标题: OG10阅读总结 [打印本页]
作者: 图拉 时间: 2011-1-17 23:13 标题: OG10阅读总结
Passage 3Federal efforts to aid [url=]minority businesses [/url][t1] began in the
[url=]1960’s[/url][t2] when the Small Business Administration [url=](SBA)[/url][t3]
began making federally guaranteed loans and govern-
ment-sponsored management and technical assistance
(5) available to minority business enterprises. While[url=]this[/url]
program[t4] enabled many minority entrepreneurs to
form new businesses, the results were [url=]disappointing[/url][t5] ,
since managerial inexperience, unfavorable locations,
and capital shortages led to high failure rates.[url=] Even[/url][t6] 15
(10) years after the program was implemented, minority
business receipts were not quite two percent of the national
economy’s total receipts.15、16题
资助少数民族企业起源于1960年SBA。SBA结果不是很理想。甚至在15年后少数民族的收入都不及总收入的2%。
[url=]Recently[/url][t7] federal policymakers have adopted an
approach intended to accelerate development of the
(15) minority business sector by moving away from directly
aiding small minority enterprises and toward supporting
larger, growth-oriented minority firms through interme-
diary companies. [url=]In this approach[/url][t8] , large corporations
participate in the development of successful and stable
(20) minority businesses by making use of government-
sponsored venture capital.14题 The capital is used by a
participating company to establish a Minority Enterprise
Small Business Investment Company or [url=]MESBIC[/url][t9] . The
MESBIC then provides capital and guidance to minority
(25) businesses that have potential to become future suppliers
or customers of the sponsoring company.
MESBIC’s are the result of the belief that providing
established firms with easier access to relevant manage-
ment techniques and more job-specific experience, as
(30) well as substantial amounts of capital, gives those firms
a greater opportunity to develop sound business founda-
tions than does simply making general management
experience and small amounts of capital available.
[url=]Further,[/url][t10] since potential markets for the minority busi-
(35) nesses already exist through the sponsoring companies,
the minority businesses face considerably less risk in
terms of location and market fluctuation. Following
early financial and operating problems, sponsoring
corporations began to capitalize MESBIC’s far above
(40) the legal minimum of $500,000 [url=]in order to[/url][t11] generate
sufficient income and to sustain the quality of manage-
ment needed. MESBIC’c are now emerging as increas-
ingly important financing sources for minority enter-
prises.
近来，政府采用一种新方法资助少数民族企业，新方法从资助少数民族企业转向通过中间企业支持大的、增长为导向的企业。这种方法要求大企业参加。大企业用政府资助资金建立MESBIC. M为将来能成为大企业供应商或顾客的少数民族企业提供资金或管理支持。M帮助少数民族企业获得更好的管理能力，更多的资金等。进一步，由于市场已经存在，选址问题的危险更少。大企业提供的资金远高于政府规定的限额，M已成为少数民族企业的一项重要资金来源。
(45)[url=] [/url]Ironically[t12] , MESBIC staffs, which usually consist of
Hispanic and Black professionals, tend to approach
investments in minority firms more pragmatically than
do many MESBIC directors, who are usually senior
managers from sponsoring corporations. The latter
(50) often still think mainly in terms of the “social responsi-
bility approach” and thus seem to prefer deals that are
riskier and less attractive than normal investment criteria
would warrant. Such differences in viewpoint have pro-
duced uneasiness among many minority staff members,
(55) who feel that minority entrepreneurs and businesses
should be judged by established business considerations.
These staff members believe their point of view is closer
to the original philosophy of MESBIC’s and they are
concerned that, unless a more prudent course is fol-
lowed, MESBIC directors may revert to policies likely
to re-create the disappointing results of the original SBA
approach.
讽刺的是，M员工比领导者更有实用性。M领导者认为应该依照社会责任，他们更喜欢那些更危险利益小的企业。M员工认为这样会导致SBA的结果
pragmatic [præɡ'mætik] adj. 实用主义的；实际的；国事的
prudent ['pru:dənt] adj. 谨慎的；节俭的；精明的
intermediate [,intə'mi:djət, -dieit] vi. 起媒介作用adj. 中间的，中级的n. 中间物；媒介
[t1]点出描述对象
[t2]1960年旧观点
[t3]记住缩写单词
[t4]表示对前面program的解释
[t5]态度词，注意
[t6]even进一步解释
[t7]新观点
[t8]解释前面的方法
[t9]缩写单词注意
[t10]进一步解释
[t11]注意考in order to 题
[t12]态度词，
作者: 图拉 时间: 2011-1-17 23:13
新老观点对比型
经济类
逻辑简图：SBA资助少数民族企业结果不理想——新的方法M资助更好——M员工比M领导更具实用性
主题题13. Which of the following best states the central idea of the passage?
(A) The use of MESBIC’s for aiding minority entrepreneurs seems to have greater potential for success than does the original SBA approach.（新方法比老方法好）
(B) There is a crucial difference in point of view between the staff and directors of some MESBIC’s.（第三段内容）
(C) After initial problems with management and marketing, minority businesses have begun to expand at a steady rate.没提及
(D) Minority entrepreneurs wishing to form new businesses now have several equally successful federal programs on which to rely. 没提及
(E) For the first time since 1960, large corporations are making significant contributions to the development of minority businesses.（1960没有大公司）
信息题：注意M方法large company的重要性反复提及考点
14. According to the passage, the MESBIC approach differs from the SBA approach in that MESBIC’s
(A) seek federal contracts to provide markets for minority businesses
(B) encourage minority businesses to provide markets for other minority businesses
(C) attempt to maintain a specified rate of growth in the minority business sector
(D) rely on the participation of large corporations to finance minority businesses
(E) select minority businesses on the basis of their location
信息题：注意态度词考点
15. Which of the following does the author cite to support the conclusion that the results of the SBA program were disappointing? 定位第一段
(A) The small number of new minority enterprises formed as a result of the program
(B) The small number of minority enterprises that took advantage of the management and technical assistance offiered under the program
(C) The small percentage of the nation’s business receipts earned by minority enterprises following the programs, implementation.
(D) The small percentage of recipient minority enterprises that were able to repay federally guaranteed loans made under the program
(E) The small number of minority enterprises that chose to participate in the program
信息题：考老观点
16. Which of the following statements about the SBA program can be inferred from the passage? 定位第一段
(A) The maximum term for loans made to recipient businesses was 15 years.
(B) Business loans were considered to be more useful to recipient businesses than was management and technical assistance.
(C) The anticipated failure rate for recipient businesses was significantly lower than the rate that actually resulted.
(D) Recipient businesses were encouraged to relocate to areas more favorable for business development.
(E) The capitalization needs of recipient businesses were assessed and then provided for adequately.
in order to题：原文有in order to，答案与问题在一句话
17. The author refers to the “financial and operating problems”(line 38 ) encountered by MESBIC’s primarily in order to
(A) broaden the scope of the discussion to include the legal considerations of funding MESBIC’S through sponsoring companies
(B) call attention to the fact that MESBIC’s must receive adequate funding in order to function effectively（=原文generate sufficient income and to sustain the quality of management needed）
(C) show that sponsoring companies were willing to invest only $500,000 of government-sponsored venture capital in the original MESBIC’s
(D) compare SBA and MESBIC limits on minimum funding
(E) refute suggestions that MESBIC’s have been only marginally successful
态度题：作者的总体态度与主题题相似
18. The author’s primary objective in the passage is to
(A) disprove the view that federal efforts to aid minority businesses have been ineffective
(B) explain how federal efforts to aid minority businesses have changed since the 1960’s
(C) establish a direct link between the federal efforts to aid minority businesses made before the 1960’s and those made in the 1980’s
(D) analyze the basis for the belief that job-specific experience is more useful to minority businesses than is general management experience 细节词
(E) argue that the “social responsibility approach” to aiding minority businesses is superior to any other approach细节词
作者: 图拉 时间: 2011-1-17 23:14
Passage 12
All of the cells in a particular plant start out with the
same complement of genes. How then can these cells
differentiate and form structures as different as roots,
stems, leaves, and fruits? The answer is that only a
(5) small subset of the genes in a particular kind of cell are
expressed, or turned on, at a given time. This is accom-
plished by a complex system of chemical messengers
that in plants include hormones and other regulatory
molecules. 71题Five major hormones have been identified:
(10) auxin, abscisic acid, cytokinin, ethylene, and gibberel-
lin. Studies of plants have now identified a new class of
regulatory molecules called oligosaccharins.
Unlike the oligosaccharins, the five well-known plant
hormones are pleiotropic rather than specific, that is,
(15) each has more than one effect on the growth and devel-
opment of plants69题、70题. The five has so many simultaneous
effects that they are not very useful in artificially
controlling the growth of crops67题、72题. Auxin, for instance,
stimulates the rate of cell elongation, causes shoots to
(20) grow up and roots to grow down, and inhibits the
growth of lateral shoots. Auxin also causes the plant to
develop a vascular system, to form lateral roots, and to
produce ethylene.
植物都起源于同一种基因的综合，为什么后来有的变成树叶、枝干、根？因为信息者使他们展现不同的细胞基因。这种信息者是由五种荷尔蒙和其他规范分子组成。五种荷尔蒙是…。科学家现在发现了一种新的规范分子小O。与小O不同的是，五种荷尔蒙比它更宽泛而不是具体，也就是对植物生长发育有多种的功能。这五种有很多功能，不一定都对人工控制植物生长有用。举个例子小A证明这一点。
The pleiotropy of the five well-studied plant
(25) hormones is somewhat analogous to that of certain
hormones in animal. For example, hormones from the
hypothalamus in the brain stimulate the anterior lobe
of the pituitary gland to synthesize and release many
different hormones68题, one of which stimulates the release
(30) of hormones from the adrenal cortex. These hormones
have specific effects on target organs all over the body.
One hormone stimulates the thyroid gland, for
example, another the ovarian follicle cells, and so forth.
In other words, there is a hierarchy of hormones.
(35) Such a hierarchy may also exist in plants. Oligosac-
charins are fragments of the cell wall released by
enzymes: different enzymes release different oligosac-
charins. There are indications that pleiotropic plant
hormones may actually function by activating the
(40) enzymes that release these other, more specific chemical
messengers from the cell wall. 68题
这种P的特性也类似存在于动物之中。举个例子，动物大脑中的荷尔蒙刺激并综合释放其他不同的荷尔蒙，这些荷尔蒙又可以释放其他部位的荷尔蒙。最后的这些荷尔蒙有对身体的器官有具体的功能。这就是荷尔蒙的世袭制度。这种世袭制度也存在于植物之中。小Ｏ就是由被其他酶释放出来的细胞墙的碎片，不同的酶产生不同的小Ｏ。小Ｐ（即五种荷尔蒙）可以刺激酶产生其他具体的化学信息者（即小Ｏ）。
作者: 图拉 时间: 2011-1-17 23:14
生物类
现象解释型
逻辑简图：提出现象：同一种基因产生不同的植物部分。提出两种物质的作用：五种荷尔蒙和其他规范分子（小Ｏ）出现对比：小Ｏ是具体的功能。五种荷尔蒙具有多种功能小Ｐ。举个例子证明五种荷尔蒙的多样性小Ｐ。———— 动物也有多样性小Ｐ。举例子说动物的世袭制度。推出植物也有世袭制度。小Ｏ是由五种荷尔蒙刺激出来的。
细节题：考so that 句型，various 与so many 的同义转换
67. According to the passage, the five well-known plant hormones are not useful in controlling the growth of crops because
(A) it is not known exactly what functions the hormones perform
(B) each hormone has various effects on plants
(C) none of the hormones can function without the others
(D) each hormone has different effects on different kinds of plants
(E) each hormone works on only a small subset of a cell’s genes at any particular time
强对比取非题：文中第二段整段都是对比，analogous题眼
68. The passage suggests that the place of hypothalamic hormones in the hormonal hierarchies of animals is similar to the place of which of the following in plants?
(A) Plant cell walls
(B) The complement of genes in each plant cell
(C) A subset of a plant cell’s gene complement
(D) The five major hormones
(E) The oligosaccharins
强对比取非题：unlike 题眼；particular与specific同义转换
69. The passage suggests that which of the following is a function likely to be performed by an oligosaccharin?
(A) To stimulate a particular plant cell to become part of a plant’s root system
(B) To stimulate the walls of a particular cell to produce other oligosaccharins
(C) To activate enzymes that release specific chemical messengers from plant cell walls
(D) To duplicate the gene complement in a particular plant cell
(E) To produce multiple effects on a particular subsystem of plant cells
In order to 题：例子，出现专有名词pleitropy对其的解释
70. The author mentions specific effects that auxin has on plant development in order to illustrate the
(A) point that some of the effects of plant hormones can be harmful
(B) way in which hormones are produced by plants
(C) hierarchical nature of the functioning of plant hormones
(D) differences among the best-known plant hormones
(E) concept of pleiotropy as it is exhibited by plant hormones
信息题：只能用排除法，抓住元素之间的关系
71. According to the passage, which of the following best describes a function performed by oligosaccharins?
(A) Regulating the daily functioning of a plant’s cells
(B) Interacting with one another to produce different chemicals
(C) Releasing specific chemical messengers from a plant’s cell walls
(D) Producing the hormones that cause plant cells to differentiate to perform different functions
(E) Influencing the development of a plant’s cells by controlling the expression of the cells’ genes
强对比取非题：题眼unlike，在unlike的下一句。
72. The passage suggests that, unlike the pleiotropic hormones, oligosaccharins could be used effectively to
(A) trace the passage of chemicals through the walls of cells
(B) pinpoint functions of other plant hormones
(C) artificially control specific aspects of the development of crops
(D) alter the complement of genes in the cells of plants
(E) alter the effects of the five major hormones on plant development
作者: 图拉 时间: 2011-1-17 23:14
Passage 17
Australian researchers have discovered electroreceptors
(sensory organs designed to respond to electrical fields)
clustered at the tip of the spiny anteater’s snout102题. The
researchers made this discovery by exposing small areas of
(5) the snout to extremely weak electrical fields and recording
the transmission of resulting nervous activity to the brain.
While it is true that tactile receptors, another kind of
sensory organ on the anteater’s snout, can also respond to
electrical stimuli, such receptors do so only in response to
( 10) electrical field strengths about 1,000 times greater than
those known to excite electroreceptors.101题
科学家发现了电子接收器，在小a的鼻子尖端上。科学家通过什么实验过程证实这个发现。虽然小a鼻子上有另一种感觉器官小t也可以接受电流，但是它接受的电流的强度时电子接收器接受的100倍，排除是另一种感觉器官的可能性。
Having discovered the electroreceptors, researchers are
now investigating how anteaters utilize such a sophisticated
sensory system. In one behavioral experiment, researchers
(15) successfully trained an anteater to distinguish between
two troughs of water, one with a weak electrical field
and the other with none. Such evidence is consistent with
researchers’ hypothesis that anteaters use electroreceptors
to detect electrical signals given off by prey; however,
( 20) researchers as yet have been unable to detect electrical
signals emanating from termite mounds, where the favorite
food of anteaters live. Still, researchers have observed
anteaters breaking into a nest of ants at an oblique angle
and quickly locating nesting chambers. This ability quickly
(25)to locate unseen prey suggests, according to the researchers, that the anteaters were using their electroreceptors to locate the nesting chambers.105题
科学家开始调查小a是怎样利用电子接收器的。科学家通过一个实验…。实验证实科学家的推测小a通过电子接收器捕猎。然而科学家没有在一个小a喜欢的食物中发现电流。但是，科学家仍发现小a以斜角挖洞寻找看不见的蚂蚁洞穴，再次证明了小a利用电子接受器定位蚂蚁巢穴。
作者: 图拉 时间: 2011-1-17 23:15
tactile adj. 触觉的，有触觉的；能触知的
现象解释性
自然科学——生物
逻辑简图：科学家通过实验发现了在小a上的电子接收器。——科学家检验小a是怎样利用电子接收器的。推测它们利用电子接受器寻找食物。通过一系列实验。
细节题：定位tactile receptors
101. According to the passage, which of the following is a
characteristic that distinguishes electroreceptors from
tactile receptors?
(A) The manner in which electroreceptors respond to
electrical stimuli
(B) The tendency of electroreceptors to be found in
clusters
(C) The unusual locations in which electroreceptors are
found in most species.
(D) The amount of electrical stimulation required to
excite electroreceptors
(E) The amount of nervous activity transmitted to the
brain by electroreceptors when they are excited
错题/信息题/强对比取非题：实验推断题，较难，用排除法
102. Which of the following can be inferred about the
experiment described in the first paragraph?
(A) Researchers had difficulty verifying the existence of
electroreceptors in the anteater because
electroreceptors respond to such a narrow range of
electrical field strengths.
(B) Researchers found that the level of nervous activity
in the anteater’s brain increased dramatically as the
strength of the electrical stimulus was increased.（电流增加，神经活动增加错，电子接受器只对微弱电流有反应）
(C) Researchers found that some areas of the anteater’s
snout were not sensitive to a weak electrical
stimulus.（电子接收器只存在鼻子尖端，鼻子上其他部位对微弱电流没反应）
(D) Researchers found that the anteater’s tactile
receptors were more easily excited by a strong
electrical stimulus than were the electro receptors..（电子接收器仅对微弱电流有反应）
(E) Researchers tested small areas of the anteater’s snout
in order to ensure that only electroreceptors were
responding to the stimulus.（电子接收器只在鼻子尖端）
in order to 题：实验严谨性，排除另一种可能性：while it is ture,…. only…
103. The author of the passage most probably discusses the
function of tactile receptors (lines 7-11) in order to
(A) eliminate and alternative explanation of anteaters’
response to electrical stimuli
(B) highlight a type of sensory organ that has a function
identical to that of electroreceptors
(C) point out a serious complication in the research on
electroreceptors in anteaters.
(D) suggest that tactile receptors assist electroreceptors
in the detection of electrical signals.
(E) introduce a factor that was not addressed in the
research on electroreceptors in anteaters.
细节题：定位behavioral experiment；distinguish与recogonize同义转换
10 4. Which of the following can be inferred about anteaters
from the behavioral experiment mentioned in the
second paragraph?
(A) They are unable to distinguish between stimuli
detected by their electroreceptors and stimuli
detected by their tactile receptors.（第一段内容，错）
(B) They are unable to distinguish between the electrical
signals emanating from termite mounds and those
emanating from ant nests.
(C) They can be trained to recognize consistently the
presence of a particular stimulus.
(D) They react more readily to strong than to weak
stimuli.
(E) They are more efficient at detecting stimuli in a
controlled environment than in a natural environment.（新元素错）
错题/信息题：难题
题目suggests表明从原文中推测，所以选项不应该选与原文大部分相同的答案；
选项包含绝对化的词不要选：conclusive evidence, 而原文是suggests
105. The passage suggests that the researchers mentioned in
the second paragraph who observed anteaters break into
a nest of ants would most likely agree with which of the
following statements?
(A) The event they observed provides conclusive
evidence that anteaters use their electroreceptors to
locate unseen prey.
(B) The event they observed was atypical and may not
reflect the usual hunting practices of anteaters.
(C) It is likely that the anteaters located the ants’ nesting
chambers without the assistance of electroreceptors.
(D) Anteaters possess a very simple sensory system for
use in locating prey.（新元素）
(E) The speed with which the anteaters located their
prey is greater than what might be expected on the
basis of chance alone. （The last sentence in the passage implies that the researchers believed that the
anteaters’ locating of their unseen prey was too prompt and too deliberate to be accidental.）
错题/逻辑题：加强
106. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen
the hypothesis mentioned in lines 17-19?
(A) Researchers are able to train anteaters to break into
an underground chamber that is emitting a strong
electrical signal.（注意细节：应该是weak）
(B) Researchers are able to detect a weak electrical
signal emanating from the nesting chamber of an ant
colony.
(C) Anteaters are observed taking increasingly longer
amounts of time to locate the nesting chambers of
ants.（weaken）
(D) Anteaters are observed using various angles to break
into nests of ants.（无关）
(E) Anteaters are observed using the same angle used
with nests of ants to break into the nests of other types
of prey. （无关）
作者: 图拉 时间: 2011-1-17 23:15
Passage 46
(This passage was written in 1984.)
It is now possible to hear a recording of Caruso’s singing that is far superior to any made during
his lifetime. A decades-old way-cylinder recording of this great operatic tenor has been digitized,
and the digitized signal has been processed by computer to remove the extraneous sound, or
“noise,” introduced by the now “ancient” wax-cylinder recording process.
现在听C的音乐质量比他的时代更好。过去的录音可以被数字化，数字化的信号被的计算机除掉外来声音或噪音
Although this digital technique needs improvements, it represents a new and superior way of
recording and processing sound which overcomes many of the limitations of analog recording. In
analog recording systems, the original sound is represented as a continuous waveform273题 created by
variations in the sound’s amplitude over time. When analog playback systems reproduce this
waveform, however, they invariably introduce distortions. First, the waveform produced during
playback differs somewhat from the original waveform. Second, the medium that stores the analog
recording creates noise during playback which gets added to the recorded sounds.
虽然数字化录音需要改进，但是它代表了一种新的更好的记录声音的方法，超越了以前的模拟录音。在模拟录音系统中，原来的声音是被连续的波形所表达。但是，当模拟系统复制信号时，不可避免的产生了失真。第一种是…，第二种是…。
Digital recordings, by contrast, reduce the original sound to a series of discrete numbers that
represent the sound’s waveform273题. Because the digital playback system “reads” only numbers, any noise and distortion that may accumulate during storage and manipulation of the digitized signal
will have little effect274题: as long as the numbers remain recognizable, the original waveform will be reconstructed with little loss in quality. However, because the waveform is continuous, while its
digital representation is composed of discrete numbers, it is impossible for digital systems to avoid
some distortion275题. One kind of distortion, called “sampling error,” occurs if the sound is sample (i.e., its amplitude is measured) too infrequently, so that the amplitude changes more than one quantum(the smallest change in amplitude measured by the digital system) between samplings. In effect,the sound is changing too quickly for the system to record it accurately. A second form of
distortion is “quantizing error,” which arises when the amplitude being measured is not a whole
number of quanta, forcing the digital recorder to round off. Over the long term, these errors are
random, and the noise produced (a background buzzing) is similar to analog noise except that it
only occurs when recorded sounds are being reproduced.
相反的是，数字录音将原来声音降低为一系列的代表波形数字。因为数字录音系统读取数字，所以一些在存储运作中产生的噪音和失真不会产生任何影响：只要原有数字仍可识别，原来的波形就可以被重建。但是，因为波形是连续的，而数字是分离的，所以就不可避免的产生两种失真。第一种失真，…。第二种失真…。
analog ['ænəlɔɡ] n. 类似物；模拟 adj. 有长短针的；模拟的
distortion [dis'tɔ:ʃən] n. 变形；扭曲；曲解；失真
extraneous [ek'streinjəs] adj. 外来的；没有关联的；来自体外的
作者: 图拉 时间: 2011-1-17 23:16
新旧观点对比型
自然科学类——技术
逻辑简图：第一段例子说明数字录音提高了过去录音的质量。——指出模拟录音系统的过程及两种失真情况——数字录音系统的优点及两种失真。
段落作用题：一整段都是例子对文章的作用
272. Which of the following best describes the relationship of the first paragraph to the passage as
a whole?
(A) The first paragraph introduces a general thesis that is elaborated on in detail elsewhere in
the passage.
(B) The first paragraph presents a concrete instance of a problem that is discussed elsewhere
in the passage.
(C) The first paragraph describes a traditional process that is contrasted unfavorably with a
newer process described elsewhere in the passage.
(D) The first paragraph presents a dramatic example of the potential of a process that is
described elsewhere in the passage.
(E) The first paragraph describes a historic incident that served as the catalyst for
developments described elsewhere in the passage.
信息题：考对比
273. According the passage, one of the ways in which analog recording systems differ from digital
recording systems is that analog systems
(A) can be used to reduce background noise in old recordings（digital）
(B) record the original sound as a continuous waveform
(C) distort the original sound somewhat（两者都有）
(D) can avoid introducing extraneous and nonmusical sounds（digital）
(E) can reconstruct the original waveform with little loss inquality（digital）
信息题：not readily altered与have little effect
274. Which of the following statements about the numbers by which sound is represented in a
digital system can be inferred from the passage?
(A) They describe the time interval between successive sounds in a passage of music. 没提及
(B) They model large changes in the amplitude of the initial sound with relatively poor
precision. （the smallest change）
(C) They are slightly altered each time they are read by the playback apparaturs.没提及
(D) They are not readily altered by distortion and noise accumulated as the digital signal is
stored and manipulated.
(E) They are stored in the recording medium in small groups that can be read simultaneously
by the playback apparatus.没提及
错题/信息题:注意绝对化词completely
275. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the digital approach to the
processing of sound?
(A) It was developed in competition with wax-cyclinder recording technology.( Choice
A is not correct because the wax-cylinder process is characterized as “ancient” (line 7), while
digital recording is called “new and superior” (line 90. The wax-cylinder recording mentioned in
line 3 is described a “decades-old.” The suggestion thus is that the two processes were developed
at different times, not that they were developed in competition with each other.)
(B) It has resulted in the first distortion-free playback system.
(C) It has been extensively applied to nonmusical sounds.没提及
(D) It cannot yet process music originally recorded on analog equipment.
(E) It is not yet capalbe of reprocessing old recordings in a completely distortion-free manner.
465字
13 A 07:09
14 D 01:46
15 C 04:25
16C 03:02
17 B 02:45
18 B 01:50
350字
67 B 04:40
68 D 01:29
69 A 01:47
70 E 01:03
71 E 01:08
72 C 00:30
227字
101 D 04:16
102 B 01:23
103 A 00:30
104 C 01:48
105 A 01:11
106 A 01:25
354字
272 D 05:05
273B 01:27
274 D 04:30
275D 04:16
错误率4/22=18%
超时率6/22=27%
超时时间10分钟
错题原因：注意绝对化词混在与原文近乎相同的选项中，改变原意。注意推测题：强对比取非
作者: 图拉 时间: 2011-1-17 23:16
Passage 1
Caffeine, the stimulant in coffee, has been called
“the most widely used psychoactive substance on Earth .”
Synder, Daly and Bruns have recently proposed that
caffeine affects behavior by countering the activity in
(5) the human brain of a naturally occurring chemical called
adenosine. Adenosine normally depresses neuron firing
in many areas of the brain. It apparently does this by
inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters2题, chemicals
that carry nerve impulses from one neuron to the next.
(10) Like many other agents that affect neuron firing,
adenosine must first bind to specific receptors on
neuronal membranes. There are at least two classes
of these receptors, which have been designated A1 and
A2. Snyder et al propose that caffeine, which is struc-
(15) turally similar to adenosine5题, is able to bind to both types
of receptors, which prevents adenosine from attaching
there and allows the neurons to fire more readily than
they otherwise would2题.
S人物认为Caffeine是通过counter于小A起作用的小A的作用原理是绑定在A1A2上S认为Caffeine在结构上与小A类似，从而代替了小A绑定而起作用。
For many years, caffeine’s effects have been attri-
(20) buted to its inhibition of the production of phosphodi-
esterase, an enzyme that breaks down the chemical
called cyclic AMP.A number of neurotransmitters exert
their effects by first increasing cyclic AMP concentra-
tions in target neurons. Therefore, prolonged periods at
(25) the elevated concentrations, as might be brought about
by a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, could lead to a greater
amount of neuron firing and, consequently, to behav-
ioral stimulation. But Snyder et al point out that the
caffeine concentrations needed to inhibit the production
(30) of phosphodiesterase in the brain are much higher than
those that produce stimulation. Moreover, other com-
pounds that block phosphodiesterase’s activity are not
stimulants.
老观点：以前认为咖啡因是阻止小p生产来起作用的。说了一大堆原理怎么阻止小p生产起作用。但是S反驳说这种观点不对，因为需要咖啡因阻止小p的浓度比能刺激它的要高。另外，也没有发现其他阻止小p的刺激物。
既然出现了老理论，一定会出现对老理论的反驳。所以老理论本身内容不重要，如何反驳才是最重要的。这里的BUT要注意，but后出现了S人物，又出现了point out，大家就知道，这里就是S对于老理论的反驳了。后面又出现了一个Moreover，说明是S人物进一步的阐述――从这里可以看出GMAT阅读文章论述上的严谨：从一个角度反驳不够，还会从另外一个角度增加反驳的力度和严谨性。
本段有几个语言现象是值得注意的：1.therefore和consequently，表示顺接总结上面的意思，就说明还是在说老理论，时间非常紧张的时候就可以略过不读，当然我本人建议能读都要读，帮助理解也帮助理清逻辑关系；2. for many years表示老理论内容；3. but转折后出现了S人物和point out，说明S要开始反驳了，要特别注意反驳的内容。4. Moreover说明是S反驳的另外一个角度。
To buttress their case that caffeine acts instead by pre-
(35) venting adenosine binding, Snyder et al compared the
stimulatory effects of a series of caffeine derivatives with
their ability to dislodge adenosine from its receptors in
the brains of mice. “In general,” they reported, “the
ability of the compounds to compete at the receptors
(40) correlates with their ability to stimulate locomotion in
the mouse; i.e., the higher their capacity to bind at the
receptors, the higher their ability to stimulate locomo-
tion.” Theophylline, a close structural relative of caffeine
and the major stimulant in tea, was one of the most
(45) effective compounds in both regards.
To buttress…所以做实验实验总结in general说…举例来说，小T…
本段出现的新名词是小T。
再次赞叹GMAT逻辑的严密：反驳老理论还不够，必须通过实践来支持其反驳。实验结果证实了S的理论。这还不够，又通过一个类似的小T的例子加强说明。
There were some apparent exceptions to the general
correlation observed between adenosine-receptor binding
and stimulation. One of these was a compound called
3-isobuty1-1-methylxanthine(IBMX), which bound very
(50) well but actually depressed mouse locomotion. Snyder
et al suggest that this is not a major stumbling block to
their hypothesis. The problem is that the compound has
mixed effects in the brain, a not unusual occurrence with
psychoactive drugs3题. Even caffeine, which is generally
(55) known only for its stimulatory effects, displays this
property, depressing mouse locomotion at very low
concentrations and stimulating it at higher ones.
存在例外比如IBMXS解释说…况且…
最后一段也很简单，这也是GMAT文章很普遍的一个现象：为了表示其理论的严谨性，通常作者一会一杆子打死所有反驳，他会承认，的确是有例外的，但是这些例外是可以解释的――不用我说， S解释的内容才是本段的重点。
从这里再次看到，S反驳永远通过两个方面来进行，逻辑极其严密。
作者: 图拉 时间: 2011-1-17 23:16
buttress ['bʌtris] n.支撑物vt.支持
derivatives派生物
dislodge [dis'lɔdʒ] vt. 逐出，驱逐；使……移动；用力移动vi. 驱逐，逐出；离开原位
自然科学：生物
新旧观点对比型
逻辑简图：第一段引出咖啡因。S提出咖啡因是通过反作用于小a来起作用的。提出原理——第二段提出老观点说咖啡因是通过抑制小p生产的，但是S反驳了这种观点。——第三段通过实验证明S提出的观点，提出例子小t ——第四段说有一些例外，但可以解释。
第一段：新理论说C反作用于A。出现新名词小A；
第二段：老理论说浓度。S反驳说：1….2….。本段新名词PH，AMP
第三段：为支持新理论，S做实验，实验后总结in general…，还举了一个例子，本段新名词小T。
第四段：例外（也可以看做预期反对意见）。S提出解释，1…2…。本段新名词：IBMX
每一段的新名词，都要注意跟Caffeine之间的关系，因为文章的主题就是Caffeine的作用，每出现一个新名词，一定是和Caffeine有关的。GMAT中，阅读也好，逻辑也好，主要看的，都是众多事物之间的关系。
主题题：新旧观点对比型重点关键词alternative
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) discuss a plan for investigation of a phenomenon that is not yet fully understood
(B) present two explanations of a phenomenon and reconcile the differences between them
(C) summarize two theories and suggest a third theory that overcomes the problems encountered in the first two
(D) describe an alternative hypothesis and provide evidence and arguments that support it
(E) challenge the validity of a theory by exposing the inconsistencies and contradictions in it新老理论，不是同一个理论本身的矛盾，错
错题/信息题：问小a，小a 首次出现在文中第一段，在第一段定位
2. According so Snyder et al, caffeine differs from adenosine in that caffeine
(A) stimulates behavior in the mouse and in humans, whereas adenosine stimulates behavior in humans only第三段内容
(B) has mixed effects in the brain, whereas adenosine has only a stimulatory effect第四段内容，错
我错误的把mixed effects等于both receptors了
(C) increases cyclic AMP concentrations in target neurons, whereas adenosine decreases such concentrations第二段内容
(D) permits release of neurotransmitters when it is bound to adenosine receptors, whereas adenosine inhibits such release这些词全部都在第一段出现过，肯定对
(E) inhibits both neuron firing and the production of phosphodiesterase when there is a sufficient concentration in the brain, whereas adenosine inhibits only neuron firing 第二段内容
文字对应法。文字对应法的意思就是说，一般来讲，GMAT阅读中的名词题（也就是说关于小A这个名词，以下哪个是对的），那么：1. 答案一般出现在该名词在文章中第一次出现的地方；2. 答案基本不可能出现在该名词第一次出现的该段以外的地方，也就是说，小A在第一段出现，答案不可能在其他段出现。
细节题：IBMX定位文中第四段
3. In response to experimental results concerning IBMX, Snyder et al contended that it is not uncommon for
psychoactive drugs to have
(A) mixed effects in the brain
(B) inhibitory effects on enzymes in the brain
(C) close structural relationships with caffeine
(D) depressive effects on mouse locomotion
(E) the ability to dislodge caffeine from receptors in the brain
EXCEPT题：分布全文，每一段都总结过这些新名词跟C的关系
4. According to Snyder et al, all of the following compounds can bind to specific receptors in the brain EXCEPT
(A) IBMX
(B) caffeine
(C) adenosine
(D) theophylline
(E) phosphodiesterase
细节题：A1 and A2 receptors定位第一段
5. Snyder et al suggest that caffeine’s ability to bind to A1 and A2 receptors can be at least partially attributed to
which of the following?
(A) The chemical relationship between caffeine and phosphodiesterase
(B) The structural relationship between caffeine and adenosine
(C) The structural similarity between caffeine and neurotransmitters
(D) The ability of caffeine to stimulate behavior
(E) The natural occurrence of caffeine and adenosine in the brain
In order to 题：in general 与summerize同义转换
6. The author quotes Snyder et al in lines 38-43 most probably in order to
(A) reveal some of the assumptions underlying their theory
(B) summarize a major finding of their experiments
(C) point out that their experiments were limited to the mouse
(D) indicate that their experiments resulted only in general correlations极端词。文章中如果没有出现过，答案中出现了，一般必然是错的。
(E) refute the objections made by supporters of the older theory
作者: 图拉 时间: 2011-1-17 23:17
Passage 19
Seeking a competitive advantage115题, some professional
service firms(for example, firms providing advertising,
accounting, or health care services) have considered
offering unconditional guarantees of satisfaction. Such
(5) guarantees specify what clients can expect and what the
firm will do if it fails to fulfill these expectations.
Particularly with first-time clients, an unconditional
guarantee can be an effective marketing tool if the
client is very cautious, the firm’s fees are high, the
(10) negative consequences of bad service are grave, or
business is difficult to obtain through referrals and
word-of-mouth.114题
专业服务公司提供无条件保证。无条件保证是…..。无条件保证在…情况下是有效的。
However, an unconditional guarantee can sometimes
hinder marketing efforts. With its implication that fail-
(15) ure is possible, the guarantee may, paradoxically, cause
clients to doubt the service firm’s ability to deliver the
promised level of service117题. It may conflict with a firm’s
desire to appear sophisticated, or may even suggest that
a firm is begging for business. In legal and health care
(20) services, it may mislead clients by suggesting that law-
suits or medical procedures will have guaranteed out-
comes116题. Indeed, professional service firms with outstandin
reputations and performance to match have little to gain
from offering unconditional guarantees. And any firm
(25) that implements an unconditional guarantee without
undertaking a commensurate commitment to quality of
service is merely employing a potentially costly
marketing gimmick.
然而，无条件保证阻碍了市场努力。后面一些列排比说怎么阻碍的。
作者: 图拉 时间: 2011-1-17 23:17
grave [ɡreiv] adj. 严肃的；重大的；黯淡的vt. 雕刻；铭记n. 墓穴，坟墓；死亡
referral [ri'fə:rəl] n. 参照；提及
dignity ['diɡnəti] n. 尊严；高贵
新旧观点对比型
经济类
逻辑简图：第一段引出无条件保证，提出其好处…——第二段人文它不好。怎样不好。
主题题：全文都在说无条件保证的好与不好一定是评价evaluate
113. The primary function of the passage as a whole is to
(A) account for the popularity of a practice
(B) evaluate the utility of a practice
(C) demonstrate how to institute a practice
(D) weigh the ethics of using a strategy
(E) explain the reasons for pursuing a strategy
错题/EXCEPT题：benefit好处定位第一段。
114. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as
circumstances in which professional service firms can
benefit from offering an unconditional guarantee
EXCEPT:
(A) The firm is having difficulty retaining its clients of
long standing. first time clients与long standing 不是反义
(B) The firm is having difficulty getting business
through client recommendations. （business is difficult to obtain through referrals and
word-of-mouth）word-of-mouth 与recommendations的同义转换
(C) The firm charges substantial fees for its services.（the firm’s fees are high）
(D) The adverse effects of poor performance by the firm
are significant for the client.( the negative consequences of bad service are grave)
negative与adverse；bad与poor；grave与significant同义转换
(E) The client is reluctant to incur risk.（if the
client is very cautious）
信息题：some professional service firms首次提及定位第一段？
115. Which of the following is cited in the passage as a goal
of some professional service firms in offering
unconditional guarantees of satisfaction?
(A) A limit on the firm’s liability
(B) Successful competition against other firms competitive advantage与Successful competition同义转换
(C) Ability to justify fee increases
(D) Attainment of an outstanding reputation in a field
(E) Improvement in the quality of the firm’s service
信息题：health care or legal services定位第二段,推断暗示题，result与outcomes同义转换
116. The passage’s description of the issue raised by
unconditional guarantees for health care or legal
services most clearly implies that which of the following
is true?
(A) The legal and medical professions have standards of
practice that would be violated by attempts to fulfill
such unconditional guarantees.
(B) The result of a lawsuit of medical procedure cannot
necessarily be determined in advance by the
professionals handling a client’s case. result与outcomes同义转换
(C) The dignity of the legal and medical professions is
undermined by any attempts at marketing of
professional services, including unconditional
guarantees.
(D) Clients whose lawsuits or medical procedures have
unsatisfactory outcomes cannot be adequately
compensated by financial settlements alone.
(E) Predicting the monetary cost of legal or health care
services is more difficult than predicting the
monetary cost of other types of professional
services.
逻辑题？加强题
117. Which of the following hypothetical situations best
exemplifies the potential problem noted in the second
sentence of the second paragraph (lines 14-17)?
(A) A physician’s unconditional guarantee of
satisfaction encourages patients to sue for
malpractice if they are unhappy with the treatment
they receive.
(B) A lawyer’s unconditional guarantee of satisfaction
makes clients suspect that the lawyer needs to find
new clients quickly to increase the firm’s income.
(C) A business consultant’s unconditional guarantee of
satisfaction is undermined when the consultant fails
to provide all of the services that are promised.
(D) An architect’s unconditional guarantee of
satisfaction makes clients wonder how often the
architect’s buildings fail to please clients.
(E) An accountant’s unconditional guarantee of
satisfaction leads clients to believe that tax returns
prepared by the accountant are certain to be
accurate.
信息题：推测。这种题只能对原文意思理解才能回答，错误选项都是原文没提及，超越原文意思。
118. The passage most clearly implies which of the following
about the professional service firms mentioned in line
22?
(A) They are unlikely to have offered unconditional
guarantees of satisfaction in the past.
(B) They are usually profitable enough to be able to
compensate clients according to the terms of an
unconditional guarantee.
(C) They usually practice in fields in which the
outcomes are predictable.
(D) Their fees are usually more affordable than those
charged by other professional service firms.
(E) Their clients are usually already satisfied with the
quality of service that is delivered.
作者: 图拉 时间: 2011-1-17 23:20
新旧观点对比型
自然科学类——技术
逻辑简图：第一段例子说明数字录音提高了过去录音的质量。——指出模拟录音系统的过程及两种失真情况——数字录音系统的优点及两种失真。
段落作用题：一整段都是例子对文章的作用
272. Which of the following best describes the relationship of the first paragraph to the passage as
a whole?
(A) The first paragraph introduces a general thesis that is elaborated on in detail elsewhere in
the passage.
(B) The first paragraph presents a concrete instance of a problem that is discussed elsewhere
in the passage.
(C) The first paragraph describes a traditional process that is contrasted unfavorably with a
newer process described elsewhere in the passage.
(D) The first paragraph presents a dramatic example of the potential of a process that is
described elsewhere in the passage.
(E) The first paragraph describes a historic incident that served as the catalyst for
developments described elsewhere in the passage.
信息题：考对比
273. According the passage, one of the ways in which analog recording systems differ from digital
recording systems is that analog systems
(A) can be used to reduce background noise in old recordings（digital）
(B) record the original sound as a continuous waveform
(C) distort the original sound somewhat（两者都有）
(D) can avoid introducing extraneous and nonmusical sounds（digital）
(E) can reconstruct the original waveform with little loss inquality（digital）
信息题：not readily altered与have little effect
274. Which of the following statements about the numbers by which sound is represented in a
digital system can be inferred from the passage?
(A) They describe the time interval between successive sounds in a passage of music. 没提及
(B) They model large changes in the amplitude of the initial sound with relatively poor
precision. （the smallest change）
(C) They are slightly altered each time they are read by the playback apparaturs.没提及
(D) They are not readily altered by distortion and noise accumulated as the digital signal is
stored and manipulated.
(E) They are stored in the recording medium in small groups that can be read simultaneously
by the playback apparatus.没提及
错题/信息题:注意绝对化词completely
275. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the digital approach to the
processing of sound?
(A) It was developed in competition with wax-cyclinder recording technology.( Choice
A is not correct because the wax-cylinder process is characterized as “ancient” (line 7), while
digital recording is called “new and superior” (line 90. The wax-cylinder recording mentioned in
line 3 is described a “decades-old.” The suggestion thus is that the two processes were developed
at different times, not that they were developed in competition with each other.)
(B) It has resulted in the first distortion-free playback system.
(C) It has been extensively applied to nonmusical sounds.没提及
(D) It cannot yet process music originally recorded on analog equipment.
(E) It is not yet capalbe of reprocessing old recordings in a completely distortion-free manner.
465字
13 A 07:09
14 D 01:46
15 C 04:25
16C 03:02
17 B 02:45
18 B 01:50
350字
67 B 04:40
68 D 01:29
69 A 01:47
70 E 01:03
71 E 01:08
%
作者: teddyabc 时间: 2011-1-18 06:40
many thanks z99999
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