJ作者选：说明在这个时候还没有人去研究海怪传说的真实性。
（2）1988年例子之后那个例子说明了什么.
（3）Q1.Which of the following would the author most likely to agree regarding the travel guide?
--> The travel guide shares the same attitude with some writers on this topic.
（4）Q2.Which of the following would the author most likely to agree regarding the organisms recovered from the ocean?
-->They are huge and have no skeletons or distinctive shapes!!!
一个原因是传统的测量方法没有办法真正测出服务业的增长情况。because it has been concentrated in improved quality of services. Yet traditional measures of manufacturing productivity have shown significant increases despite the under measurement of quality, whereas service productivity has continued to stagnate.
然而又有一些人把这个归因于政府的赤字。Budget deficit.如果federal budget deficit 低，利率interest也就低，对于新技术的投资就多。但是服务业并不着急使用新技术，服务业的managers 不能广泛运用新技术。一些公司的情况说明如果managers 能够运用新技术，挑选熟练地员工，那么服务业的生产率一定会上升的。但是企业间不断地兼并以及政府不恰当的调节，使得经理们不能专注于这些正确的策略。
V2
service sector in US
主要是讲美国为什么service sector productivity无法增长而manufacturingsector productivity却一直保持增长。讨论了各种各样的观点，但作者都认为不靠谱。文章最后一句有作者认为的可能的观点。
记得的题目包括：
a. 进入80年代之前的manufacturing sector performance怎么样，答案应该是poorly(原文有讲80年代开始之后productivity有大幅提高貌似)
b. 同上（想起来的时候我会过来补充的）。。
v3
1945年到1965年间美国经济productivity 一直在以每年3%的年增长率增长，但1970年以后就下降到了只有1%。是什么原因造成的呢? 绝对不是manufacturing sector。因为自从1980年以后，制造业的增长使美国一跃成为世界制造业的领头羊【此处出题问 “what can be infered about制造业的状况，immediately prior to 1980” 这里兰州不同意之前一篇寂静的观点，他选的是behavioring relavtively poor,但是问题里有immediately这个词，我选的是取得了较大进步，因为只有1980年前取得了较大进步，之后才能making America one of the领头羊，大家自己斟酌】 虽然制造业进步很大，但是它只占美国经济一小部分。1992年，制造业只雇佣了美国19.2%的工人；而服务业(service -producing )雇佣了70%的员工。虽然在1970年后，服务业的生产率也在提高，但提高的速度却在减慢。对于减慢的原因以及服务业和制造业之间的差距，有以下几种解释：
一个原因是传统的测量并有反应质量。因为服务业可能更注重于质量的提高。 Yet traditional measures ofmanufacturing productivity have shown significant increases despite the undermeasurement of quality, whereas service productivity has continued to stagnate.另一些人蛋逼说，是因为制造业的员工面临fiercer的国际竞争，这促使他们提高效率，而服务业面临的竞争较少，所以他们没有动力。但事实并非如此，制造业所面临的压力常常被夸大了【另一篇寂静里说的是服务业，兰州记得是制造业】。【此处有题，答案就是制造业的压力被夸大，选项和原文就是把“夸大”这个词做了不同的翻译，一个overstated，一个exaggerated】。实事上，虽然的确有些制造业的员工因为国外的竞争而失去了工作，但更多的人失去工作是因为产品需求的增长缓慢。
还有一些人把这个归因于政府的Budget Deficit.如果federal budget deficit 低，利率interest也就低，对于新技术的投资就多。但是企业间不断地兼并以及政府不恰当的调节，使得经理们不能专注于这些正确的策略。
在GWD上找到篇，应该是。大家参考
1. T-3-Q33-Q36 80年代美国经济增长变缓原因何在
(This passage is excerpted from material published in 1997)
Whereas United States eco- 美国经济增长从1970’s
nomic productivity grew at an annual 起变缓，增长率从3%
rate of 3 percent from 1945 to 1965, 降至1%。
Line it has grown at an annual rate of
(5) only about 1 percent since the early
1970’s. What might be preventing 原因何在？
higher productivity growth? Clearly, 不是制造业原因。
the manufacturing sector of the
economy cannot be blamed. Since
(10) 1980, productivity improvements 自1980年，制造业的
in manufacturing have moved the 生产力从谷底上升至
United States from a position of 世界前列。
acute decline in manufacturing
to one of world prominence.
(15) Manufacturing, however, consti- 而且制造业只占经济一
tutes a relatively small proportion 小部分。
of the economy. In 1992, goods- 1992年制造业只雇19.1%
producing businesses employed 的美国工人，服务业却
only 19.1 percent of American 雇了70%。
(20) workers, whereas service-producing
businesses employed 70 percent.
Although the service sector has 虽然服务业在1970’s有
grown since the late 1970’s, its 所增长，其生产力下降。
productivity growth has declined.
(25) Several explanations have been 对制造业和服务业生产
Offered for this declined and for the 力增长的差异的解释有
discrepancy in productivity growth 很多
between the manufacturing and
service sectors. One is that tra- 一个是传统衡量不能
(30) ditional measures fail to reflect 反映服务业的生产力
service-sector productivity growth 增长，因为它只关心
because it has been concentrated 服务质量的改善。
in improved quality of services.
Yet traditional measures of manu- 而衡量制造业则相反
(35) facturing productivity have shown
significant increases despite the
undermeasurement of quality,
whereas service productivity has
continued to stagnate. Others argue 另一个解释是制造业
(40) that since the 1970’s, manufacturing 工人在竞争下提高了
workers, faced with strong foreign 效率，而服务业相反
competition, have learned to work
more efficiently in order to keep their
jobs in the United States, but service
(45) workers, who are typically under
less global competitive pressure,
have not. However, the pressure on 但是制造业工人提
manufacturing workers in the United 高效率被夸大了，
States to work more efficiently has 由于政治原因。
(50) generally been overstated, often
for political reasons. In fact, while 虽然竞争造成制造
some manufacturing jobs have been 业的一些失业，但
lost due to foreign competition, many 主要原因还是需求
more have been lost simply because 增长缓慢。
(55) of slow growth in demand for manu-
factured goods.
Yet another explanation blames 还有一种解释是联
the federal budget deficit: if it were 邦预算赤字。
lower, interest rate would be lower 赤字减少，投资增
(55) too, thereby increasing investment 加，服务业就有钱投
in the development of new technol- 资新技术，提高生产
ogies, which would spur productivity 力。
growth in the service sector. There 但这是错的。
is, however, no dearth of techno-
(60) logical resources, rather, managers 其实是服务业经理
in the service sector fail to take 没利用好现有的技
advantage of widely available skills 术和机器。
and machines. High productivity
growth levels attained by leading-
(65) edge service companies indicate 如成功的公司就是
that service sector managers 用好了现成技术和
who wisely implement available 工人。
technology and choose skillful
workers can significantly improve
(70) their companies’ productivity.
The culprits for service-sector 服务业生产力停滞
productivity stagnation are the 原因是企业合并和
forces－such as corporate 不必要的政府律令。
takeovers and unnecessary
(75) governmental regulation－that
distract managers from the task
of making optimal use of available
resources.
文章结构清晰，为了回答为什么经济衰退，找到服务业的原因，为什么服务业衰退，找到服务业管理者的原因，最后找到根源：the forces---corporate takeovers and unnecessary governmental regulation.
T-3-Q33
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the budget deficit explanation for the discrepancy mentioned in line 27?
A. Research shows that the federal budget deficit has traditionally caused service companies to invest less money in research and development of new technologies.
B. New technologies have been shown to play a significant role in companies that have been able to increase their service productivity.
C. In both service sector and manufacturing, productivity improvements are concentrated in gains in quality.
D. The service sector typically requires larger investments in new technology in order to maintain productivity growth than dose manufacturing
E. High interest rates tend to slow the growth of manufacturing productivity as much as they slow the growth of service-sector productivity in the United States.
T-3-Q34
The passage states which of the following about the effect of foreign competition on the American manufacturing sector since the 1970’s?
A. It has often been exaggerated.
B. It has not been a direct cause of job loss.
C. It has in large part been responsible for the subsequent slowing of productivity growth.
D. It has slowed growth in the demand for manufactured goods in the United States.
E. It has been responsible for the majority of American jobs lost in manufacturing.
However, the pressure on manufacturing workers in the United States to work more efficiently has generally been overstated,
T-3-Q35
It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following was true of the United States manufacturing sector in the years immediately prior to 1980?
A. It was performing relatively poorly.
B. It was in a position of world prominence.
C. It was increasing its productivity at an annual rate of 3 percent.
D. It was increasing its productivity at an annual rate of 1 percent.
E. Its level of productivity was higher than afterward.
Since 1980, productivity improvements in manufacturing have moved the United States from a position of acute decline in manufacturing to one of world prominence.
T-3-Q36
The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about productivity improvements in United States service companies?
A. Such improvements would be largely attributable to efficiencies resulting from corporate takeovers.
B. Such improvements would depend more on wise implementation of technology than on managers’ choice of skilled workers.
C. Such improvements would be more easily accomplished if there were fewer governmental regulations of the service sector.
D. Such improvements would require companies to invest heavily in the development of new technologies.
E. Such improvements would be attributable primarily to companies’ facing global competitive pressure.
The culprits for service-sector productivity stagnation are the forces－such as corporate takeovers and unnecessary governmental regulation－that distract managers from the task of making optimal use of available resources.文章最后一句话。作者: caicainiao 时间: 2011-5-11 15:57
1.3.4 ice age
V1
ice age, 有一个神马理论推出其成因，好像是跟地球绕太阳公转有关系。其中有一位仁兄站出来由另一种说法，结尾科学家说有待考究（原文说的是要第二个新理论成立必须排除一些别的因数比如潮汐和海水什么•影响来着）
v2
关于怎么鉴定ice age的，第一段某M提出一种观点，某I发现ocean sediment的某种特质证明了这种观点，第二段某人发现陆地上的一些东西反驳了M，第三段说M的观点是对的，第二段的家伙和I不同是陆地和海洋的数据有差异。
在阅读大全上找到个这个很相似, 大家看看。有红有黄，黄色是正确答案，剩下红色是正确答案
Passage 18 (18/63)
Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that the ice ages were caused by variations in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun. For sometime this theory was considered untestable, largely because there was no sufficiently precise chronology of the ice ages with which the orbital variations could be matched.
To establish such a chronology it is necessary to determine the relative amounts of land ice that existed at various times in the Earth’s past. A recent discovery makes such a determination possible: relative land-ice volume for a given period can be deduced from the ratio of two oxygen isotopes, 16 and 18, found in ocean sediments. Almost all the oxygen in water is oxygen 16, but a few molecules out of every thousand incorporate the heavier isotope 18. When an ice age begins, the continental ice sheets grow, steadily reducing the amount of water evaporated from the ocean that will eventually return to it. Because heavier isotopes tend to be left behind when water evaporates from the ocean surfaces, the remaining ocean water becomes progressively enriched in oxygen 18. The degree of enrichment can be determined by analyzing ocean sediments of the period, because these sediments are composed of calcium carbonate shells of marine organisms, shells that were constructed with oxygen atoms drawn from the surrounding ocean. The higher the ratio of oxygen 18 to oxygen 16 in a sedimentary specimen, the more land ice there was when the sediment was laid down.
As an indicator of shifts in the Earth’s climate, the isotope record has two advantages. First, it is a global record: there is remarkably little variation in isotope ratios in sedimentary specimens taken from different continental locations. Second, it is a more continuous record than that taken from rocks on land. Because of these advantages, sedimentary evidence can be dated with sufficient accuracy by radiometric methods to establish a precise chronology of the ice ages. The dated isotope record shows that the fluctuations in global ice volume over the past several hundred thousand years have a pattern: an ice age occurs roughly once every 100,000 years. These data have established a strong connection between variations in the Earth’s orbit and the periodicity of the ice ages.
However, it is important to note that other factors, such as volcanic particulates or variations in the amount of sunlight received by the Earth, could potentially have affected the climate. The advantage of the Milankovitch theory is that it is testable: changes in the Earth’s orbit can be calculated and dated by applying Newton’s laws of gravity to progressively earlier configurations of the bodies in the solar system. Yet the lack of information about other possible factors affecting global climate does not make them unimportant.
1. In the passage, the author is primarily interested in
(A) suggesting an alternative to an outdated research method
(B) introducing a new research method that calls an accepted theory into question
(C) emphasizing the instability of data gathered from the application of a new scientific method
(D) presenting a theory and describing a new method to test that theory
(E) initiating a debate about a widely accepted theory
2. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the Milankovitch theory?
(A) It is the only possible explanation for the ice ages.
(B) It is too limited to provide a plausible explanation for the ice ages, despite recent research findings.
(C) It cannot be tested and confirmed until further research on volcanic activity is done.
(D) It is one plausible explanation, though not the only one, for the ice ages.
(E) It is not a plausible explanation for the ice ages, although it has opened up promising possibilities for future research.
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the isotope record taken from ocean sediments would be less useful to researchers if which of the following were true?
(A) It indicated that lighter isotopes of oxygen predominated at certain times.
(B) It had far more gaps in its sequence than the record taken from rocks on land.
(C) It indicated that climate shifts did not occur every 100,000 years.
(D) It indicated that the ratios of oxygen 16 and oxygen 18 in ocean water were not consistent with those found in fresh water.
(E) It stretched back for only a million years.
4. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the ratios of oxygen isotopes in ocean sediments?
(A) They indicate that sediments found during an ice age contain more calcium carbonate than sediments formed at other times.
(B) They are less reliable than the evidence from rocks on land in determining the volume of land ice.
(C) They can be used to deduce the relative volume of land ice that was present when the sediment was laid down.
(D) They are more unpredictable during an ice age than in other climatic conditions.
(E) They can be used to determine atmospheric conditions at various times in the past.
5. It can be inferred from the passage that precipitation formed from evaporated ocean water has
(A) the same isotopic ratio as ocean water
(B) less oxygen 18 than does ocean water
(C) less oxygen 18 than has the ice contained in continental ice sheets
(D) a different isotopic composition than has precipitation formed from water on land
(E) more oxygen 16 than has precipitation formed from fresh water
6. According to the passage, which of the following is (are) true of the ice ages?
I. The last ice age occurred about 25,000 years ago.
II. Ice ages have lasted about 10,000 years for at least the last several hundred thousand years.
III. Ice ages have occurred about every 100,000 years for at least the last several hundred thousand years.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and only
(E) I, II and III
7. It can be inferred from the passage that calcium carbonate shells
(A) are not as susceptible to deterioration as rocks
(B) are less common in sediments formed during an ice age
(C) are found only in areas that were once covered by land ice
(D) contain radioactive material that can be used to determine a sediment’s isotopic composition
(E) reflect the isotopic composition of the water at the time the shells were formed
8. The purpose of the last paragraph of the passage is to
(A) offer a note of caution
(B) introduce new evidence
(C) present two recent discoveries
(D) summarize material in the preceding paragraphs
(E) offer two explanations for a phenomenon
9. According to the passage, one advantage of studying the isotope record of ocean sediments is that it
(A) corresponds with the record of ice volume taken from rocks on land
(B) shows little variation in isotope ratios when samples are taken from different continental locations
(C) corresponds with predictions already made by climatologists and experts in other fields
(D) confirms the record of ice volume initially established by analyzing variations in volcanic emissions
(E) provides data that can be used to substantiate records concerning variations in the amount of sunlight received by the Earth作者: caicainiao 时间: 2011-5-11 15:58
1.4.5 冥王星
定义： 冥王星 什么星 什么什么的
第二段 how ever ....evidence find that suggest 这些星本来不是在原有的轨道上
第三段 two 方式 for how to migration 即星得移动是如何进行的作者: caicainiao 时间: 2011-5-11 16:02
1.4.6 highland冶炼史
Peru还是Chile某highland的冶炼史
第一段大意是专家们猜想应该很久之前就有人在这个地方挖矿/冶炼，但一直没找到证据。所以他们只能一直认为是西班牙人去了之后才开始冶炼。但最近找到了一个证据，通过对附近一个湖里sediment的化学分析，确认了很久之前确实有冶炼活动。
第二段就详细说了整个research的过程。其中提到银的痕迹出现在14/15世纪，说明那时才有对银的冶炼活动。
题目包括：
a. 问第一段跟第二段的role，不记得具体的选项，但记住第二段是具体阐释就可以选到答案了。
b. 好像有一道是问通过对湖里sediment研究发现了什么？应该也很好选。。作者: caicainiao 时间: 2011-5-11 16:02
1.4.7 figurine
V1
figurine，第一段在Near East 和M地都发现female figurine，对比了一下，第二段上来就说the initial problem is whether figurine in M is female.后面说M地的F有什么特点，什么with marks 什么的，但是没有female deity，第三段说NE的F特点，什么更abstraction，什么更womanhood。很长
v2
关于神马出土的小泥人的，说两个地方都出土小泥人，然后很憋比较了他们是不是有female deity（应该是这么拼）作者: caicainiao 时间: 2011-5-11 16:03
