1. Social Science Division
1.1Culture
1.1.1.美国黑人的文化和African tradition的关系
1） SS - 美国黑人受非洲文化影响很大。作者反驳- local影响
2） SS - 非洲文化都是homogeneity。作者反驳 - 有很多部落，文化不同
3） SS- 黑人对美国的影响和对巴西、智利、海地的影响是一样的。作者反驳 - 美国的黑人后来是本土的受美国文化影响很大，南美一直有从非洲运来的
P1：一个人（W or S.S）写了一本书叫 the slaves， 观点是因为黑奴基本上都是从非洲拐来的，所以黑人的文化受非洲的影响较大。作者认为W观点太片面了，作者认为美国的黑人奴隶来美国以后，也受到了美国当地文化的影响，所以他们的非洲文化是改良了的非洲文化
P2：S.S.认为来自非洲不同地区的黑人的文化是差不多的。作者反对，说虽然不同地区、种族的黑人文化有一定的类同性，但还是其差异性更显著（非洲有很多部落，之间的文化并不完全相同）
P3：S.S.觉得美国是非洲文化最明显的国家。但是作者反对，说智力、巴西、海地等国家的非洲文化比美国更显著，因为在这些国家一直都有黑人从非洲本土带来非洲文化，而在美国，从第一批黑人奴隶来到美国以后，就少有来自非洲本土的黑人来到美国了，美国的黑奴大多是在美国出生的，所以受到美国本土文化的影响较深。作者认为，虽然S.S.的观点有不足，但还是给予了肯定。并且说美国的非洲文化在黑人奴隶时期和当代美国都保存了下来
1作者反对，说智力、巴西、海地等国家的非洲文化比美国更显著，因为在这些国家一直都有黑人从非洲本土带来非洲文化，问为什么提到这几个国家？【provide example】
2. 提到美国黑人文化还是人口的顶峰的时候的黑人基本都是在美国出生的。题目就问美国十九世纪的美国黑人怎么样？【大部分都土生土长在美国】
3. 是文章后面有提到南美地区黑人的，问有什么作用？【一个和美国黑人对比体现美国的黑人文化更加适应了local】
4. 作者对那个写书的人的态度？【overstate什么什么~好像是E~】
5．作者assume美国黑人和其他地方的黑人文化怎样？【他们share certain characteristics of african culture】那句话在文中是以although开头的作者: Dockers 时间: 2011-3-23 11:25
1.1.2.一个女作家的文章
1） 对作品A的观点：不仅要从政治角度考虑，还有文学意义
2） 讨论了该作品的背景和内容：政治只是背景，作者没有政治偏向
3） 讨论了该作品的写法：appropriates占用and subverts颠覆 （narrative & traditional），作者以一个anger的女子角度写对周遭事物的不满，从而反映时代特点
4） 和著名英国女作家比：是受他们影响还是巧合moot无意义
P1: 对一部作品Anagan （一印巴女作家Khadija Mastur的著名作品）pointed的观点是从政治角度考虑。有人认为它只有历史价值，因为描述了1930时的社会。 现在的问题：是这个fiction 是不是historical？ 回答（比较）：有人说很明显是，从political 角度上进行了评论；但是，作者认为仅仅从政治方面看这部作品是不对的，它的literature的意义也很重大。
P2：举例1：M这个人写这个fiction里的一个内容，讲的大概是Indian farmer的，（传统的印度式故事套故事）。 例子的证明内容（作者认为）：是这个fiction 有political sense 而不是纯粹的political的。讨论了该作品的背景和内容，Set in British India and moving in to post independence Pakistan, Aangan is the story of dystopic home where the battles of the world are played out…它所描述的政治都只是为它的故事做背景，它的作者并没有偏向哪一方、没有明显政治目的。
P3：讨论了该女作家的写法：说女作家appropriates and subverts采用了两种写作手法，一种是traditional的写法，还有种是narrative的独特手法。作者从一个带有anger的女子的角度出发来叙述她身边的人和事情，从而透露出那个时代的特点之类
P4: 这部作品的作者和Emily Bronte她们这些著名的女权作家比较。发现它和某英国女人的作品风格很像。到底是这些女作家影响了anagan这部作品的作家而写出了跟《简爱》类似的作品、还是她们的作品只是一个巧合，所处的环境相似呢? 这是一个moot question.
1问了一个subvert的含义？推翻，颠覆，改变．Appropriate有占据，占有的意思； 让你推测approaches and XXX这个词的含义？根据上下文应该推断是改良一类的意思吧，答案选的是那个【adapt 什么的】
2.问infer了作者对该女作家的何种态度：【author认为这部作品的作者从一个带有anger的女子的角度出发来叙述她身边的人和事情，从而透露出那个时代的特点之类的】
3.问infer了作者对该作品的何种看法; What do the author think about the narration（叙述） used in Anagan? 【作者认为仅仅从政治方面看这部作品是不对的，它的literature的意义也很重大 / from literacy 的角度】
4.小说的作者主要观点是？
5. 第二段写小家庭是为了什么？【浓缩反映了社会背景】
6. 问的是作者认为不能确定哪一项？【whether 这个印度女作家的作品和English author Bronte她们的作品相似只是conincidence】
7. What does the author think about the politics setting in Anagan?【它所描述的政治都只是为它的故事做背景】
8. Which of the following is similar to the Anagan? (这里问的就是从什么角度去描述故事的) 【注意描述人的心情－原文中是带有anger的女子】作者: Dockers 时间: 2011-3-23 11:26
1.1.3.非洲妇女争取权益
by adelinely(2/26/11)
余温： 约都第一篇讲的是非洲妇女的，在战争的时代咋个争取了权益，blahblahblah~我约都做的很烂，这次估计就是栽在约都上了。作者: Dockers 时间: 2011-3-23 11:26
1.2Business & Economics
1.2.1. 英国和中国工业进程对比（19世纪中国的工业化进程缓慢的原因 ）
第一段 普遍接受的观点是说中国劳动力太多。英国的棉、线dominate world market之类的，而中国虽然也是棉花大国，却比不上英国。有些人说因为democraticreason，中国的女人很早就结婚生子所以劳动力充足，因此无需担心劳动力紧缺的问题，因此也不用提高技术以提高生产效率，无需大力发展生产力进行工业化。而英国一些女人结婚晚要孩子更晚，生育少，所以英国必须推进industrialization。
第二段 随之说并不是这样的，中国比英国慢的原因是妇女的社会经济地位有关。其实中国劳动力不足。作者举了一个研究：实际上中国寡妇不能再婚，穷人不能结婚，所以人口不是关键，是妇女地位决定的。原因是英国的妇女成家前加入社会劳动力大军，可以在外面工作争取工资，提供了廉价的劳动力。而中国的妇女往往不参加社会生 产，通常在家生产，做家务之余帮忙一些家里的工作，而不出外打工，因此小农经济繁荣。没有足够的妇女成为工业生产的劳动力，中国的公司因为缺乏廉价的劳动力所以斗不过homemade小作坊，因此中国factory不成功，导致中国工业化进程缓慢，同时中国妇女大都在家工作生产很多产品，导致工厂的产品需求不是很高。
中国比英国慢的原因是妇女的社会经济地位有关。
主旨题：文章主要讲什么？【介绍中国比英国工业化晚的原因】
细节题：从文章中能推测出中国妇女什么？
A结婚后可能很晚要小孩（排除）B结婚后两个人都出去工作（排除）c结婚后两人都什么？？既不清了（排除）d结婚很早（我就选的这个，不过不太确定）
主题题：较英国跟中国在工业革命前的情况，分析中国的工业化发展为什么慢； 比英国慢的原因是妇女的社会经济地位有关
True about women in China? 【她们不会为了工资出去工作】作者: Dockers 时间: 2011-3-23 11:26
1.2.5. Tragedy of the Commons
Define Tragedy of commons只会用不会保护 - 以捕鱼为例
Individual can do nothing about it
Gov can do nothing about it either due to personal interest
作者：对政府行为持负态度
P1提出有一个概念是公共资源的杯具，阐述了一下这个概念，并举了一个例子，就是捕鱼。海洋里的鱼是大家共有的，所以大家都去捕，不去保护，相反渔民家鱼塘里的鱼就是自己的，渔民就不会把它捕光。意思就是一个东西如果是公共资源，没有清晰的所有权划分（属于共有），那么大家就只会用不会保护。
V2文章头四个词被用引号括了起来，说这是指共有资源的什么什么。设问句：问如果全世界的鸡肉全部耗尽的话，那么鱼的stock会怎么样？（感觉是用来引出全文的）。后面就说其实鸡肉的供应是有利益所有人的，不论是个人还是团体，总是会有人会对市场上鸡肉的供应和价钱以及由此带来的利润敏感。接着又开始说鱼，说假如有一个超级垄断企业拥有全球的海洋鱼类，那么这个企业就有会对鱼在市场上的供应策略，它一定不会因为短期利益而把全球的鱼捞光。
P2 但是，这种全球海洋鱼类的超级垄断企业不存在，事实上，捕鱼的都是个人，每个人的力量太卑微。也许有的人会非常有良知，不会过渡捕捞，但这种有良知的人太少，这世界上大多数的渔民不会为了保护这种全球common的东西而放弃他们自己可能得到的利益。个人对于资源的保护是微不足道的，例如一个环境保护者自己不打鱼，并不会对整个环境带来多大的作用，还会使那些打鱼者搭便车 free-ride
P3 现在过渡捕捞已经有政府干涉了，并且全球的所有国家在一起应该算是这些common的鱼的拥有者，而且这些国家也制定了相关的捕鱼quota 给各个国家（总之听起来象是说政府已经在做事了）。作者180度大转弯表明态度：这些政府其实只是为了自己的经济利益而争quota，并不是为了保护这些人类的共有资源。政府会干预公共品被滥用的现象，但由于政府局限于本国的利益，因此，即使政府干预，也不能完全解决涉及国际利益的公共品问题。
1．主题提【阐述一个概念】describe了一个经济学上的concept/Elucidate（澄清）a concept 迷惑选项是：描述了一个经济学上的问题并提出了解决方案
2．政府在保护鱼方面有什么作用/态度? 【政府和个人一样，也是为了自己的利益】
3. 问政府干预的局限? 【它只能代表它所代表的那部分人的利益】 - 迷惑选项：政府不会解决公共资源的杯具，除非他们所代表的人民认识到问题的严重性。
4. 问下面那个情况和题目描述的fish的情况类似: A.A particular crop; B.Solar energy used in solar panel; C.Music through broadcast; 【Air through North America】 E. a particular corporation's coal
5. 请解释何为free-ride? 【别人作出了贡献，你没有，却从中得利】作者: Dockers 时间: 2011-3-23 11:28
1.2.10. Mutual fund公司的社会责任与盈利
P1:介绍了共同基金，然后说了基金投资收益主要靠指数衡量（有题，指数是干什么的），然而，这样的衡量后，发现基金投资收率要比指数低，如果扣除了管理费，就更低了。有一种指数基金，就是包括了所有的指数股票，管理费也少，所以收益率应该高。
p2：人们在选择共同基金时，主要按照基金经理的以前的业绩，然而，以前的业绩好不代表以后也能好，(我顿时神马觉得我在写argument)并且经济形式的转变也会让一个原来成功的基金FAIL.另外一种基金，是可以自动的参照别的基金经理成功的投资策略投资，并且管理费用低，但是由于缺少COMMISION TO THE INTERMEDIRA，所以，人们并不热衷。
指数是什么?答案是：representativeof a portfolio of stocks，类似的意思，原文就有representative这个词，带回去看就好。注意题目中没写是问定义（whatis...)，不过问的就是定义，混淆选项里有说什么指数基金比managed更赚钱什么的，不要搞混了。
人们的普遍的误区是什么，答：人们认为以前很成功的manager以后也会很成功，这个说法是不成立的作者: Dockers 时间: 2011-3-23 11:30
说德国政府失业率太高，专家叫兽说 因为政府给失业的人的待遇太高了，所以他们也懒得找工作。于是政府就把待遇降低了，结果失业率还是没有变化，为什么捏？因为待遇降低了，application fee of a job 却很高， 失业的人更没钱申请工作了，而且有工作的人也不敢随便换工作了，因为 什么 trade in union 导致了 negotiating wage 低了。最后说降低了待遇，还导致工作的人 wage 低了， wage 低了大家的消费水平下降了， 企业sales 也下降了， 导致企业更不敢随便招聘了作者: Dockers 时间: 2011-3-23 11:30
1.2.13. black larbor黑人劳力
阅读：有一篇讲black larbor的，说他们在二战时期的地位的改善。开始就说说二战期间黑人劳力有所改善。很多黑人从从村到了城市，进入了industry larbor force，还说什么vote，大概是有了什么vote的权利。 第二段讲了几个方面的改善，有political方面的，有工资方面的，有什么racial方面的。。。（后面有一题是except题，问下面那个方面不是文中提到的XXX导致的结果，结果都是好的结果，选项有经济方面的（应该就是工资），有racial什么的， 有法律的， 有进入workforce的，我觉得就是没有法律吧。。大家再看看，题不难。）。第三段最后说虽然二战时期他们有了改善，但是好像后来就不行了，就从什么转向了church...（对不起。。有点不记得了。。）
In the 1930’s and 1940’s, African American industrialworkers in the southern United States, who constituted 80 percent of theunskilled factory labor force there, strongly supported unionization. While theAmerican Federation of Labor (AFL) either excluded African Americans ormaintained racially segregated unions, the Congress of Industrial Organizations(CIO) organized integrated unions nationwide on the basis of a stated policy ofequal rights for all, and African American unionists provided the CIO’sbackbone. Yet it can be argued that through contracts negotiated and enforcedby White union members, unions—CIO unions not excluded—were often instrumentalin maintaining the occupational segregation and other forms of racialdiscrimination that kept African Americans socially and economically oppressedduring this period. However, recognizing employers’ power over workers as acentral factor in African Americans’ economic marginal unionization, AfricanAmerican workers saw the need to join with White workers in seeking changedespite White unionists’ toleration of or support for racial discrimination.The persistent efforts of African American unionists eventually paid off: manybecame highly effective organizers, gaining the respect of even racist Whiteunionists by winning victories for White as well as African American workers.African American unionists thus succeeded in strengthening the unions whileusing them as instruments of African Americans’ economic empowerment.
The passage is primarily concerned with
A. demonstrating that unions failed to addressthe concerns of African American workers during a particular period
B. arguing that African Americanworkers’ participation in unions during a particular period was ultimatelybeneficial to them
C. contrasting the treatment of AfricanAmerican workers by two different labor organizations during a particularperiod
D. giving reasons for the success of AfricanAmerican unionists in winning victories for both African American and Whiteworkers during a particular period
E. questioning one explanation for theattitudes of African American workers toward unionization during a particularperiod
According to the passage, which of the following wastrue of many racist White unionists during the period discussed in the passage?
A. Their attitudes toward AfricanAmerican union organizers changed once they recognized that the activities ofthese organizers were serving workers’ interests.
B. They were a powerful element in the southernlabor movement because they constituted the majority of the unskilled factorylabor force in the southern United States.
C. They persisted in opposing the CIO’sadoption of a stated policy of equal rights for all.
D. Their primary goal was to strengthen thenegotiating power of the unions through increasing White union membership.
E. Their advocacy of racial discriminationhampered unions in their efforts to gain more power for workers.
The author of the passage suggests which of thefollowing about African American workers who participated in union activitiesin the 1930’s and 1940’s?
A. They believed that the elimination ofdiscrimination within unions was a necessary first step toward the achievementof economic advancement for African Americans.
B. They belonged exclusively to CIO unionsbecause they were excluded from AFL unions.
C. They believed that the economicadvancement of African American workers depended on organized efforts toempower all workers.
D. Some of them advocated the organization ofseparate African American unions because of discriminatory practices in the AFLand the CIO.
E. Many of them did not believe that Whiteunionists in CIO unions would tolerate or support racial discrimination againstAfrican American workers.
1.2.15公司对公共事业的关注
by elaineliang 680，Q50, V31 3/7/2011
关于公司对公共事业的关注会影响financial profit. 文章非常非常长，但是论证很严密逻辑性很强，很容易读懂。大概分为三段，第一段提出这个主题，中间一段提到investment有增加，貌似在论证人们对这类关注公众利益公司的关注。最后一段是对survey的论证，认为结果未必可信。
讲的是关注public interest对cooperation的效益的影响。
第一段，传统分析不考虑这种影响，然而，作者认为关注public interest对公司的long-run效益有着非常重要的作用。举了几个例子但是没有考点，就不赘述了。
第二段，很短的一段，举了个例子说1995-2005（要不就是2000-2005），越来越多的人invest关注public interest的公司的stock。（此处有考点，问这句活的作用，我选的是provide an example to...)
第三段，许多学者开始定量的研究到底能对公司产生多少效益呢？然而这种研究非常困难（最后一段非常长，还没有考点，可是对我做主题题产生了很大影响）
这篇是唯一一篇主题题拿不准的，怕耽误时间就随便选了一个，因为篇幅看一三段都很长，可是貌似没有一个选项概括到一三段的内容的！作者: Dockers 时间: 2011-3-23 11:33
1.2.16.market pioneer
Introduction: Pioneer Business - Posivtive view
However, it’s bias (1. sample data, employee’s emotional, ambigious standard)
P1：Pioneer business介绍 & 正评价
介绍：一些学者透过研究也对pioneer business抱持正面的态度。公司可以透过宣称产品有先驱性来吸引投资者，说先驱者的事业能lasting。通常的理论认为公司越早进入一个领域在之后的发展中其优势就会越明显。研究发现在某一领域非常杰出的那些企业大多都是该领域的pioneer。并且那些后进入者在发布自己的产品时不得不想办法说明自己的production和之前的那些pioneer企业有什么不同，加大了成功的难度。好处：做market pioneer是大多数企业选择的strategy，好处有能够获利较多且能够宣传新产品introduction lure investors。根据对past decade的调查，发觉pioneer确实在XX和YY等方面做到了leader。【但是这些研究所使用的数据实际上是不准确的。有调查者做的survey showing the practice is prevail in the market，而且有很高的成功率（大概是这个意思）。因为，该调查可能是biased，所以，作者提出质疑】
P2：负评价：biased
原因①（调查无涉及失败案例）：data仅限于那些成功的公司，没有调查那些失败的案例，所以biased。这些数据只包括那些成功存活到现在的pioneer企业，而那些已经失败了的pioneer企业（因为已经破产）没有被考虑进来；
原因②（被调查者夸大）：调查的人夸大成绩。这些数据大多来源于这些pioneer企业现在的主管而非当初它进入该领域时的主管，所以这些现在的领导者的emotion并不能说明问题。他们接受调查的公司员工，往往会以公司促销自己的口号内容做响应，因此产生偏差，不能反印真实。所以biased。
原因③（标准模糊）：判断谁是pioneer企业的标准很模糊。对pioneer定义不明确，到底是先开发算呢还是先投入市场才算呢？所以biased。(呼应第一段可能为了吸引投资者的方法。)
1. 主旨：【question the research data of a established view】
2. 问关于通常理论的说法哪个正确? 有人选【这个理论所基于的研究数据缺少了关于失败的pioneer的部分】，因此不准确
3. 文中说一个调查的数据采自对服务于Pioneer companies的员工的调查，他们对Pioneer companies多持正面观点，作者说因为Pioneer companies经常对员工进行宣灌，说作为pioneer的好处。考题是，作者的assumption、strengthen是什么？【员工倾向于按公司宣灌的观点（而不是其自己的观点）对调查进行回答】，【选employers 都爱往对自己有利的方面说】作者: Dockers 时间: 2011-3-23 11:34
1.2.17非洲钻石
P1 非洲钻石生产占到世界的很大比重，但是他只是出口一些rough diamond。以某国为例，该国的diamond cutting and polishing切割和洗矿业总共才有2000个empolyees因而Gov决定对钻石进行出口限制，对出口征收高税负，这样来促进就业发展本国钻石业。
P2 industry觉得这不是个好招。因为出口限制后do little good to the downstream industry（高亮）同时副业每5%的就业增长就会造成15%的mining业的失业，同时不像china india有很廉价的劳动力，因而这个招不成。
Q1 主旨：有两个很像1.讲一个政策的后果 2,对比两种观点
Q2 高亮：能infer啥？选那个polishing and cutting那个
Q3 细节：那个为真？该国大量出口毛矿作者: Dockers 时间: 2011-3-23 11:35
1.2.19 Household savings V.s. Business savings
by yiw006 3/12/2011
4. Household savings V.s. Business savings(GWD-12-Q35 to Q37)
Many economists believe that a high rate of business savings in theUnited States is a necessary precursor to investment, because business savings,as opposed to personal savings, comprise almost three-quarters of the nationalsavings rate, and the national savings rate heavily influences the overall rateof business investment. These economists further postulate that real interestrates—the difference between the rates charged by lenders and the inflationrates—will be low when national savings exceed business investment (creating asavings surplus), and high when national savings fall below the level ofbusiness investment (creating a savings deficit).
However, during the 1960’s real interest rates were often higher whenthe national savings surplus was large. Counter-intuitive behavior alsooccurred when real interest rates skyrocketed from 2 percent in 1980 to 7percent in 1982, even though national savings and investments were roughlyequal throughout the period. Clearly, real interest rates respond toinfluences other than the savings/investment nexus. Indeed, real interestrates may themselves influence swings in the savings and investment rates. As real interest rates shot up after 1979, foreign investors pouredcapital into the United States, the price of domestic goods increasedprohibitively abroad, and the price of foreign-made goods became lower in theUnited States. As a result, domestic economic activity and the ability ofbusinesses to save and invest were restrained.
Q35: The passage is primarily concerned with
A. contrasting trends in two historical periods
B. presenting evidence that calls into question certain beliefs
C. explaining the reasons for a common phenomenon
D. criticizing evidence offered in support of a well-respected belief
E. comparing conflicting interpretations of a theory
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Q36:
According to the passage, which of the following resulted from foreign investment in the United States after 1979?
A. An increase in real interest rates
B. A decrease in the savings rate of certain other nations
C. An increase in American investment abroad
D. An increase in the price of American goods abroad
E. A decrease in the price of domestic goods sold at home
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Q37: The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding the economists mentioned in line 1?
A. Their beliefs are contradicted by certain economic phenomena that occurred in the United States during the 1960’s and the 1980’s.
B. Their theory fails to predict under what circumstances the prices of foreign and domestic goods are likely to increase.
C. They incorrectly identify the factors other than savings and investment rates that affect real interest rates.
D. Their belief is valid only for the United States economy and not necessarily for other national economies.
E. They overestimate the impact of the real interest rate on the national savings and investment rates.作者: Dockers 时间: 2011-3-23 11:40
V4
Married women's property rights and their social status.
Saying in the 18 and early 19 century, common laws dictated that when a woman is married, her husband takes over all her properties. The man had control the right to use the woman's properties while she lived and became the owner of the properties upon the woman's death. Only one thing can prevent this from happening, something like "pre-marriage settlement"
Then..some law about women's right of property was finally established!! then blah blah blah, how good the law was and things like that. Then, a scholar named Sammas? said this law substantially changed women's status.
BUT, another scholar named Beard? disagreed with Sammas and said the effects of this new law was overstated because before this new law was established, there always existed "equity court " that serve the same purpose.
BUT, a third scholar named Salmon came out to challenge Beard. Salmon said equitty court can't do much because most states were very hostile against equity court and in the cases where the court gave women the right of properties, some were attempts made by men to transfer all properties to their women to avoid consequences of bankruptcy.
题目有...
1. purpose of the passage
to cronicle laws regarding women's right of properties and examine the implication to women's status.
2. inferred from the passage, what would Beard mostly likely think of equity court
3.问2段作用
4.问最后一段的最后一句的句子作用是什么最后一句话，讲了有些人愿意接受这种法律，也是为了破产的丈夫把财产转移给妻子，赖债权人作者: Dockers 时间: 2011-3-23 11:40
2.2.7..乌龟听觉
V1一段说大多人都认为乌龟是聋子（deaf），听不见声音，结果有个A人做个试验通过打铃或吹哨子来训练乌龟吃饭；然后K人反驳，说乌龟实际听不见，是玲放在了桌子上，乌龟感觉到了震动，当放到空中（air-bell）打铃时，实际还是聋子。后来又有一批人研究出了乌龟能听到一些low vibrant sound. 但是归根结底还是没弄清是怎么听见的。
这段有题，问假如K发现乌龟还能听到air-bell时会得出何种结论，我选的是【则乌龟能听见声音】，E项是断定乌龟不是靠桌子上的震动来感知的。
二段说又有个人觉得K的结论也不对，因为乌龟的四肢组织肥厚，应该不容易感到震动，他做了个试验，把振动器放在龟壳上，发现乌龟反映很明感，立即缩入龟壳，于是他认为是乌龟听到声音在不同介质中的效果不同，难怪乌龟只能听到low vibrant sound. 在空气中声音被抵消掉很多，传到乌龟耳朵里就微乎其微
三段说乌龟为什么会这样呢，解释说他耳朵构造eardrum与人类不一样，人比较薄，但它的要厚，所以空气传播的声音乌龟不容易听到，（有考题）但是声音在龟壳中传播乌龟就能听到，因为sound will reach the inner and middle passage of ear before reaching the eardrum，而龟壳正好连接着中耳那一部分，所以它能够听见声音。
一道是问人耳和乌龟有什么不同：【声音到内耳先于到eardrum】，有个混淆选项是说，到内耳先于中耳（这个分类是错的）
一道是第一段高亮，狗主选的是【为recent findings 提供 history context】
V2第一段：乌龟耳朵不好使，听不见 (theme)，supporting details：有K的试验，乌龟在桌子上，铃响，乌龟的反应是认为是桌上的铃在响而不是离的远的另一桌的铃在响。但后来发现不是听到了，而是皮肤感觉到了。（这里有题，因为是旧观点。）。
第二段：反驳第一段观点，说乌龟能听见（第二个theme，也是ETS主theme），supporting detail：又有个人，叫做B。B的研究也发现不是听到，是乌龟皮肤感觉到了，但是B没有就此为止，B又做了进一步研究发现是通过骨头传的。以前用铃，这回用别的。然后还用frequency一样的两种东西刺激乌龟，乌龟能分辨其中一个。得出结论是 bone transmission 而非 air vibration, 驳斥了由皮肤传导的说法。(Question 1。说明2个实验结论的区别，新观点)
第三段：说了乌龟的耳鼓和人耳的区别，乌龟的耳鼓厚（evidence）。因为乌龟的耳膜比较floppy而造成其听不到的。supporting detail：什么样的声音能直接到达乌龟的inner or middle without hit the eardrum。。。实际上乌龟是通过骨头来感觉的，（好象这里还举了个例子说你要是在他的龟壳上发声，他就动静很大；要是在他的腿上接触的面上制造震动，他仍然不太搭理）。然后说人的耳朵的骨膜比较薄，适合感受空气中的震动；但是乌龟的很厚，根本听不到，所以当发声时，乌龟实际上更容易通过他的龟壳传进去而且比通过鼓膜传进去要先到达（Question 2）。
Scientists studying the physiology of dinosaurs have long debated whether dinosaurs were warm- or cold-blooded. Those who suspect they were warm-blooded point out that dinosaur bone is generally fibro-lamellar in nature; because fibro-lamellar bone is formed quickly, the bone fibrils, or filaments, are laid down haphazardly. Consistent with their rapid growth rate, warm-blooded animals, such as birds and mammals, tend to produce fibro-lamellar bone, whereas reptiles, which are slow-growing and cold-blooded, generally produce bone in which fibrils are laid down parallel to each other. Moreover, like the bone of birds and mammals, dinosaur bone tends to be highly vascularized, or filled with blood vessels. These characteristics, first recognized in the 1930’s, were documented in the 1960’s by de Ricqlès, who found highly vascularized, fibro-lamellar bone in several groups of dinosaurs. In the 1970’s, Bakker cited these characteristics as evidence for the warm-bloodedness of dinosaurs. Although de Ricqlès urged caution, arguing for an intermediate type of dinosaur physiology, a generation of paleontologists has come to believe that dinosaur bone is mammalianlike. In the 1980’s, however, Bakker’s contention began to be questioned, as a number of scientists found growth rings in the bones of various dinosaurs that are much like those in modern reptiles. Bone growth in reptiles is periodic in nature, producing a series of concentric rings in the bone, not unlike the growth rings of a tree. Recently, Chinsamy investigated the bones of two dinosaurs from the early Jurassic period (208-187 million years ago), and found that these bones also had growth rings; however, they were also partially fibro-lamellar in nature. Chinsamy’s work raises a question central to the debate over dinosaur physiology: did dinosaurs form fibro-lamellar bone because of an innately high metabolic rate associated with warm-bloodedness or because of periods of unusually fast growth that occurred under favorable environmental conditions? (Although modern reptiles generally do not form fibro-lamellar bone, juvenile crocodilesraised under optimal environmental conditions do.) This question remains unanswered; indeed, taking all the evidence into account, one cannot make a definitive statement about dinosaur physiology on the basis of dinosaur bone. It may be that dinosaurs had an intermediate pattern of bone structure because their physiology was neither typically reptilian, mammalian, nor avian.
GWD-9-Q33 G-9-Q33:
The author of the passage would be most likely to agree that the “caution” (line 29) urged by de Ricqlès regarding claims about dinosaur physiology was 【OA】
A. unjustified by the evidence available to de Ricqlès
B. unnecessary, given the work done by Bakker and his followers
C. indicative of the prevailing scientific opinion at the time
D. warranted, given certain subsequent findings of other scientists
E. influential in the recent work of Chinsamy
----------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-9-Q34 G-9-Q34:
The primary purpose of the passage is to【OA】
A. discuss the influence on other scientists of Bakker’s argument concerning the warm-bloodedness of dinosaurs
B. provide evidence that supports the claim that dinosaurs were cold-blooded
C. challenge the contention that dinosaur bone tissue is innately fibro-lamellar
D. evaluate the claim that dinosaur bone tissue provides evidence for the warmbloodedness of dinosaurs
E. resolve the disagreement between de Ricqlès and Bakker over the nature of dinosaur physiology
----------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-9-Q35 G-9-Q35:
According to the passage, the discovery of growth rings in the bones of certain dinosaurs served to undermine which of the following claims? 【OA:C】
A. That modern reptiles are related to dinosaurs
B. That bone growth in dinosaurs was periodic in nature
C. That dinosaurs were warm-blooded
D. That dinosaurs had an intermediate type of physiology
E. That fibro-lamellar bone is the product of a rapid growth rate
----------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-9-Q36 G-9-Q36: 【OA:E】
The author of the passage mentions bone growth patterns in juvenile crocodiles most likely in order to
A. provide support for the argument that reptiles are not related to dinosaurs
B. undermine the claim that most reptiles are slow-growing
C. offer an explanation as to why juvenile crocodiles differ from most modern reptiles
D. suggest the juvenile crocodiles have a type of physiology intermediate between-f mammals and that of reptiles
E. suggest that the presence of fibro-lamellar bone does not resolve the debate over dinosaur physiology作者: Dockers 时间: 2011-3-23 13:09
2.3 Other Natural Science
2.3.1. CO2
1700 年以后，CO2 在大气中的的含量增加了。但是没有预计中增加的那么多。A scholar 提出那是因为很多CO2被Wood 的成长吸收了。进一步阐述这个学者的观点。讲在1890接下来的40年中。大量的tree lodging,deforestration caused large amounts of CO2 to realese to atmosphere. But since 1920, this phonemenon decreased. 原来从1920到1970年间，树木大量生长，以前是产生二氧化碳的场所，现在变成了吸收二氧化碳的sink了。第二段详细的解释了树林是如何变成sink的。trees can be resourse and sink of co2.
有一个主题题，我选得是解释paradox作者: Dockers 时间: 2011-3-23 13:15
2.3.3.物理学里的constant
P1：物理学里面有很多constant（常量吧）。说这些常量在任何时间任何地点都不变的，但是科学家也不知道为什么这些常量就是这些value。
P2：好像就说科学家假象，有很多公式什么的，每个星球上呢，都有不同的solution（就是解），可能正好是因为地球上的这一组解【就是那些constant】，特别适合生命的存在，所以我们就存在了。所以科学家就假想，在不远的未来，可能会发现，这些公式只有only solution。
P2v2说但是有些公式能推出不同解，因为在不同的宇宙，不同的条件，这些不同解能够存在。但是地球上的怎么怎么了，最后就只能有 one possible solution.（夜幕提示，这篇想想重力就好理解了，地球上是9.8，月球上是6？大概。）
有一个消弱 问如果further refine the possible value to the equations, 就是这个公式本来很多值，最后慢慢研究确定到一个值，这个事实是不支持以下哪个陈述的? 【我选的是很多universes哪个】作者: Dockers 时间: 2011-3-23 13:17
2.3.5. ceramics的工艺发明和生产
V1某地的妇女很早就掌握ceramic pot的技术了，可是考古发现她们在农业技术引进后的很多年才开始制作ceramic pot。为什么呢？后面某人提出一个观点，被作者反驳了。作者最后自己提出了一个观点。
V2在南美（好像是），说随着农业的引进，有了剩余的食物，需要container来储存。所以在1千年前ceramic就发展了。因为但考古发现800年前container才大量使用，containers 的出现比种粮食的技术引进晚100年？考古学家提出两个原因:
1. 800年前农业发展需要container to store, more convenience, 而从事陶瓷生产的大部分都是女性。讲了女性从事陶瓷生产的原因，妇女做容器的劳动力成本是很低，妇女更有时间做container.
2. 由于粮食少，印地安妇女要提高营养水平，而放在容器里储藏和cook可以提高营养水平。由于人口密度低（有一个in order to 题），印第安人又……。考了两条suggest 和 infer 的题
V3第二篇好像是说美国西南的印第安人很早就会陶瓷的技术, 但是几百年以后才开始做pottery和container. 于是有个哥们就开始研究为啥. Y调查以后发现做pottery很适合印第安妇女的schedule, 但是作者马上否定, 说人家印第安妇女同志要照顾孩子, 收拾家里很忙di. 然后作者说其实是印第安人生活水平提高了, 要储存东西了, 所以才开始做pottery.
题目：
Q：为什么1千年前妇女就应该掌握技术?
Q about the last statement of the whole passage: why did it mention the low density of people there?
你认为作者主要讲的是什么? 【造成Ceramic技术产生，到美国西南部人民开始使用该技术作为储存食物的容器之间的时间差异，其理由为合】有两个选项开头是Reasons，其中一个即为答案。
Q：文章暗示了印第安人陶瓷技术有什么特点: 选这种技术在一开始的是有不是用来做vessel的(用vessel代替container)
Q：作者与文中Brown(好像是)提出的关于American Women比较晚才开始做container的解释有什么不同 (答案不难定位)作者: Dockers 时间: 2011-3-23 13:18
2.3.7.钟 Clock
第一段： scott clock,说这种钟可以说是世界上最后的机械钟了，而且有两个，一个在爱丁堡，一个在某observing station.(此处无题)。这种钟就两个钟摆(pendulum), the first 在一个真空(vacuum)的容器中(此处对真空有题)，另一个来管钟的指针(大概是这个意思)。第一个钟摆会适时第二个钟摆信号，来进行适度调整。这个钟就是靠这个运行的
第二段：主要讲这种钟如何准确，有一些数字。最后一句说，利用这个钟测出了日月引力对地环转速的影响(这有一题)
第三段：讲在1984年做的一个试验，将这种机械种与automatic clock做比较，结果发现(一堆数字比较)。后又说日月引对，不但能影响海潮，还能影响陆地。而这种引力会使机械种有一定的误差。
第四段：主要讲日月引力怎么样对陆地也造成影响(好像没什么题)。
考题：
1)What is truth about the first pendulum (in the first paragraph)?【和真空有关的，firmly sealed when operation】
2)Which of the following can NOT be experimented in 1984? 【一个更准确的钟】
3)What does this clock coincidentally find? 【地球转速因引力而不同(有人说这个选项有问题)，因为原文说的是seasonal rotation. 但是答案里面是year one year 的rotation。所以没选这个，那个人选的是对大陆，海洋的tidal都有影响。(请大家确认)】
作者文中直接的说这个钟为什么现象提供了证据？【千万记得不是土地的tidal movement，而应该选地转速度一年里的速度不一样（seasonal对应答案的one time in the year from another）】
4）一个是问这个钟有什么发现之类的? 【indications of seasonal variations in the Earth’s rotation。可以定位到第二段末尾。】
4) 主旨: 【evaluate a device】
5）和这段文章很像（指本篇原文类似物），只是gmat的文章做了很多改变，比方at the beginning, 就用了一个非常夸张的词ultimate, 这里果然就有题，infer, according to the author这个shortt clock是个什么?【ultimate的paraphrase, shortt clock是机械钟的最好的了】
6）infer, at least some machenical clocks work in the same way
网上找到的，据说仿真度较高，请大家仔细阅读
The Shortt clock had two pendulums. The first, known as the master, swung freely in an evacuated case. Its only job was to synchronize the swing of the second pendulum, called the slave, which was housed in a neighboring cabinet. Every 30 seconds the slave sent an electrical signal to give a nudge to the master. In return, via an elaborate electromechanical link, the master ensured that the slave never got out of step.
Shortt clocks were standard provision in astronomical observatories of the 1920s and 1930s, and are credited with keeping time to better than 2 milliseconds a day. Many were on record as losing or gaining no more than 1 second a year – a stability of one part in 30 million. The first indications of seasonal variations in the Earth’s rotation were gleaned by the use of Shortt clocks.
In 1984 Pierre Boucheron carried out a study of a Shortt clock which had survived in the basement of the US Naval Observatory since 1932. Using the modern optical sensing equipment instead of the electromechanical coupling, he measured its rate against the observatory’s atomic clocks for a month. He found that it was stable to 200 microseconds a day over this period, equivalent to two to three parts in a billion. What is more, the data also reveal that the clock was sensing the distortion of the Earth due to tides from the Moon and the Sun.作者: Dockers 时间: 2011-3-23 13:19
2.3.8树的年轮神马的可以推测出当时的气候环境
P1主要是说在温带和寒带地区树的年轮很清晰，通过年轮可以测定树的生命，更重要的是可以反映气候的变迁，但是在热带地区，树的年轮几乎没有，无法使用这种方法，只有用isotope（同位素）测定法
P2主要说p一个叫p教授的和他的同事一起有一个新的发现，就是热带地区的树木的年轮也是可以测的，好像是什么X-ray测树木吸收的什么，这种方法比isotope更快速便捷，而且清晰吧
p3说这种方法还是有很多不足的，主要是两个方面吧，一个是是否所有的热带树种都能适用，还有一个是在特别干旱还有个什么气候下，树木吸收的什么会不会不一样，影响测定，所以最后说还需要更多的研究。
主题题就是【提出一种新方法吧】
新的方法和isotope比较？【isotope is a more established method】作者: Dockers 时间: 2011-3-23 13:20
2.3.9关于dreams的
Dream Theories
First and foremost in dream theory is Sigmund Freud. Falling into the psychological camp, Dr. Freud's theories are based on the idea of repressed longing -- the desires that we aren't able to express in a social setting. Dreams allow the unconscious mind to act out those unacceptable thoughts and desires. For this reason, his theory about dreams focuses primarily on sexual desires and symbolism. For example, any cylindrical object in a dream represents the penis, while a cave or an enclosed object with an opening represents the vagina. Therefore, to dream of a train entering a tunnel would represent sexual intercourse. According to Freud, this dream indicates a suppressed longing for sex. Freud lived during the sexually repressed Victorian era, which in some way explains his focus. Still, he did once comment that, "Sometimes, a cigar is just a cigar."
Carl Jung studied under Freud but soon decided his own ideas differed from Freud's to the extent that he needed to go in his own direction. He agreed with the psychological origin of dreams, but rather than saying that dreams originated from our primal needs and repressed wishes, he felt that dreams allowed us to reflect on our waking selves and solve our problems or think through issues.
¬More recently, around 1973, researchers Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley set forth another theory that threw out the old psychoanalytical ideas. Their research on what was going in the brain during sleep gave them the idea that dreams were simply the result of random electrical brain impulses that pulled imagery from traces of experience stored in the memory. They hypothesize that these images don't form the stories that we remember as our dreams. Instead, our waking minds, in trying to make sense of the imagery, create the stories without our even realizing it -- simply because the brain wants to make sense of what it has experienced. While this theory, known as the activation-synthesis hypothesis, created a big rift in the dream research arena because of its leap away from the accepted theories, it has withstood the test of time and is still one of the more prominent dream theories.
Let's look a little deeper into what actually happens in the brain when we dream.
我那五段也基本上是介绍原理 然后反对 然后介绍新原理 名字跟段中的又相似的
文章逻辑很清晰 其实长的更好把握 基本上都是些细节题 建议稍微做下记录
V2 by左岸的烟火 3/12/2011
第一段：介绍神马Freud的关于梦的理论
第二段：介绍另外两个researchers Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley的理论
第三段：Freud和另两个researcher的理论都不完整。
第四段：Freud的理论虽然blahblahblah，但是在在神马方面的研究是不完整的。
第五段：另外两个researcher的调查对的地方和忽略的地方作者: Dockers 时间: 2011-3-23 13:20
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