1. Social Science Division
1.1Culture
1.1.1.美国黑人的文化和African tradition的关系 (文章很长,分了4段)
第一段,针对有个有一个researcher S一本书说美国黑人奴隶文化最重要是受到African Tradition的影响,跟移民美國後所受的環境影響無關。
第二段,作者不赞同,认为 第一,S没有意识到,当这些黑人被带到全新环境并且沦为奴隶的时候,对他们已有culture的冲击影响,第二,S认为非洲本土的文化是同源的,他忽略了即便在非洲,也因为地理环境经济因素等等在culture上有很大的差异,第三,S讲的非洲文化只对于那些出生在非洲的黑人成立,但对于第二代在美国出生的黑人奴隶来讲,他们的文化受到美国culture的影响更大。作者反驳African Tradition在拉丁美洲的影响are no greater than在美国的影响。古巴, 巴西,海地等地方的奴隶多是African-born而美国大部分的黑人奴隶主要是American-born.所以作者认为African Tradition在拉丁美洲的影响应该比在美国的影响大。作者舉了好幾個國家反駁此觀點(有考題,問作者舉這些國家古巴等国的作用,我選證明它們黑奴所受的影響比想像中多). 作者接着讲,因此就不难理解为什么S认为非洲文化对于美国,古巴,海地这些黑人奴隶输入很多的国家的影响是相同的。而实际上,因为古巴,海地等国从非洲的奴隶输入一直持续,他们受到更大非洲文化的影响。相反的,美国因为在奴隶制鼎盛的时期主要黑人都是出生在美国的第二代,美国受到的影响要比古巴等国小。
第三段,最后作者讲,尽管S有很多讲的是不对的,但是有一点他是对的,非洲文化对美国黑人的文化甚至对整个美国文化都有很大影响。
1.*問作者舉這些國家古巴等国的作用,我選證明它們黑奴所受的影響比想像中多
*作者反对,说智力、巴西、海地等国家的非洲文化比美国更显著,因为在这些国家一直都有黑人从非洲本土带来非洲文化, (问为什么提到这几个国家?,我选provide example )
2. *还有一道是文章后面有提到南美地区黑人的~问有什么作用~选项都比较歪~应该是一个和美国黑人对比体现美国的黑人文化更加适应了local什么什么的~
3.*说十九世纪怎么样:定位最后一段直接改写。
十九世纪的美国黑人怎样,我选大部分都土生土长在美国了。文中可以找到的
*考点是一个是文章中间有提到美国黑人文化还是人口什么的顶峰的时候的黑人基本都是在美国出生的~然后题目就问美国XX时期(就是那个顶峰时期)黑人的特质是什么~就选在美国出生应该就对了~
4. *题目中有一题问作者和那个他反对的学者观点都赞成的是什么,选项都很长, 比较纠结.
*有一题问作者和S相同的观点,选A,都同意非洲人不管来自哪个地域,都based on a certain culture assumption,文中第二段有个although undoubtedly EVERY BLACK MAN OF AFRICAN ORIGIN BEARS THE SAME ASSUMPTION OF THEIR TRADITIONAL values
*作者assume美国黑人和其他地方的黑人文化怎样,我选他们share certain characteristics of african culture.那句话在文中是以although开头的,很狡猾。
5. *还有一道问作者对那个写书的人的态度~应该是overstate什么什么~好像是E~
*有highlight题
6. …问作者会最同意哪个? 一个干扰项是在美国和其他黑人国家里面,黑人文化都是有Predominant的影响,我选的是对于长在美国那些奴隶的后代而言,美国文化的影响很大。作者: bigpig 时间: 2011-3-25 16:57
1.1.2.一个女作家的文章 (分了四段, 超长, 快2屏幕的文章. It变简单了because came from all around 600)
第一段, 讲美国一个女作家神马斯坦的一片小说, (书名很诡异,前两行有括号,说小说英文名字是inner yard)。这本小说的historical value一直被以往很多学者注重,高度表扬。但作者认为其实这个小说还有诸多社会文化上的其他价值, 其文学价值也很大,应该得到重视。即此小说其实不只是评论家分析的那样,有更好的东西值得欣赏。(考主旨题)
第二段, 讲了作者在写这篇小说时候的背景,是什么让她创造了这篇小说。介绍了一下小说内容,写她的小说其实写了二战时期波兰(?)的一个家庭, 一个inner yard里面的事情,写院子什么的细节及其变化,并且也反映了神马斯坦当时的political affiliation of family members(有考题,我选的是说这个inner yards是一个micro神马的,见微知著的感觉)(问家庭是怎样的描述手法,我选的是从microscope看出全景,就是以小见大)
第三段, 说这个小说运用的文学手法也很独特,融合了(原词subvert,有考题,问神马意思)印度的史诗(后面一个破折号介绍到底是神吗,不重要,可以略读)和当地的一个oral narration,创造出 a sense of dispossession and lost (subvert考题的定位,选一个开头是adapt的选项)
第四段, 说同时期的英国女作家(举了几人名)比如奥斯汀等也有类似特征,但是基于M地方还是English和S地区,不能就此断定斯坦女作家就是受英国女作家的影响, 即此(受英国女作家的影响)就不知道了。(有考题,问作者觉得不能确定以下哪个,选说英国女作家和斯坦女作家的相似是不是coincidental)(问不知道什么,选A,只有A项是Englsih和S地区放一组的)(细节题定位在最后一句话。)
1. 主题题
2. 问家庭是怎样的描述手法,我选的是从microscope看出全景,就是以小见大
3.问subvert神马意思:选开头是adapt的那个
4. 作者觉得不能决定以下哪个结论:选说英国女作家和斯坦女作家的相似是不是coincidental
KG: Above enough, but this KG + questions
Q1第二段写小家庭是为了什么,答案选是浓缩反映了社会背景。
*书中讲家庭背景是干嘛来着的。选一个选项带micro***的一个词,就是以小见大的意思,来看整个当时社会的政治,社会生态。
*只有第一题,问你小说中写到了family有什么作用。我选了从family反应当时的社会大背景。
Q2问的是作者认为不能确定下列哪一项? 选的是whether 这个印度女作家的作品和Bronte她们的作品相似只是偶然
(Because文章中最后一句话说到了对她们之间的研究是moot的)
*问作者对什么问题不sure。。。定位在最后一段最后几句的评价之类的。 答案是那个作者不确定这个author和England 的author写作风格相似是因为有意的借鉴还是coincidence。
Q3问infer了作者对该作品的何种看法: 作者认为仅仅从政治方面看这部作品是不对的,它的literature意义也很重大
*问infer了作者对该作品的何种看法: 作者认为仅仅从政治方面看这部作品是不对的,它的literature的意义也很重大
Q4问infer了作者对该女作家的何种态度:author认为这部作品的作者从一个带有anger的女子的角度出发来叙述她身边的人和事情,从而透露出那个时代的特点之类的。
Q5还有一题好像也infer大概是问写作手法 :采用了两种写作手法,一种是traditional的写法,还有种是narrative的独特手法。
Q6问了一个subvert的含义: 答案有那个adapt 什么的,还有reduce the effectiveness. 不确定”作者: bigpig 时间: 2011-3-25 16:57
1.2Business & Economics
1.2.1. 英国和中国工业进程对比
第一段 , 英国的棉、线dominated world market之类的,而中国虽然也是棉花大国,却比不上英国。有观点说因为democratic reason,中国的女人很早就结婚生子所以劳动力充足,因此无需担心劳动力紧缺的问题,因此也不用提高技术以提高生产效率,无需大力发展生产力进行工业化。而英国一些女人结婚晚要孩子更晚,所以英国必须推进industrialization。
第二段 , 随 之否定了这一观点, 说并不是这样的,中国比英国慢的原因是妇女的社会经济地位有关。其实中国劳动力不足。作者举了一个研究:实际上中国寡妇不能再婚,穷人不能结婚,所以人口不是关键,是妇女地位决定的。说中国女人不会为了工资而出去公司,一般都呆在家里,没有足够的妇女成为工业生产的劳动力。 原因是英国的妇女成家前加入社会劳动力大军,可以在外面工作争取工资,提供了廉价的劳动力。而中国的妇女往往不参加社会生 产,通常在家生产,做家务之余帮忙一些家里的工作,而不出外打工,因此小农经济繁荣。没有足够的妇女成为工业生产的劳动力,中国的公司因为缺乏廉价的劳动力所以斗不过homemade小作坊,家庭作坊成本低,比较普遍,因此中国factory不成功,导致中国工业化进程缓慢,同时中国妇女大都在家工作生产很多产品,导致工厂的产品需求不是很高。
中国比英国慢的原因是妇女的社会经济地位有关。
1. *一道主旨题: 文章主要讲什么?我选的是介绍中国比英国工业化晚的原因。
*主题题。比较英国跟中国在工业革命前的情况,分析中国的工业化发展为什么慢。
*问文章的purpose,总之就是第一段开头提出一个传统观点,但实际文章是支持紧接着提出的新观点。
内容主题题:我选的make clear the reason why Chines woman different with British women 俺觉得这个主体是讨论英国工业化为啥比中国快?而不是讨论英国女人和中国女人的区别?中国女人和应该女人只是为了来说明工业化进程的差别?
*一个主题题我选reasoned critism(忘了是不是critism,不过肯定是reasoned), 因为第一段提了这个观点有flaw, 第二段也明确说sb提出一个可能的reason.
2. *第二个问题,下列对中国妇女说法正确的是什么, 有两个答案比较接近, 一个说他们一般在家劳动to complement their husbands' earnings还有一个是说they never work outside with wage, 我选了后者, 因为文中有提到British women work outside with wage,然后用unlike带出中国妇女怎样,没提到complement husbands earnings,不过的确提到了在家劳动. D.中国妇女可以以低成本在local shop出售她们在家生产出的产品。这个选项不对。.
*还有一道我只记得正确选项是 中国妇女不会为了工资出去工作(寂静中有)
*题目有一个事实题,问true about women in China:选E她们不会为了工资出去工作"
* 有一题是说原因的:就是中国妇女在early adulthood 的时候由于封建之类的原因不能出去工作
3. * 一道细节题:从文章中能推测出中国妇女什么?我选的是
A结婚后可能很晚要小孩(排除)
B结婚后两个人都出去工作(排除)
c结婚后两人都什么??既不清了(排除)
d结婚很早(我就选的这个,不过不太确定)作者: bigpig 时间: 2011-3-25 16:58
1.2.3.消费者行为研究(consumption convenience理论)
p1 food 的销售策略 商家看重customer purchase decision 而不看重 customer consumption decision ,其实他是很重要的 有些商家没注意 搞什么“买一送一”使得其反
P2 customer consumption decision 的决定有两个方面 第一个是关于储存的,第二个是处理是否方便(像有单个包装的要方便一些)储存倾向于处理方便的 (有题 储存倾向于下列哪个)不方便的在量上不敏感也就是处理一些和大量都差不多(有个infer题)
有一题问“buy one and offer one”能推出什么?
有一题问客人会偏向于吃消费什么样子的食物。。。?好像是这个意思
KG:
第一段:很多人都只考虑purchase不考虑consumption。但postpurchase(即consumption)也很重要。人们很少把purchasing behavior和consuming behavior分开来,来分析大减价,比如说有商家推出买一送一(“buy one get one free”)的促销手段,在短期内受到了很好的效果. 如果消费者买了之后consumption quantity不增加, 有些商品“买一送一”后会恢复到以前的销量水平,除非consuming rates提高(这个点是第一题)。
第二段:中间有一些讲解customer convenience 如何影响消费者(而非购买者)行为的,一直在讲high convenience 和 low convenience。有一个还是两个结构题. 说人们更注重high convenience的products。有很多conditions会左右consumption,比如time, complicity, ease of preparation。。。(列举了有考点!)但有些小的大的无区别,举例泡咖啡都要spoon, cup, water。。。(这里考了个类比题)貌似是以下那种模式和文中所提模式是一样的, 文中模式是: 如果咖啡要一个小包装, 可能不会吸引顾客注意,但是要变成一个一个的小cup装, 泡一大壶可以和节省时间并且一样的收效. 。(这里是这篇阅读的最后一题,选取选项中与最后这个例子关系一样的,我选的是捎带一个邻居去超市和捎带两个邻居去超市那个选项。)
问题
1. *主旨题
一个是challenge传统理论,我觉得不对,虽然第一句是。但是第二段都在讲convenience(这些传统理论完全没提,传统理论只有开头一句话)
另一个是分析convenience什么的,我选了这个。。
*topic题。 我选:explore relations between stockpiling and consumption of food products.(其他都不像,只有这个提到关键词consumption)
2. *有个细节题要小心,问题是问stock piling(存货)和trigger consumption increase的关系在high-convenience package和low-convenience package中一样吗?文中说消费者在第一次 消费low convenience package之后会更容易提高消费量。这里我有点晕,没看懂。
*还问了一题。。说对于stockpiling 的食物。下列哪种情况会更可能去consume stockpiling的食物。。。我选的好像是在吃之前不用addtional的preparation的。。好像是E。。当时有个D是说不会产生额外的费用的。。纠结了一下。。还有C是说当他们是impulsively purchase的。。A是当他们不是独立包装的。。B忘记了。。
狗里的跟原文第二段有90%相似度。。
*哪个会trigger consumption of stockpiling?我选:Preparing food will not cause monetary expenditure.(定位第二段,文章提到影响convenience of preparation的因素有cost)
3. 还有问道影响consumption的condition中文章没有提到的是?我选的是如果没有放进冰箱是否会腐烂。
4. *类比题,说文章最后那个泡一大包茶和一小包茶和下列哪个类似,我选了驾车载邻居去超级市场,载一个人和载5个人是一样的。
*问下面哪个例子和原文最后的例子一样。
有2个选项比较纠结
一个是给一个人准备一份饭和给5个人分别准备1份饭。(有个five-course词,我不知道具体什么意思)
还有一个是造一个简单的楼,造一个大楼(这个应该不对)
我选了最后一个做一份给1个人的调查和做一份给2个人的调查。
原文类似物搜索:zencheng902(第二段) loverwy
In the context of packaged goods, consumer behavior research tends to focus on purchase decisions rather than consumption decisions. Yet consumers’ ability to increase consumption is critical for growing mature brands that have already achieved high levels of household penetration and loyalty (Wansink 1994a; Wansink and Ray 1996). Understanding postpurchase consumption behavior is also important in the assessment of the profitability of stockpilinginducing promotions, such as multiunit packs or “buy one get one free” offers, which may deplete future sales unless consumers increase consumption rates (Blattberg and Neslin 1990).
As is shown in Figure 1, the convenience of consuming the product moderates the impact of stockpiling on consumption rate: Stockpiling is more likely to trigger consumption incidence for high-convenience products than for low-convenience products. Consumption convenience can contribute to as much as 48% of impulsively consumed food (Wansink 1994b). Consumption convenience is a function of the time, comfort, and ease of preparation, depending on the number, complexity, cost, and accessibility of the operations required before consumption (Gehrt and Yale 1993; Reilly 1982). Consumption convenience can be influenced by packaging (e.g., individually wrapped packs are convenient because they do not force consumers to use, store, or waste the remaining quantity), and it applies to food as well as nonfood products (e.g., prestamped envelopes versus regular unstamped envelopes).
We anticipate that convenience moderates the impact that stockpiling has on consumption incidence but does not influence the impact on consumption quantity (given incidence). Low-convenience products are ingredients or steps in a broader process. They often require the availability of other ingredients and the performance of multiple operations before they can be consumed. For example, consuming iced tea from a mix requires time, water, a container, a spoon, and refrigeration; using detergent requires time, dirty laundry, and a washing machine. All these ingredients need to be available for consumption incidence to occur. However, when all the ingredients are available and the first consumption incidence occurs, low-convenience products can subsequently be consumed in higher quantities relatively easily. Preparing a small pitcher (大水罐) of iced tea from a powdered mix, for example, requires almost as much time and effort as preparing a large pitcher. Stockpiling therefore increases consumption quantity (given incidence) for high- and lowconvenience products. However, stockpiling triggers consumption incidence primarily for high-convenience products. As a result, stockpiling increases total consumption (the product of higher incidence and higher quantity given incidence) more for high-convenience products than for low-convenience products.作者: bigpig 时间: 2011-3-25 16:58
1.2.5. Tragedy of the Commons One short essay
*关于“Tragedy of the Commons”的,举的是鱼的例子,第三段说到政府为何无效,有题
三题 : 一 类比 选的 air 在北美上空
二 infer 问作者对政府的观点最统一下边哪个 选 政府和个人一样 也是会看中 利益
三 主题 选 描述了个概念。
*文章头四个词被用引号括了起来,说这是指共有资源的什么什么。然后就又用了一个设问句,问如果全世界的鸡肉全部耗尽的话,那么鱼的stock会 怎么样(感觉是用来引出全文的,没仔细看,事实也证明无观大雅),后面就说其实鸡肉的供应是有利益所有人的,不论是个人还是团体,总是会有人会对市场上鸡肉的供应和价钱以及由此带来的利润敏感。接着又开始说鱼,说假如有一个超级垄断企业拥有全球的海洋鱼类,那么这个企业就有会对鱼在市场上的供应策略,它一 定不会因为短期利益而把全球的鱼捞光。
第二段说, 但是,这种全球海洋鱼类的超级垄断企业不存在,事实上,捕鱼的都是个人,每个人的力量太卑微。也许有的人会非常有良知,不会过渡捕捞,但这种有良知的人太少,这世界上大多数的渔民不会为了保护这种全球common的东西而放弃他们自己可能得到的利益。
第三段说,现在过渡捕捞已经有政府干涉了,并且全球的所有国家在一起应该算是这些common的鱼的拥有者,而且这些国家也制定了相关的捕鱼quota 给各个国家(总之听起来象是说政府已经在做事了)。但最后,作者180度大转弯表明态度:这些政府其实只是为了自己的经济利益而争quota,并不是为了保护这些人类的共有资源。
It discusses how ocean fish deplete because is common property. fishermen has no incentives to preserve resources..last paragraph says that government set fish quotas, yet governent also act in self interest.
1. *问主题 —— 我选择present 什么 concept的
*这个文章主要讲什么?我选的是 介绍一个(可能是经济学)原理的概念
*文章的主旨是啥:我选的是describe了一个经济学上的概念 迷惑选项是:描述了一个经济学上的问题并提出了解决方案
*主旨题
A. elucidate 一个概念
B. impartially evaluate some solutions to a phenomenon
*主旨题是阐述了一个概念(第一个选项)
2. *问下面那个情况和题目描述的fish的情况类似?
A.A particular farmer's crop
B.Solar energy used in solar panel照射在太阳板上的太阳光
C.Music through broadcast
D.Air through North America(貌似是这样)
E.A particular corporation's coal
* what analagous to the ocean fish. I eventually picked Air, as i thought it's like pollution.
*下列哪一种物品可以类比鱼
a.//////(某种私有产品)
b.用太阳能板收集的阳光
c.music broadcasted through public airway
d.air above North America 我选的D。
e.a specific corporation's
*哪个例子和捕鱼的例子相似,能后阐释公共资源杯具的概念:我选的是美国的 current air
* 有一道题问, 选项中哪个和文中所述全球的鱼可类比,我想找一个范围是全球的,但又有可能被消耗掉的,只记住了两个选项:照到太阳能电池板上的阳光,北美上空的气流
3. * another question is why government aren't able to contain the problem
*关于政府的说法哪个是对的:我选的是政府不能解决公共资源的杯具,因为它们只代表一部分人民(their people)的利益。 迷惑选项:政府不会解决公共资源的杯具,除非他们所代表的人民认识到问题的严重性。重点是第三段,有两个题 . 问政府的行为怎么怎么样的(定位在第三段)
*我们能从文中推测出政府什么?选政府和个人一样,也从自身利益出发来考虑问题。
*这个题目是这样的,原文提及,政府会干预公共品被滥用的现象,但由于政府局限于本国的利益,因此,即使政府干预,也不能完全解决涉及国际利益的公共品问题。出题,问政府干预的局限。答案:它只能代表它所代表的那部分人的利益)
4. 还会使那些打鱼者搭便车 free-ride(本人注:有题目请解释何为便车, 简单经济学: 别人作出了贡献,你没有,却从中得利)。作者: bigpig 时间: 2011-3-25 16:59
1.2.12.德国的unemployment rate
710: 德国的unemployment rate高,开头说有些经济学家说和过好的失业保障费有关,应该降低unemployment benefits。文章观点是这样做会导致公司员工更加担心失业,工会和公司negotiate的能力下降,而公司更加容易压榨员工。同时消费者信心回收担心失业影响,不愿consume,公司会卖不出东西,经济会衰退,失业率会更高。
题目中有一题问不是这项政策带来的effect:选了政府收tax降低,鉴于很低的verbal 大家自己斟酌比较好
680: 说德国政府失业率太高,专家叫兽说 因为政府给失业的人的待遇太高了,所以他们也懒得找工作
于是政府就把待遇降低了,结果失业率还是没有变化,为什么捏?
因为待遇降低了,application fee of a job 却很高, 失业的人更没钱申请工作了
而且有工作的人也不敢随便换工作了,因为 什么 trade in union 导致了 negotiating wage 低了
最后说降低了待遇,还导致工作的人 wage 低了, wage 低了大家的消费水平下降了, 企业sales 也下降了, 导致企业更不敢随便招聘了
然后就没啥记得了,想起来再加吧.
V3. 还有特别要注意德国的失业那篇的定位排除,问的是德国政府这么做了以后会有什么结果,但是如果你定位的话会发现全有,但有一种是假设的结果,并不是实际发生的,就是那个选项了(只想说不看关联词的定位会出事的),有个高亮经济学家的,这个一定要选德国政府采取措施的理由或背景,迷惑选项有个为了接下来的反驳奠定基础.
KG: 第一段:德国失业率高,某些经济学家说要cut benefit,政府就照做了,但是没有达到预期来刺激就业。还说德国的unemployment非常高,政府认为可能是和提供的很好的失业福利有关。因为失业福利好,使得大家没有动力找工作了。为了改变这一情况,政府决定减少失业补助,使就业的人多,从而增加国家的revenue。
第二段:展开说负面效应,但是这一措施没有取得预期成果。虽然大家对工作的demand高了,但是由于市场上对job的supply没有增多,所以这一措施使更多的人担心失去工作,从而愿意接受更低的工资,没有达到国家增收税收的目的。作者认为撤销失业福利的结果就是人们害怕失业,工会power下降,工资降低。
第三段:讲工资下降导致消费需求下降,消费信心低,就业就更差了。降低的工资也没有使企业受益。由于人们fear of unemployment, 对工作存在着不安全感,他们更愿意存钱而不愿意花钱买东西,使得购买力下降,从而使企业利润下降,提供更少的岗位,更低的工资,恶性循环。降低福利不能提高经济的增长,人们消费力降低,公司利润下降,政府税收下降。(这有道题,我选的就是促进消费。)”人们消费信心持续走低,东西卖不出去,企业没有利润,也提供不了更多的jobs。”注意上面这句,这是文章最后一句。
主题:提出旧观点(现状)+现实+负面结果
考题:
1)Which of the following is strongly supported in the passage that can reduce the unemployment in German?
A. reducing the benefits for unemployment (肯定错, 文中明确反对)
B. increase the worker's wage (有人选这个)
C. raise the consumers’ purchasing power(也有人选这个)
*第三段最后有考题,问最能降低德国事业率的是什么(难)
* Q: 就是那个问那个能解决德国问题,我选了 提高购买力
2)*原文提到降低福利的危害有哪些除了什么(EXCEPT题目)
*还有特别要注意德国的失业那篇的定位排除,问的是德国政府这么做了以后会有什么结果,但是如果你定位的话会发现全有,但有一种是假设的结果,并不是实际发生的,就是那个选项了(我只是想说不看关联词的定位会出事的)
* Q: 问下面哪项不是德国改革福利的结果,我选择是的 工会labour union的会员变少了,原文说的是工会的bargain power小了,而不是会员变少了(Ozy:应该在第二段)
*题目中有一题问不是这项政策带来的effect:选了政府收tax降低
3.)*高亮经济学家(第一段中的)作用
有一个选项大概意思就是这些经济学家的建议,才引起政府削减benefit.
* Q: 问上来说为什么要说明经济学家的观点 – 观点是失业率和福利太好有关,我选择是 为了解释德国采取接下来措施的背景
*有个高亮经济学家的,这个一定要选德国政府采取措施的理由或背景作者: bigpig 时间: 2011-3-25 17:01
1.2.13. black larbor黑人劳力
by eileen1124 3/3/2011
阅读:有一篇讲black larbor的,说他们在二战时期的地位的改善。开始就说说二战期间黑人劳力有所改善。很多黑人从从村到了城市,进入了industry larbor force,还说什么vote,大概是有了什么vote的权利。 第二段讲了几个方面的改善,有political方面的,有工资方面的,有什么racial方面的。。。(后面有一题是except题,问下面那个方面不是文中提到的XXX导致的结果,结果都是好的结果,选项有经济方面的(应该就是工资),有racial什么的, 有法律的, 有进入workforce的,我觉得就是没有法律吧。。大家再看看,题不难。)。第三段最后说虽然二战时期他们有了改善,但是好像后来就不行了,就从什么转向了church...(对不起。。有点不记得了。。)
越毒狗“black larbor黑人劳力”---发现考古,疑似原题,请确认~!
三个题目
1:主旨,选择 黑人参加union 最终还是受益了的~~(GWD 原题,答案也一样)
2. 问白人对黑人的态度,GWDyuanti: 选A:White在知道AA是为workers 利益工作时,态度有所改善
3. 新题目
Yet it can be argued that through contracts negotiated and enforcedby White union members, unions—CIO unions not excluded—were often instrumentalin maintaining the occupational segregation and other forms of racialdiscrimination that kept African Americans socially and economically oppressedduring this period
问上面这段文章中,提到白人contracts negotiated 是为了说明什么?
不会做,乱选了个,大家仔细想想哈~ 整篇文章好好读读
考古一(狗主人说:应该就是我考的这篇,题目应该也差不多)
In the 1930’s and 1940’s, African American industrialworkers in the southern United States, who constituted 80 percent of theunskilled factory labor force there, strongly supported unionization. While theAmerican Federation of Labor (AFL) either excluded African Americans ormaintained racially segregated unions, the Congress of Industrial Organizations(CIO) organized integrated unions nationwide on the basis of a stated policy ofequal rights for all, and African American unionists provided the CIO’sbackbone. Yet it can be argued that through contracts negotiated and enforcedby White union members, unions—CIO unions not excluded—were often instrumentalin maintaining the occupational segregation and other forms of racialdiscrimination that kept African Americans socially and economically oppressedduring this period. However, recognizing employers’ power over workers as acentral factor in African Americans’ economic marginal unionization, AfricanAmerican workers saw the need to join with White workers in seeking changedespite White unionists’ toleration of or support for racial discrimination.The persistent efforts of African American unionists eventually paid off: manybecame highly effective organizers, gaining the respect of even racist Whiteunionists by winning victories for White as well as African American workers.African American unionists thus succeeded in strengthening the unions whileusing them as instruments of African Americans’ economic empowerment.
The passage is primarily concerned with
A. demonstrating that unions failed to addressthe concerns of African American workers during a particular period
B. arguing that African Americanworkers’ participation in unions during a particular period was ultimatelybeneficial to them
C. contrasting the treatment of AfricanAmerican workers by two different labor organizations during a particularperiod
D. giving reasons for the success of AfricanAmerican unionists in winning victories for both African American and Whiteworkers during a particular period
E. questioning one explanation for theattitudes of African American workers toward unionization during a particularperiod
According to the passage, which of the following wastrue of many racist White unionists during the period discussed in the passage?
A. Their attitudes toward AfricanAmerican union organizers changed once they recognized that the activities ofthese organizers were serving workers’ interests.
B. They were a powerful element in the southernlabor movement because they constituted the majority of the unskilled factorylabor force in the southern United States.
C. They persisted in opposing the CIO’sadoption of a stated policy of equal rights for all.
D. Their primary goal was to strengthen thenegotiating power of the unions through increasing White union membership.
E. Their advocacy of racial discriminationhampered unions in their efforts to gain more power for workers.
The author of the passage suggests which of thefollowing about African American workers who participated in union activitiesin the 1930’s and 1940’s?
A. They believed that the elimination ofdiscrimination within unions was a necessary first step toward the achievementof economic advancement for African Americans.
B. They belonged exclusively to CIO unionsbecause they were excluded from AFL unions.
C. They believed that the economicadvancement of African American workers depended on organized efforts toempower all workers.
D. Some of them advocated the organization ofseparate African American unions because of discriminatory practices in the AFLand the CIO.
E. Many of them did not believe that Whiteunionists in CIO unions would tolerate or support racial discrimination againstAfrican American workers.
答案:B---A----C
这是出自去年十月份的越毒狗汇总。我个人觉得应该是这篇没错,“二战期间”也和这篇的时间吻合,原文中多次提到的labor force啥的也都貌似一致,就算不是这篇大家也可以当做背景材料做做~!加油~!
(BUT a jj author on 03-12-2011 : “应该不是的。。” 应该不是的。。文中很多用的直接是black and white。而且是个3段的文章。”作者: bigpig 时间: 2011-3-25 17:01
P3:说局限性,先一个过渡句,然后however, 转折了,说虽然social ethics跟公司表现有关联,但影响公司表现的方面有很多,判断social ethics表现很容易,但预测公司总体利润表现就要复杂很多。量化social responsibility有很多问题(没有统一的标准,企业可以选择公开或隐瞒自己的信息,公司很多时候在social影响方面只公布对自己有 利的消息)。大概有三点局限前两点不是考点,第三点有个题就定位在这里. 是人们对social responsibility有哪些financial benefits看法不一样,所以有些企业虽然相信这个观点,但是不能做到。由于这些问题,这些公司就不继续研究把这些activities纳入investment的process。
题目:
1.*问作者通过什么证明social和公司总体表现有关联
答:那一堆研究
干扰选项有:大公司才有实力去学雷锋, 财务数据
*就是我说的”作者在说主流的看法有误“时用了什么来证明,选an analysis of numerous studies(原文再现:an analysis of 55 studies)
*题目我记得好像有 作者怎么说明 social events 可以带来 financial benefits
我选的是有 analyse numerous examples 反正就是例证说明
*问第二段1905-1940的例子是干嘛?大概是选E,evidence of the... in the second paragraph.
*考题为:作者用了说明例子证明了financial performance 和social responsibility的联系增加了??
我选的是年代的这个例子,混淆答案有:段一中提到的survey,但是段一这个survey只是结果没有任何数据和别的信息。我比较确定,这题
2. 问第二段的作用
provide evidence支持第一段说的投资者喜欢投social ethics好的公司
3. *问为什么难以衡量公司social的影响
很多公司选择性地公布他们的social impact
*问为什么”原文的最后一个分句改写“,答题点就在前一个分局,选”人们对social responsibility有哪些financial benefits看法不一样
4. 同时还有一道主旨题
main idea 就是提出个与原来的看法相左的看法作者: bigpig 时间: 2011-3-25 17:01
1.2.16.market pioneer
by elaineliang 680,Q50, V31 3/7/2011
关于market pioneer。记得好像是两段还是三段的文章,论证思路跟上一篇有点类似。第一段引出market leader并做了一些阐述,第二段开始论证,作者认为调查显示的那些所谓market pioneer有待考证。主要有三方面原因,一方面这些调查是一些调查公司做的,存在一些defecit. 一方面是调查的对象都是公司内部员工,而一般公司都会宣传标榜自己是market pioneer,因此员工的response也会相应有影响,所以不准确。第三方面不是记得很清楚~题目都不算难。
V2. 1.2.16. market pioneer
文j里都有,我说下题
全文说的什么:question...
以下哪个说法对:职员formulate their response to the survey
迷惑选项是 没有sufficient market data
还有一题也跟职员有关 记住他们说的都是为公司着想这个思想就好
[考古] 详解版:
第一段:Pioneer business的介绍。
一些学者透过研究也对pioneer business抱持正面的态度。公司可以透过宣称产品有先驱性来吸引投资者,说先驱者的事业能lasting。通常的理论认为公司越早进入一个领域在之后的发展中其优势就会越明显。研究发现在某一领域非常杰出的那些企业大多都是该领域的pioneer。并且那些后进入者在发布自己的产品时不得不想办法说明自己的production和之前的那些pioneer企业有什么不同,加大了成功的难度。做market pioneer是大多数企业选择的strategy,好处有能够获利较多且能够宣传新产品introduction lure investors。根据对past decade的调查,发觉pioneer确实在XX和YY等方面做到了leader。但是这些研究所使用的数据实际上是不准确的。有调查者做的survey showing the practice is prevail in the market,而且有很高的成功率(大概是这个意思)。因为,该调查可能是biased,所以,作者提出3点质疑. 文章重点在于讲这个研究的data的limitations.
第二段说biasedness。
原因一:data仅限于那些成功的公司,没有调查那些失败的案例,所以biased。这些数据只包括那些成功存活到现在的pioneer企业,而那些已经失败了的pioneer企业(因为已经破产)没有被考虑进来;
原因二:调查的人夸大成绩。(有考点)这些数据大多来源于这些pioneer企业现在的主管而非当初它进入该领域时的主管,所以这些现在的领导者的emotion并不能说明问题。他们接受调查的公司员工,往往会以公司促销自己的口号内容做响应,因此产生偏差,不能反印真实。所以biased。
原因三:判断谁是pioneer企业的标准很模糊。对pioneer定义不明确,到底是先开发算呢还是先投入市场才算呢?所以biased。(呼应第一段可能为了吸引投资者的方法。)
Pioneer company 题,主要是攻击传统上赞扬Pioneer company的观点所采用的数据是有Bias的,
考古,总结考题
1 .主旨,我选question the research data of a established view
2. 问哪个可以strengthen the author's conclusion关于这些研究数据的,我选的是现在的企业员工在谈论自己公司时通常都是重复公司用于宣传的那些话(言下之意就是说并不能体现当初进入该领域的时候的真实情况)
3. 问关于通常理论的说法哪个正确,我选该理论所基于的研究数据缺少了关于失败的pioneer的部分,因此不准确
4. 还有一题定位在文章最后的第三条反对意见上,先锋企业很难界定出是第一个sell这个产品的,有题
5. 推论题: 我选A: 跟第三条有关的内容
6. 细节题: 定位第二条:员工被灌输要说对于公司好的information
7. 细节题 定位第三条(全文最后依据)
8. 因为企业会灌输员工“我们是先锋企业”的观念,所以即使很多被访员工如此认为也不能说明问题,这个后面出题了,选员工被灌输公司文化的选项
9. 问偏差的原因 (选:员工往往以公司促销的口号响应调查)有人选这个理论所基于的研究数据缺少了关于失败的pioneer的部分,因此不准确作者: bigpig 时间: 2011-3-25 17:02
1.2.17非洲钻石
非洲钻石
P1 非洲钻石生产占到世界的很大比重,但是他只是出口一些rough diamond。以某国为例,该国的diamond cutting and polishing切割和洗矿业总共才有2000个empolyees因而Gov决定对钻石进行出口限制,对出口征收高税负,这样来促进就业发展本国钻石业。
P2 industry觉得这不是个好招。因为出口限制后do little good to the downstream industry(高亮)同时副业每5%的就业增长就会造成15%的mining业的失业,同时不像china india有很廉价的劳动力,因而这个招不成。
Q1 主旨:有两个很像1.讲一个政策的后果 2,对比两种观点(本人当场叫了声crap!然后被警告了)
Q2 高亮:能infer啥?选那个polishing and cutting那个
Q3 细节:那个为真?该国大量出口毛矿作者: bigpig 时间: 2011-3-25 17:02
1.2.19 Household savings V.s. Business savings
03-17-11: 是将public saving(也可能不是public 就是指公司那种saving,相对的是personal saving)和 government saving(就是指总存款)之间的关系。第一段说public saving 占了总存款的大部分,而总存款的rate又会影响企业,按照这种理论,当神马A很高的时候,神马B应该很高,而当神马A很低的时候,神马B很高。然而事实恰恰相反。然后一个叫兽说是因为这个理论忽略了某种因素。
第二段就是将这个理论的具体内容,说是因为各种因素导致与原来理论的相反的事实。(这篇实在既不清了,有考古的同学欢迎短信LZ!)
by yiw006 3/12/2011
4. Household savings V.s. Business savings(GWD-12-Q35 to Q37)
Many economists believe that a high rate of business savings in theUnited States is a necessary precursor to investment, because business savings,as opposed to personal savings, comprise almost three-quarters of the nationalsavings rate, and the national savings rate heavily influences the overall rateof business investment. These economists further postulate that real interestrates—the difference between the rates charged by lenders and the inflationrates—will be low when national savings exceed business investment (creating asavings surplus), and high when national savings fall below the level ofbusiness investment (creating a savings deficit).
However, during the 1960’s real interest rates were often higher whenthe national savings surplus was large. Counter-intuitive behavior alsooccurred when real interest rates skyrocketed from 2 percent in 1980 to 7percent in 1982, even though national savings and investments were roughlyequal throughout the period. Clearly, real interest rates respond toinfluences other than the savings/investment nexus. Indeed, real interestrates may themselves influence swings in the savings and investment rates. As real interest rates shot up after 1979, foreign investors pouredcapital into the United States, the price of domestic goods increasedprohibitively abroad, and the price of foreign-made goods became lower in theUnited States. As a result, domestic economic activity and the ability ofbusinesses to save and invest were restrained.
Q35: The passage is primarily concerned with
A. contrasting trends in two historical periods
B. presenting evidence that calls into question certain beliefs
C. explaining the reasons for a common phenomenon
D. criticizing evidence offered in support of a well-respected belief
E. comparing conflicting interpretations of a theory
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Q36:
According to the passage, which of the following resulted from foreign investment in the United States after 1979?
A. An increase in real interest rates
B. A decrease in the savings rate of certain other nations
C. An increase in American investment abroad
D. An increase in the price of American goods abroad
E. A decrease in the price of domestic goods sold at home
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Q37: The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding the economists mentioned in line 1?
A. Their beliefs are contradicted by certain economic phenomena that occurred in the United States during the 1960’s and the 1980’s.
B. Their theory fails to predict under what circumstances the prices of foreign and domestic goods are likely to increase.
C. They incorrectly identify the factors other than savings and investment rates that affect real interest rates.
D. Their belief is valid only for the United States economy and not necessarily for other national economies.
E. They overestimate the impact of the real interest rate on the national savings and investment rates.
1.3History &Politics作者: bigpig 时间: 2011-3-25 17:03
1.3.1. 女性结婚后财产权 很长
v3、by ms小刺 m50 v36 3/3/2011
阅读:1,关于女性的财产,有很多学者的观点,主要讲为了维护结婚后女人的支配财产权而通过的法律的有效性问题。有个学者sammals(有题)还有学者simons(也有题)不难!比较长
V4. by mndd 3/4/2010 3/4/2010 720
具体说说女人财产权问题:说1830年还是什么时候,女人的财产权归老公,这样很不好,然后出现了一个equity的什么法律。后来由于银行大规模破产,很多州为了防止丈夫把老婆的财产拿去抵债,于是出现了special的法律来保护老婆,s这个人很支持;但是b这个人觉得并不是这个特殊的法律开始保护了老婆财产,而是equity的时候就已经开始了,s反驳,认为有很多问题,例如很多州延迟了很久才开始用那个equity,而且还不知到那些案例到底是不是因为丈夫为了避免债务才那么搞的。
V6但特别注意的是,那个已婚妇女财产的主旨,应该选编年史那一项,还有那个infer题,有2个超级迷惑的选项,分别是法律对抗那个equity,应男子的诉求对抗equity(文中原文)但是有一项能概括到整体,即是好多地区都不接受equity(确定),还有就是文中的第一个shammon(不是第三个salmon)(第二段)的话表明了什么?这个也有个迷惑选项,但确定的是标志妇女已经可以从获得政治上的优势了from经济上的优势(中文不好见谅)FROM绝对有。
考古关于十九世纪美国妇女的财产权的长文,大概有两片短文的长度。讲状况及一些学者的评论。
第一段:概括某一新法案M实施前的状况,在common law的情况下,妇女结婚后财产就归丈夫所有了。此时丈夫对妻子的财产有很大的支配权利。妇女只有通过一个似乎叫equity court的机构才有可能得到对自己财产的权利。
第二段:讲十九世纪中期爆发了经济危机。因为有人担心“丈夫破产会连带将妻子的财产也失去”,于是出来了一个新的法案。学者1(S)的观点是这个法案极大的改变了妇女的status and 对自己结婚前后的财产的权利。
第三段:讲了不同学者(1. Sammas, 2. Beard, 3. Salmons)间的评价。第一句话是学者2(B)的观点,是他认为在M实施前已经有equity court这个东西,对于“保护妇女财产”有积极的作用了。然后是学者1继续反对(或者学者3站出来)B的观点。 说以前的equity court在不同的州开展的情况不一样,例如Connecticut 和 Massachusetts州,在这些州里面有很多传统保守实力,反对这种社会、法律发展的趋势,阻碍了M的实施。最后一句话,讲了有些人愿意接受这种法律,也是为了破产的丈夫把财产转移给妻子,赖债权人的钱。
In English
Married women's property rights and their social status
Saying in the 18 and early 19 century, common laws dictated that when a woman is married, her husband takes over all her properties. The man had control the right to use the woman's properties while she lived and became the owner of the properties upon the woman's death. Only one thing can prevent this from happening, something like "pre-marriage settlement"
Then. some law about women's right of property was finally established!! then blah blah blah, how good the law was and things like that. Then, a scholar named Sammas? said this law substantially changed women's status.
BUT, another scholar named Beard? disagreed with Sammas and said the effects of this new law was overstated because before this new law was established, there always existed "equity court" that serve the same purpose.
BUT, a third scholar named Salmon came out to challenge Beard. Salmon said equity court can't do much because most states were very hostile against equity court and in the cases where the court gave women the right of properties, some were attempts made by men to transfer all properties to their women to avoid consequences of bankruptcy.
1 主旨题:(提出观点) 讲述社会变化,对比学者观点/to chronicle laws regarding women's right of properties and examine the implication to women's status (重心是在第二个学者的言论,应该属于提出观点的文章,要突出这个) /对于某问题不同专家的看法
*. purpose of the passage: answer should be to cronicle laws regarding women's right of properties and examine the implication to women's status.
*還有主旨題:我認為應該選提到了“講述社會變化,對比學者觀點”的那個選項,事實上,文章的重心是在第二個學者的言論,應該屬於present觀點的文章,一定要突出這個。
2 (实施M后来的结果?)答案:M的实施并不普遍,并且对它的接受不大好。
3 立法原因:有一题是关于婚后财产是归老公支配的。
4 这些州立法的时间:(大家考试的时候注意下)
5 通过法律你能infer出什么:not universal in all states (Universal同义替换,康涅狄格和麻省为证)
6 最后一句的作用:(猜测)作为Salmons反对Beard的又一个例子。
7 inferred from the passage, what would Beard mostly likely think of equity court: answer should be it substantially improve women's status
8 匿名 一个人叫莎妃 一个人叫Salmon两道题都考到这两个人的观点概括~~~
*还有个问有关S观点的。
*还有说文章是用property act和什么做对比的,选什么system,定位3p,
*第一段是概括某一新法案M实施前的状况,Law把married的财产归到男人的名下(注意:这里有个考点),有一题是关于婚后财产是归老公支配的。
第二段是一个叫HW的女经济学家根据税收的数据提出了一些研究结果。…在这个地方的税务官员都很谨慎(有考题,证明这些官员不会错误)里面有一题: (这些states立法的原因是什么?)
第三段先是某人S的观点,里面有一题,以前的equity court在不同的states开展的情况不一样. (这些法律变化有什么社会影响? Not universal in all states) 。(後面有道題考這些法律你能infer出什麼,我選了not universal in all states,我覺得universial這個改寫還soso。 ). 有一个学者反对这个法案,他的理由是之前有Equity Court 已经可以有效的保护妇女的财产。题目问,这个学者主要做了什么,选有Equity system 的那个选项
是他认为在M实施前另一法案N已经可以达到保护妇女财产的作用了。然后是某人c反对b的观点,里面还有一题,是说N的实施并不普遍,并且对它的接受不大好"作者: bigpig 时间: 2011-3-25 17:03
1.3.2.政府出台政策
by Tinayamap(2/25/2011)
还有一篇是政府出台的政策,conventional 观点是为了保护public利益,但是提出了新的观点,是为了benifit business,然后又提出了一个railway legislation的例子。
考古
一道是第一段高亮,狗主选的是为recent findings 提供 history context.
考古by 会员 thebeekeeper
版本五
"第一段:乌龟耳朵不好使,听不见 (theme),supporting details:有K的试验,乌龟在桌子上,铃响,乌龟的反应是认为是桌上的铃在响而不是离的远的另一桌的铃在响。但后来发现不是听到了,而是皮肤感觉到了。(这里有题,因为是旧观点。)。
第二段:反驳第一段观点,说乌龟能听见(第二个theme,也是ETS主theme),supporting detail:又有个人,叫做B。B的研究也发现不是听到,是乌龟皮肤感觉到了,但是B没有就此为止,B又做了进一步研究发现是通过骨头传的。以前用铃,这回用别的。然后还用frequency一样的两种东西刺激乌龟,乌龟能分辨其中一个。得出结论是 bone transmission 而非 air vibration, 驳斥了由皮肤传导的说法。(Question 1。说明2个实验结论的区别,新观点)
第三段:说了乌龟的耳鼓和人耳的区别,乌龟的耳鼓厚(evidence)。因为乌龟的耳膜比较floppy而造成其听不到的。supporting detail:什么样的声音能直接到达乌龟的inner or middle without hit the eardrum。。。实际上乌龟是通过骨头来感觉的,(好象这里还举了个例子说你要是在他的龟壳上发声,他就动静很大;要是在他的腿上接触的面上制造震动,他仍然不太搭理)。然后说人的耳朵的骨膜比较薄,适合感受空气中的震动;但是乌龟的很厚,根本听不到,所以当发声时,乌龟实际上更容易通过他的龟壳传进去而且比通过鼓膜传进去要先到达(Question 2)。
Question:如果K试验里乌龟的反应相反(反驳旧观点,确认新观点),会得出什么结论?
备选答案:Bone transmission 而非 air vibration, 驳斥了由皮肤传导的说法.(说明2个实验结论的区别)
Question : 关于乌龟耳膜的特征,定位在第3段。
备选答案:乌龟实际上更容易通过他的龟壳传进去而且比通过鼓膜传进去要先到达
Question :期待牛牛补充,我估计肯定有作者观点题目,因为基金作者说到的都是supporting details。作者: bigpig 时间: 2011-3-25 17:09
2.2.8.恐龙是热血动物还是冷血动物
V1 by pengyayun 3/1/11
还有一篇是讲恐龙是热血动物还是冷血动物的。比较简单。呵呵。反正第二段讲的是一个什么人的研究直接得出了恐龙是恒温动物。大三段讲的就是一个人否定了第二段的观点。用实验证明了第二段的作者忽略了一个什么条件(忘记了)从而得出了恐龙是恒温动物的结论。其实不能得出
考古by 李子木
TN-24的版本
恐龙那篇:(37)
Scientists studying the physiology of dinosaurs have long debated whether dinosaurs were warm- or cold-blooded. Those who suspect they were warm-blooded point out that dinosaur bone is generally fibro-lamellar in nature; because fibro-lamellar bone is formed quickly, the bone fibrils, or filaments, are laid down haphazardly. Consistent with their rapid growth rate, warm-blooded animals, such as birds and mammals, tend to produce fibro-lamellar bone, whereas reptiles, which are slow-growing and cold-blooded, generally produce bone in which fibrils are laid down parallel to each other. Moreover, like the bone of birds and mammals, dinosaur bone tends to be highly vascularized, or filled with blood vessels. These characteristics, first recognized in the 1930’s, were documented in the 1960’s by de Ricqlès, who found highly vascularized, fibro-lamellar bone in several groups of dinosaurs. In the 1970’s, Bakker cited these characteristics as evidence for the warm-bloodedness of dinosaurs. Although de Ricqlès urged caution, arguing for an intermediate type of dinosaur physiology, a generation of paleontologists has come to believe that dinosaur bone is mammalianlike. In the 1980’s, however, Bakker’s contention began to be questioned, as a number of scientists found growth rings in the bones of various dinosaurs that are much like those in modern reptiles. Bone growth in reptiles is periodic in nature, producing a series of concentric rings in the bone, not unlike the growth rings of a tree. Recently, Chinsamy investigated the bones of two dinosaurs from the early Jurassic period (208-187 million years ago), and found that these bones also had growth rings; however, they were also partially fibro-lamellar in nature. Chinsamy’s work raises a question central to the debate over dinosaur physiology: did dinosaurs form fibro-lamellar bone because of an innately high metabolic rate associated with warm-bloodedness or because of periods of unusually fast growth that occurred under favorable environmental conditions? (Although modern reptiles generally do not form fibro-lamellar bone, juvenile crocodilesraised under optimal environmental conditions do.) This question remains unanswered; indeed, taking all the evidence into account, one cannot make a definitive statement about dinosaur physiology on the basis of dinosaur bone. It may be that dinosaurs had an intermediate pattern of bone structure because their physiology was neither typically reptilian, mammalian, nor avian.
GWD-9-Q33 G-9-Q33:
The author of the passage would be most likely to agree that the “caution” (line 29) urged by de Ricqlès regarding claims about dinosaur physiology was
A. unjustified by the evidence available to de Ricqlès
B. unnecessary, given the work done by Bakker and his followers
C. indicative of the prevailing scientific opinion at the time
D. warranted, given certain subsequent findings of other scientists
E. influential in the recent work of Chinsamy
----------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-9-Q34 G-9-Q34:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. discuss the influence on other scientists of Bakker’s argument concerning the warm-bloodedness of dinosaurs
B. provide evidence that supports the claim that dinosaurs were cold-blooded
C. challenge the contention that dinosaur bone tissue is innately fibro-lamellar
D. evaluate the claim that dinosaur bone tissue provides evidence for the warmbloodedness of dinosaurs
E. resolve the disagreement between de Ricqlès and Bakker over the nature of dinosaur physiology
----------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-9-Q35 G-9-Q35:
According to the passage, the discovery of growth rings in the bones of certain dinosaurs served to undermine which of the following claims?
A. That modern reptiles are related to dinosaurs
B. That bone growth in dinosaurs was periodic in nature
C. That dinosaurs were warm-blooded
D. That dinosaurs had an intermediate type of physiology
E. That fibro-lamellar bone is the product of a rapid growth rate
----------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-9-Q36 G-9-Q36:
The author of the passage mentions bone growth patterns in juvenile crocodiles most likely in order to
A. provide support for the argument that reptiles are not related to dinosaurs
B. undermine the claim that most reptiles are slow-growing
C. offer an explanation as to why juvenile crocodiles differ from most modern reptiles
D. suggest the juvenile crocodiles have a type of physiology intermediate between-f mammals and that of reptiles
E. suggest that the presence of fibro-lamellar bone does not resolve the debate over dinosaur physiology
答案:DDCE作者: bigpig 时间: 2011-3-25 17:09
2.2.9.海豚辩声
V2 by 伯那乌的云 3月11日,北美温哥华,一战640 (M50,V26)
还有一篇讲海豚是如何在海洋中导航的。说海豚在复杂的海洋环境中,根据什么能认路,来辨认同类的声音。然后第二段就解释海豚原来是靠自己发出特殊频率的声音来导航的。这种频率与海洋中其他声音的频率都不同,海豚发出声音,声音碰到不同的环境,然后反射回来,海豚就能自己导航了!很酷,个人认为类似于蝙蝠吧。在文章头2句话有一个细节题,问海里有什么复杂的环境声音来干扰海豚(except题型)。然后有一个结构题。
KG
版本2
第一段:讲海豚的声纳系统。海豚利用click和emission来航海,并且能够区分1船只的噪音,2海底其他动物的声音,3同伴的声音。比如一种虾,发出的声音很像是海豚发出的,人类一般不能区别出。[此处有题,答案是海豚对各种声音的辨别力比人类强。]
第二段:开始讲述海豚具体的辨别声音的过程,比较复杂,大概是收到声音后再自己发出声音,然后通过通过频率,重复的模式,回音的间隔时间等.此处讲到海豚的emission(发射)是有规律的频率变化。[有题,问 emission的性质。答案是频率改变,但是有规律可循,可以预测。]
Q1:海豚的声纳系统可以区分很多人耳无法辨别的声音:比如一种虾,发出的声音很像是海豚发出的,人类一般不能区别出。[此处有题,答案是海豚对各种声音的辨别力比人类强
Q2:问emission的性质,答案是频率改变,但是有规律可循,可以预测。]
Q3:它们通常会在发出声音之后, 等一下听回音之类的, 藉以分辨出她们自己的声音和海底其它吵杂的声音
Q4:考了一题assumption:
版本6
Echolocation - the location of objects by their echoes - is a highly specialized faculty that enables dolphins to explore their environment and search out their prey in a watery world where sight is often of little use. As sound travels four and a half times faster in water than in air, the dolphin's brain must be extremely well adapted in order to make a rapid analysis of the complicated information provided by the echoes.
Although the ability to echolocate has only been proven experimentally for a few odontocete species, the anatomical evidence - the presence of the melon, nasal sacs and specialized skull structures - suggests that all dolphins have this ability.
The dolphin is able to generate sound in the form of clicks, within its nasal sacs, situated behind the melon. The frequency of this click is higher than that of the sounds used for communication and differs between species. The melon acts as a lens which focuses the sound into a narrow beam that is projected in front of the animal.
When the sound strikes an object, some of the energy of the soundwave is reflected back towards the dolphin. It would appear that the panbone in the dolphin's lower jaw receives the echo, and the fatty tissue behind it transmits the sound to the middle ear and thence to the brain. It has recently been suggested that the teeth of the dolphin, and the mandibular nerve that runs through the jawbone may transmit additional information to the dolphin's brain.
As soon as an echo is received, the dolphin generates another click. The time lapse between click and echo enables the dolphin to evaluate the distance between it and the object; the varying strength of the signal as it is received on the two sides of the dolphin's head enable it to evaluate direction. By continuously emitting clicks and receiving echoes in this way, the dolphin can track objects and home in on them.
The echolocation system of the dolphin is extremely sensitive and complex. Using only its acoustic senses, a bottlenose dolphin can discriminate between practically identical objects which differ by ten per cent or less in volume or surface area. It can do this in a noisy environment, can whistle and echolocate at the same time, and echolocate on near and distant targets simultaneously - feats which leave human sonar experts gasping.作者: bigpig 时间: 2011-3-25 17:09
2.3.4 tenna....什么的望远镜
by pan365 北美3/1/2011
还有一片是讲,太空的tenna....什么的,暂且算它为望远镜(根据上下文猜想的,可能是类似哈勃空间望远,长期观察站的东西)
讲道美国有10颗在太空服务,首先讲他工作的原理,是收集signals,每一颗在太空收集到太空的signals在这个Tenna..什么record成signals tap,然后发送到地面observation center,然后再由scientis分析,利用。他们收集(貌似释放记不清)的signal比光速都快,(这里有一个考点的),------------这个是工作原理。。
下面一段是讲,,这个tenn...什么应用的。。这个可以看地球,可以为宇宙收集很多信息,(对不起,具体的应用例子忘记了,)反正应用可以是在太空,也可以是为地球,但是说道地球上应用的时候,要注意,这里有一个考点是说,是用来观测地球几大洲板块移动观察,还是用于什么,,这清楚他具体为地球使用方面是哪里,不能混淆
* KG: tenna....什么的望远镜
61.VLBA的介绍
V1 by ft67795252
有一篇是新的,短文章,讲什么一个技术还不是仪器的,VBJL?还是什么的
第一段介绍了是什么东西,好像是太空的还不是什么的
第二段讲了原理还是什么的
第三段好像是讲应用,有4项列举,最后考了EXCPET题
V2 by jojojjz
我只碰到一篇新的,是第一篇~ 讲什么美国有个新技术呀,他们在xxx地方造了一堆类似雷达的东西,一共有十个,长得跟卫星电视接收器似的,每个重多少多少,直径多少多少。这个东西可以干嘛呢?它可以发射wave stronger than light do,然后十个对准一个object就能得到非常非常清楚的图像啦,举了例子说明了下有多精确。这个东西怎么运作呢?它们还有一个超级超级厉害的钟,把接收到的信息和钟的信息一起做成磁带,每天送到一个yyy地方,那里的科学家再把它们拼起来。而且它们也是统一由那个地方远程控制的(似乎是跟科学家同一个地方,记不清了。。><)。后面的忘记了。。。。我是黄鱼脑袋,orz。。。。
呆子终于想起来第三段讲了啥了,是说这个东西的application的,说astronomer可以用它看什么什么东西,准确到就像可以看到月亮上有棒球(还是什麽球?)。还说,geologist也可以用它们研究地球的什麽什麽东西。。。
问题有一个是,这篇文章说了啥?我选的是介绍一个新技术,然后说它是怎么运作的,再怎么怎么。。。
相关联接 by jojojjz
附搜到的背景资料:
From Wiki:
The Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) is a system of ten radio telescopes controlled remotely from the Array Operations Center in Socorro, New Mexico (USA) by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. The array works together as the world's largest dedicated, full-time astronomical instrument using the technique of very long baseline interferometry. Its construction began in February 1986, and was completed in May 1993. The first observation using all ten sites occurred in May 29, 1993. The total construction cost was US$85 million.
Each VLBA station consists of an 82-foot (25 m) diameter dish antenna and an adjacent control building which houses the station computer, tape recorders and other equipment associated with collecting the radio signals gathered by the antenna. Each antenna weighs 240 short tons (218 t) and is nearly as tall as a ten story building when pointed straight up. The longest baseline in the array is 8,611 kilometres (5,351 mi).
一个类似官网的介绍http://www.aoc.nrao.edu/intro/NM_astro.html,比较长,有兴趣的看看
其实文章不难的,也不长,现读现做完全没问题作者: bigpig 时间: 2011-3-25 17:11
2.3.5. ceramics的工艺发明和生产
V1 by Tinayamap(2/25/2011)
还有一个是讲为什么ceramics的工艺发明和生产之间有一个时差,描述了一个人的观点,然后文章对他的观点有评价。
说某个地方的人其实很早就了解了这种东西,但是很久以后才开始知道ceramic container。然后科学家们试图解释这种lag。解释中有一种是和agriculture的发展有关,说因为农业发展了,人们对container的需求变大,然后才促进了这个东西的发展。后面又扯到了妇女要照顾家庭,然后制造pottery可以使妇女在承担家庭责任和工作之间平衡什么的..这篇也云里雾里的,大家可以看看有没有更清晰的回忆,我是真的被几篇阅读搞得有点晕,真没怎么看懂
2)ceramics的工艺发明和生产
就是讲ceramic container的出现比ceramics的种植工艺晚了一些时间,本文主旨就是讨论这个的原因(主旨题),首先讲了一个B教授说了神马观点,然后作者针对B的一个观点进行了反驳。第二段就说了别的神马真正的原因。总体觉得V2写的比较对:
KG: ceramics的工艺发明和生产
印第安人陶瓷技术
版本一:
第二篇好像是说美国西南的印第安人很早就会陶瓷的技术, 但是几百年以后才开始做pottery和container. 于是有个哥们就开始研究为啥. Y调查以后发现做pottery很适合印第安妇女的schedule, 但是作者马上否定, 说人家印第安妇女同志要照顾孩子, 收拾家里很忙di. 然后作者说其实是印第安人生活水平提高了, 要储存东西了, 所以才开始做pottery.
出了美国西南部人民使用Ceramic的那篇JJ,相关的数据之前的JJ应该很够了,题目的话,有一题问到你认为作者主要讲的是什么,我选的是“造成Ceramic技术产生,到美国西南部人民开始使用该技术作为储存食物的容器之间的时间差异,其理由为合?”有两个选项开头是Reasons,其中一个即为答案。
版本5
第一段说ceramic container随着人们对农业得依赖,而欲来愈盛行,接着分段讲述原因,如可以保存食物...学 者们发现印第安妇女做的装粮食的containers 的出现比种粮食的技术引进晚100年?为什么由lag,一个学者a就解释:当印第人(原先是游牧的)发现这种技术稳定后才开始大量种粮食,定居于某地,而 妇女做容器的劳动力成本是很低的。(但别的学者认为劳动力成本其实不低。)a又说由于粮食少,印地安妇女要提高营养水平,而放在容器里储藏和cook可以 提高营养水平。由于人口密度低(有一个in order to 题),印第安人又……。考了两条suggest 和 infer 的题题目:
Q:为什么1千年前妇女就应该掌握技术?
Q about the last statement of the whole passage: why did it mention the low density of people there?
Q由于人口密度低(有一个in order to 题),印第安人又……。
Q:两条suggest 和 infer 的题 Q有问主体题Q:最后一句话的作用作者: bigpig 时间: 2011-3-25 17:11
2.3.6.相片
V3 by min0625 (51,** 710)3/1/2011
早期的photography。第一段说人们认为相片会反映美一点每一滴,包括irregularities 和(几个贬义词),"photos can't lie"。第二段说也不尽然,举了一个例说有一张很早期的巴黎街头照片,因为曝光时间长,显得在一个midmorning的繁忙街头,只有两个人register在相片了,而其他物体和行人都在motion中,所以看起来好像只有那两个人一样...
版本四、750分nn
The second passage I had was the camera one. The first paragraph was talking about how camera was able to perserve the truth and cited a phrase: cameras can't lie. The second paragraph suggested that camera can lie because it cannot capture everything accurately. The example given as how a picture of a paris boulvard only has two people in it. The reason was that the camera at the time had long exposure time and therefore, couldn't capture anything that is moving.
One question I can recall was about the picture. It asks why there are only two ppl in the picture and the answer was because other ppl are moving.
Question #1: what can be inferred: photographers didn’t mean to disappoint somebody Question #2: why only two people on the photo: others are in a motion作者: bigpig 时间: 2011-3-25 17:12
2.3.7.钟 Clock
V1 by ashitawa (2011/2/26 ) M50 V30 680
阅读JJ,一篇最长(一屏半)的是GWD上的吗?我记得我做过但是不记得是在那个上做的
第一段,一个钟非常的准确是一个叫David什么的人1842年?发明的,然后就描述了钟的两个钟摆怎样function, (有一道细节题问这段可以infer出什么) 定位就是这个部分但是必须读懂
第二段,介绍钟的准确程度还有对科学的特殊贡献,有一题问有关的就是在这儿定位
第三段,介绍另一个人用其他的电子设备模拟钟的实验,(有一道问something not mentioned类的题只须泛读我觉得)
第四段,潮汐对钟准确性的影响 (也有个选项涉及这个建议泛读)
KG: 2.3.3 clock一种异常准确的机械钟
第一段:说这种钟可以说是世界上最后的机械钟了,而且有两个,一个在爱丁堡,一个在某observing station(记不清了,但此处无题)。这种钟就两个钟摆(pendulum), the first 在一个真空(vacuum)的容器中(此处对真空有题),另一个来管钟的各指针(大概是这个意思)。第一个钟摆会适时第第二个钟摆信号,来进行适度调整。这个钟就是靠这个运行的
第二段:主要讲这种钟如何准确,有一些数字。最后一句说,利用这个钟测出了日月引力对地环转速的影响(这有一题)[发现地球季节性变化]
第三段:讲在1984年做的一个试验,将这种机械种与automatic clock做比较,结果发现(一堆数字比较)。后又说日月引力,不但能影响海潮,还能影响陆地。而这种引力会使机械种有一定的误差。
第四段:主要讲日月引力怎么样对陆地也造成影响(好像没什么题)。
问题:
1、主旨题:
我选的是某样clock的发明和组成。
[我觉得应该选讨论一种设备的准确性]
[我选的好像是衡量一个东东(就是钟)功能准确不准确什么的。]
2、通过运用这个东西在XX学,发现了什么? 选的是发现地球的季节性的什么什么变化。
3、这个东东里面有个chamber(内膛)是干神马的?
我选的是有个什么mechanism与second什么鬼东东相连,相互影响。
4、作者最有可能同意什么:
乱选的,不记得了。貌似是选1921年以前没这种类似的东东存在。
5、得有一道题问的是那个神钟导致了什么伟大发现
我选的seasonal rotation的改写的那个
[我选发现地球地面(ground)和ocean一样会有tide的变化(具体记不清了。。。反正有关键词 ground,tide,change甚么的)。是文中一句话的改写,那句话后面还说了是如何变化的。
迷惑选项:发现地球rotation yearly change,文中说的是seasonal,不是from year to year。(或者相反,反正大家考的时候留心!)]
6、primary pendulum(钟摆)哪个true
我选:它是被firmly sealed(密封)的,因为文中说是真空。
7、有一道题很阴说作者文中直接的说这个钟为什么现象提供了证据
千万记得不是土地的tidal movement,而应该选地转速度一年里的速度不一样(seasonal对应答案的one time in the year from another)
8、Which of the following can NOT be experimented in 1984?
基金主人选了一个更准确的钟。
考古经ashitawa确认的考古:我来确认一下钟的吧,文章跟考古相似度98%, 题目我跟730那位大牛好像是一模一样的,选的也一样。不过有个770的大牛提醒了一个题看看我好像的确选错了那道
【BY joyzhuoy 730】11.8日
一段:肖特钟两个钟摆,一个真空环境的做校准用,一个正常摆,相互用电机协调
二段:肖特钟还是很准的,人们还利用这个钟测出了日月引力对地环转速的影响
三段:PB的实验与原子钟进行比较,再次证明肖特钟误差极小,但地月的引力场还是对其准确度有影响
最后一段主要讲日月引力怎么样对陆地也造成影响(好像没什么题)。
问题:
1. 这个东东主要是说什么的:我选的是某样clock的发明和组成。(我觉得不对)
2. 通过运用这个东西在XX学,发现了什么?我选的是发现地球的季节性的什么什么变化
3. 这个东东里面有个chamber是干什么的?我选的是有个什么mechanism与second什么鬼东东相连,相互影响。
4. 作者最有可能同意什么:乱选的,不记得了。貌似是选1921年以前没这种类似的东东存在。
5. 问这个钟导致了什么发现。我选了发现tide change。
6. 问其中一个pendulum(这个钟有2个pendulum)所在的chamber有何特点。文中提到chamber是vacuum的,所以我选了sealed so that no air can get in什么的。
7. 问这片文章用意何在。我选的好像是衡量一个东东(就是钟)功能准确不准确什么的。
8. What is truth about the first pendulum (in the first paragraph)?选和真空有关的
9. Which of the following can NOT be experimented in 1984?选了一个更准确的钟。
10 What does this clock coincidentally find?
11. 选地球转速因引力而不同。(有人说这个选项有问题)因为原文说的是seasonal rotation. 但是答案里面是year one year 的rotation。所以没选这个,那个人选的是对大陆,海洋的tidal都有影响。(请大家确认)
12. 有infer题 第一段讲指针运动那里有考题
13. primary钟摆怎么了答装它的盒子是密封的,有一道题很阴说作者文中直接的说这个钟为什么现象提供了证据,千万记得不是土地的tidal movement,而应该选地转速度一年里的速度不一样(seasonal对应答案的one time in the year from another)
14. 问到第一个钟摆的chamber作用, 但是没看到vacuum的选项, 我选了 irregular...对second...的影响
网上找到的,据说仿真度较高,请大家仔细阅读
The Shortt clock had two pendulums. The first, known as the master, swung freely in an evacuated case. Its only job was to synchronize the swing of the second pendulum, called the slave, which was housed in a neighboring cabinet. Every 30 seconds the slave sent an electrical signal to give a nudge to the master. In return, via an elaborate electromechanical link, the master ensured that the slave never got out of step.
Shortt clocks were standard provision in astronomical observatories of the 1920s and 1930s, and are credited with keeping time to better than 2 milliseconds a day. Many were on record as losing or gaining no more than 1 second a year – a stability of one part in 30 million. The first indications of seasonal variations in the Earth’s rotation were gleaned by the use of Shortt clocks.
In 1984 Pierre Boucheron carried out a study of a Shortt clock which had survived in the basement of the US Naval Observatory since 1932. Using the modern optical sensing equipment instead of the electromechanical coupling, he measured its rate against the observatory’s atomic clocks for a month. He found that it was stable to 200 microseconds a day over this period, equivalent to two to three parts in a billion. What is more, the data also reveal that the clock was sensing the distortion of the Earth due to tides from the Moon and the Sun.作者: bigpig 时间: 2011-3-25 17:13
2.3.9关于dreams的
by Laurieyy 2/25/2011
阅读只记得一个5段的 关于dreams的
我找了个类似的 但是不是原文 给大家参考下
Dream Theories
First and foremost in dream theory is Sigmund Freud. Falling into the psychological camp, Dr. Freud's theories are based on the idea of repressed longing -- the desires that we aren't able to express in a social setting. Dreams allow the unconscious mind to act out those unacceptable thoughts and desires. For this reason, his theory about dreams focuses primarily on sexual desires and symbolism. For example, any cylindrical object in a dream represents the penis, while a cave or an enclosed object with an opening represents the vagina. Therefore, to dream of a train entering a tunnel would represent sexual intercourse. According to Freud, this dream indicates a suppressed longing for sex. Freud lived during the sexually repressed Victorian era, which in some way explains his focus. Still, he did once comment that, "Sometimes, a cigar is just a cigar."
Carl Jung studied under Freud but soon decided his own ideas differed from Freud's to the extent that he needed to go in his own direction. He agreed with the psychological origin of dreams, but rather than saying that dreams originated from our primal needs and repressed wishes, he felt that dreams allowed us to reflect on our waking selves and solve our problems or think through issues.
¬More recently, around 1973, researchers Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley set forth another theory that threw out the old psychoanalytical ideas. Their research on what was going in the brain during sleep gave them the idea that dreams were simply the result of random electrical brain impulses that pulled imagery from traces of experience stored in the memory. They hypothesize that these images don't form the stories that we remember as our dreams. Instead, our waking minds, in trying to make sense of the imagery, create the stories without our even realizing it -- simply because the brain wants to make sense of what it has experienced. While this theory, known as the activation-synthesis hypothesis, created a big rift in the dream research arena because of its leap away from the accepted theories, it has withstood the test of time and is still one of the more prominent dream theories.
Let's look a little deeper into what actually happens in the brain when we dream.
我那五段也基本上是介绍原理 然后反对 然后介绍新原理 名字跟段中的又相似的
V2 by左岸的烟火 3/12/2011
月度:没碰到神马机井。。。悲催,大概就记得一篇关于dream的,5大段。。。
第一段:介绍神马Freud的关于梦的理论
第二段:介绍另外两个researchers Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley的理论
第三段:Freud和另两个researcher的理论都不完整。
第四段:Freud的理论虽然blahblahblah,但是在在神马方面的研究是不完整的。
第五段:另外两个researcher的调查对的地方和忽略的地方作者: sylivayjer 时间: 2011-4-6 06:32
many thanks @@作者: haiya 时间: 2011-4-6 09:53
赞一个,辛苦了作者: brucechung2011 时间: 2011-4-7 06:33
谢谢分享@!作者: 翁羽凌虚 时间: 2011-4-8 06:33
谢谢分享@@
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