未确认
新经济学家F反驳传统理论
When Friedman gave his lecture in 1976, the long-run relationship between inflation and unemployment was still under debate. During the1960s, most economists believed that a lower average unemployment rate could be sustained if one were just willing to accept a permanently higher (but stable) rate of inflation. （负相关）Friedman used his Nobel lecture to make two arguments about this inflation-unemployment tradeoff公平交易. First, he reviewed the reasons the short-run tradeoff would dissolve 消失in the long run. Expanding nominal名义上的 demand to lower unemployment would lead to increases in money wages as firms attempt to attract additional workers. （失业率下降，员工工资就会增加）Firms would be willing to pay higher money wages if they expected prices for output to be higher in the future due to the expansion.Friedman assumed, however, that workers would initially最初 perceive感觉 the rise inmoney wages to be a rise in real wages. They would do so because their"perception of prices in general" adjusts slowly, so nominal wages would be perceived to be rising faster than prices. In response, the supply of labor would increase, and employment and output would expand. Eventually, workers would recognize that the general level of prices had risen and that their real wages had not actually increased, leadingto adjustments that would return the economy to its natural rate of unemployment. （现金形式的收入下降了，在收入上会作出妥协）
Friedman's secondargument was that the Phillips Curve slope might actually be positive--higher inflation would be associated with higher average unemployment. （不是负相关）In the 1970s, many economies were experiencingrising inflation and unemployment simultaneously同时的. Friedman attempted to provide a tentative假设的 hypothesis for this phenomenon. In his view, higher inflation tends to be associated with more inflation volatility易变的 and greater inflation uncertainty. This uncertainty reduces economic efficiency as contracting 缔交的arrangements must adjust, imperfections in indexation指数化 systems become more prominent突出的，杰出的, and price movements provide confused signals about the types of relative price changes that indicate the need for resources to shift.
The positive correlation between inflation and unemployment that Friedman noted was subsequently随后 replaced by a negative correlation as the early 1980s saw disinflations accompanied by recessions. Today, most economists would view inflation and unemployment movements as reflecting both aggregate supply and aggregate demand disturbances as well as the dynamic动态的 adjustments the economy follows in response to these disturbances干扰. When demand disturbances dominate, inflation and unemployment will tend to be negatively correlated initially as, for example, an expansion lowers unemployment and raises inflation. As the economy adjusts, prices continue to increase as unemployment begins to rise again and return to its natural rate. When supply disturbances dominate (as in the 1970s), inflation and unemployment will tendto move initially in the same direction.
The long-lived recessionof the early 1980s, followed by the rapid economic growth of the late 1980s and the 'bust' of the early 1990s have shaped the expectations of workers,industries and households. Perhaps we have become adapted to low inflation and temper our wage demands accordingly; maybe the 'supply-side' changes made inthe 1980s have enabled the economy to grow at a faster rate without generating cost-push inflationary pressure; alternatively or additionally, perhaps the advances in information technology have enabled a 'new' economy to surface, where above-trend growth can be coupled with low inflation and unemployment.作者: tianya 时间: 2010-12-17 17:37
1.1.2 财政赤字和通货膨胀率*
Prep 1 Essay #10. 154
Conventional常见的 wisdom has it that large deficits in the United States budget cause interest rates to rise. Two main arguments are given for this claim. According to the first, as the deficit increases, the government will borrow more to make up for the ensuing shortage of funds. Consequently, it is argued, if both the total supply of credit (money available for borrowing) and the amount of credit sought by nongovernment borrowers remain relatively stable, as is often supposed, then the price of credit (the interest rate) will increase. That this is so is suggested by the basic economic principles that if supplies of a commodity (here, credit) remain fixed and demand for that commodity increases, its price will also increase. The second argument supposes that the government will tend to finance its deficits by increasing the money supply with insufficient regard(Q2) for whether there is enough room for economic growth to enable such an increase to occur without causing inflation. It is then argued that financiers will expect the deficit to cause inflation and will raise interest rates, anticipating that because of inflation the money they lend will be worth less when paid back.
Unfortunately for the first argument, it is unreasonable to assume that nongovernment borrowing and the supply of credit will remain relatively stable. Nongovernment borrowing sometimes decreases. When it does, increased government borrowing will not necessarily push up the total demand for credit. Alternatively, when credit availability increases, for example through greater foreign lending to the United States, then interest rates need not rise, even if both private and government borrowing increase.
The second argument is also problematic. Financing the deficit by increasing the money supply should cause inflation only when there is not enough roomfor economic growth. (Q3) Currently, there is no reason to expect deficits to cause inflation. However, since many financiers believe that deficits ordinarily create inflation, then admittedly (Q4) they will be inclined趋向于 to raise interest rates to offset mistakenly anticipated inflation. This effect, however, is due to ignorance无知, not to the deficit itself, and could be lessened by educating financiers on this issue.
Which of the following best summarizes the central idea of the passage?
(A) A decrease in nongovernment borrowing or an increase in the availability of credit can eliminate or lessen the ill effects of increased borrowing by the government.
(B) Educating financiers about the true relationship between large federal deficits and high interest rates will make financiers less prone to raise interest rates in response to deficits.
(C) There is little support for the widely held belief that large federal deficits will create higher interest rates, as the main arguments given to defend辩解 this claim are flawed.
(D) When the government borrows money, demand for credit increases, typically creating higher interest rates unless special conditions such as decreased consumer spending arise.
(E) Given that most financiers believe in a cause-and-effect relationship between large deficits and high interest rates, it should be expected that financiers will raise interest rates.
Question #34.
It can be inferred from the passage that proponents of the second argument would most likely agree with which of the following statements? 赞成第二个辩解
(A) The United States government does not usually care whether or not inflation increases.
(B) People in the United States government generally know very little about economics.
(C) The United States government is sometimes careless in formulating系统地表达 its economic policies.
(D) The United States government sometimes relies too much on the easy availability of foreign credit.
(E) The United States government increases the money supply whenever there is enough room for growth to support the increase.
Question #35.
Which of the following claims concerning the United States government's financing of the deficit does the author make in discussing the second argument?
(A) The government will decrease the money supply in times when the government does not have a deficit to finance.
(B) The government finances its deficits by increasing the money supply whenever the economy is expanding.
(C) As long as the government finances the deficit by borrowing, nongovernment borrowers will pay higher interest rates.
(D) The only way for the government to finance its deficits is to increase the money supply without regard for whether such an increase would cause inflation.
(E) Inflation should be caused when the government finances the deficit by increasing the money supply only if there is not enough room for economic growth to support the increase.
Question #36.
The author uses the term "admittedly诚然" (see highlighted text) in order to indicate that
(A) the second argument has some truth to it, though not for the reasons usually supposed
(B) the author has not been successful in attempting to point out inadequacies in the two arguments
(C) the thesis that large deficits directly cause interest rates to rise has strong support after all
(D) financiers should admit that they were wrong in thinking that large deficits will cause higher inflation rates
(E) financiers generally do not think that the author's criticisms of the second argument are worthy of consideration作者: tianya 时间: 2010-12-17 17:37
1.1.3气味在print advertising应用*
1解释内容 despite the olfactory(嗅觉的) advertising trends（使心情愉悦）attention on it还是少。
2 however，O的效果不如visual & aural可测量。理由： influenced by surrounding cues A 举例--- lemon味在黄色的物品下比红色的更容易被分辨。
B闻到味之前consumer的心情就被影响了。
类似原文
Executional cues have been the focus of much advertising research. Visual cues暗示 (pictures) and aural cues (music) have been studied extensively广阔的, yet virtually no attention has been paid to the influence of olfactory cues in advertising despite the growing trend among advertisers to use scents气味 in ads. Scents often have been used in advertisements for products in which scent is a primary attribute (e.g., perfumes, room fresheners) and, when used in that context, are a form of sampling抽样. However, scents have also been used for products for which scent has been considered largely irrelevant. For instance, Tanqueray gin ran a pine-scented ad in USA Today, Rolls Royce advertised its cars in Architectural Digest using leather-scented strips, and the State of Utah used floral- and spice-scented panels in a four-page tourism ad. Though such uses may be intended simply as novelties新颖, research suggests that odor can influence mood state and affect judgment. Therefore, the use of scents in advertising warrants保证 attention.
Odors differ in several ways from the pictures and sounds more familiar to advertising researchers. Compared to visual and aural cues, odors are difficult to recognize, are relatively difficult to label, may produce false alarms and create placebo effects. Schab (1991), in a review of the literature, concluded that the ability to attach a name to a particular odor is so limited that individuals, on average, can identify only 40% to 50% of odors in a battery of common odors. Additionally, consumer ability to detect and recognize odors is influenced by surrounding cues (Davis 1981). For example, a consumer is more likely to recognize a lemon scent when the scent is contained in a yellow liquid than when it is contained in a red liquid. Third, false alarms, perceiving an odor when in reality no odor is present, are relatively common (Engen 1972). Finally, researchers have shown that both emotional and physical states can be affected just by believing an odor is present. The odorant itself need not be present (Knasko, Gilbert, and Sabini 1990). That finding suggests placebo effects.安慰效应
Despite the difficulties, olfactory cues hold appeal to advertisers working in an already cluttered杂乱的 environment. Olfactory responses are primarily autonomic自主, affecting a person physiologically before affecting cognition能力. Odors stimulate the limbic边缘的 system, the part of the brain responsible for emotional responses. Thus, olfaction represents a different path to the consumer than is afforded by other types of cues.
题目
1） 主旨题。
2） 文中对‘ the growing trend ’一词划线，问它指什么? 广告人增加在广告中使用气味。
3） a consumer is more likely to recognize a lemon scent when the scent is contained in a yellow liquid than when it is contained in a red liquid. （注意题目问哪个跟那个比喻不相关） 看见咖啡，想起小麦田（wheat farm)。
4） Compared to visual and aural cues, odors are difficult to recognize, are relatively difficult to label, may produce false alarms and create placebo effects安慰剂效应. visual and aural cues are easier to recognize and label.作者: tianya 时间: 2010-12-17 17:37
1.1.4服务行业和制造业 @（原文）
--------一屏半不到
貌似有2个版本
V1
Manufacture 60 70 80
Service
60-70 M不振， Service 崛起
View1 (解释): large deficit政府赤字+ high interest rate利率很高人们储蓄不投资M（制造业）
原文
GWD-TN-11 Q33~Q36，但是此文与狗主人描述的最大差异在于制造业的生产率的趋势问题（一个是上升，一个是下降），可能文章不同，anyway，希望得到确认， 并且希望对考友们有帮助（关于后面那些原因的分析很多都与狗主人描述相似）~ 发文如下：
Whereas United States economic productivity grew at an annual rate of 3 percent from 1945 to 1965, it has grown at an annual rate of only about 1 percent since the early 1970’s. What might be preventing higher productivity growth? Clearly, the manufacturing sector of the economy cannot be blamed. Since 1980, productivity improvements in manufacturing have moved the United States from a position of acute严重的，急性的 decline in manufacturing to one of world prominence. Manufacturing, however, constitutes a relatively small proportion of the economy. In 1992, goods-producing businesses employed only 19.1 percent of American workers, whereas service-producing businesses employed 70 percent. Although the service sector has grown since the late 1970’s, its productivity growth has declined. Several explanations have been offered for this declined and for the discrepancy in productivity growth between the manufacturing and service sectors. One is that traditional measures fail to reflect service-sector productivity growth because it has been concentrated in improved quality of services. Yet traditional measures of manufacturing productivity have shown significant increases despite the under measurement of quality, whereas service productivity has continued to stagnate停滞，变萧条. Others argue that since the 1970’s, manufacturing workers, faced with strong foreign competition, have learned to work more efficiently in order to keep their jobs in the United States, but service workers, who are typically under less global competitive pressure, have not. However, the pressure on manufacturing workers in the United States to work more efficiently has generally been overstated, often for political reasons. In fact, while some manufacturing jobs have been lost due to foreign competition, many more have been lost simply because of slow growth in demand for manufactured goods.
Yet another explanation blames the federal budget deficit: if it were lower, interest rate would be lower too, thereby increasing investment in the development of new technologies, which would spur鼓舞productivity growth in the service sector. There is, however, no dearth of technological resources, rather, managers in the service sector fail to take advantage of widely available skills and machines. High productivity growth levels attained by leading edge service companies indicate that service sector managers who wisely implement available technology and choose skillful workers can significantly improve their companies’ productivity. The culprits罪犯 for service-sector productivity stagnation are the forces－such as corporate take overs and unnecessary governmental regulation－that distract managers from the task of making optimal use of available resources.
T-3-Q33
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the budget deficit explanation for the discrepancy mentioned in line 27?
A.Research shows that the federal budget deficit has traditionally caused service companies to invest less money in research and development of new technologies.
B.New technologies have been shown to play a significant role in companies that have been able to increase their service productivity.
C.In both service sector and manufacturing, productivity improvements are concentrated in gains in quality.
D.The service sector typically requires larger investments in new technology in order to maintain productivity growth than dose manufacturing
E.High interest rates tend to slow the growth of manufacturing productivity as much as they slow the growth of service-sector productivity in the United States
T-3-Q34
The passage states which of the following about the effect of foreign competition on the American manufacturing sector since the 1970’s?
A.It has often been exaggerated夸大.
B.It has not been a direct cause of job loss.
C.It has in large part been responsible for the subsequent slowing of productivity growth.
D.It has slowed growth in the demand for manufactured goods in the United States.
E.It has been responsible for the majority of American jobs lost in manufacturing.
T-3-Q35
It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following was true of the United States manufacturing sector in the years immediately prior to 1980?
A.It was performing relatively poorly.
B.It was in a position of world prominence.
C.It was increasing its productivity at an annual rate of 3 percent.
D.It was increasing its productivity at an annual rate of 1 percent.
E.Its level of productivity was higher than afterward.
T-3-Q36
The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about productivity improvements in United States service companies?
A.Such improvements would be largely attributable to efficiencies resulting from corporate takeovers.
B.Such improvements would depend more on wise implementation of technology than on managers’ choice of skilled workers.
C.Such improvements would be more easily accomplished if there were fewer governmental regulations of the service sector.
D.Such improvements would require companies to invest heavily in the development of new technologies.
E.Such improvements would be attributable primarily to companies’ facing global competitive pressure.作者: tianya 时间: 2010-12-17 17:38
1.1.6考古：
V1
有一篇是对一个学者（暂且称之为A）对于美国历史上收入mobility机动性，迁移性的变化的研究结果的evaluation。 引用了另一个人(称之为B）的观点来质疑A的研究，说是因为A的在研究中包括了很多关于年轻人的收入的数据，而年轻人的收入在他们工作几年之后会有较大的 提高，相比之下普通家庭的收入就没有这么大的变化，因此A所得出的关于income mobility的数据是有问题的
V2
Income mobility in the U.S. is only moderate. Most people see their incomes rise with age, but at some point they usually hit a plateau稳定水平 in the income distribution, where they fluctuate波动 mildly for the rest of their careers. The Hubbard study of income mobility, commonly cited by conservatives, used an extremely biased sample of unusually successful American families. Its results are therefore invalid. Allowing a society of extreme income inequality, even with high mobility, would raise child poverty, because most parents are young and incomes are lowest during young adulthood
Many conservatives保守派 admit that incomes in the U.S. are highly unequal, but claim they are highly mobile as well. That is, people tend to rise and fall considerably on the income scale throughout the course of their lives, producing a lifetime average which is much closer to everyone else. Furthermore, this mobility tends to be upward; incomes generally rise with age. Hence, inequality is not as unfair as liberals claim
V3
study of income mobility. The study found that after 5 years, 5% lowest income people will not stay at the bottom. As a result, the income of mobility is healthy. However, the study commits mistakes because it include teenage part-time workers, after 5 years, they are more likely to get full-time job and higher salary.
V4
工资mobility篇(短，也没有硅谷的例子)，出题都在第二段，有一个问举大学生业余工作的例子说明什么，答案是和family的情况对比,是第二个人用来反驳开始那个人的说法(大学生业余工作工资低，毕业挣钱立马高了;family变化小)
V5
Cox 这个学者指出美国在做收入统计的时候，忽略了一个家庭的潜在收入。接着介绍他的研究：通过跟踪若干人十几年内的收入情况，cox发现最初排名落后的人在若 干年后收入都有明显的增长，甚至有些人最后收入水平名列前茅，只有极少数最初排名最后的人在若干年后收入水平仍然位居末尾。接着有一学者指出，该统计有缺 陷，因为它包括相当一部分在最初做兼职的学生，这些学生在毕业后，全职工作的收入自然会有明显增长，而那些在最初就做全职工作的人的收入实际收入并不明 显。作者: tianya 时间: 2010-12-17 17:38
P1 列出影响market 的3个因素。解释1st 和3rd因素。（2nd因素跟government有关） 最后转折---要不要government搞regulation呢？
P2讨论市场怎样自己regulate。虽然怎样，但是被克服。 貌似和考古不太像！！！
确认考古
P1 Self regulation3条件prerequisite先决条件, 美国股票市场1,3点符合，第2点有争议debatable
1、association证监会
2、监管motivation管理和调节其members' behavior ；regulator has motivation to regulate the market
3、是有强大的power来促使市场自我调节。
P2由执行约束的力量 - 上市公司都要看证监会的批准才能在股票市场上流通。股票市场唯一不太符合的地方是第二个条件: 2) 在没有政府法规的情况下，证监会未必有监管其会员的动机。
讲了股票市场有一大群经纪人，都是被利益驱动的，这些经纪人没有理由去提那些对他们没有好处的监管条例。作者呼吁少数比较权威的人士能站出来对股票市场经销监管。不过到目前为止，这种现象还没有发生。（第二段我看得不清楚，请同学自己考试时重新详阅）。
第2点争议的原因, 所以得出结论第2个prerequisite不成立的原因 ---
Attempts to abuse by the work members will impede妨碍 investors
经纪人broker们相当diversify，总是根据自己的利益决定行动，市场上只有遇到共同的利益才会团结起来，基本上市场不会去自律。但是如果board of governance 觉得这个条件和他们自己的利益有冲突，他们就未必会履行他们的责任。当然government也采取了efficient措施来管理，如果给予政府一些条件，政府可以来规范市场。因此理想的管理模型虽然好，但是实际上是没证据支持的。只有在协调了多边利益冲突within a system that checks and balances harmonizes the conflict interest的情况下,政府才会对其内部违规的成员进行管制和规范，所以得出结论第二个prerequisite不成立。
问题
Q1. 有道primary purpose的题
选的分析一个特定市场的self-regulation的其中一个因素，选项有debatable D
（大概是这个意思，反正就是主要与第二个因素相关的那个选项,另外有个选项挺迷惑的，说的是define 一个特定市场的self-regulation的3个因素，当时犹豫了一会，觉得define不对，而且后面第二段全在讲因素二，所以就选了D了）因为第一段有提到第二个prerequisite 是detabable的
Q2. 态度题/ the author 对stock exchange 持什么观点 /作者对于股票市场的看法
就是其实作者认为目前是没有self-regulation的。
Q3. 什么情况下政府的stock market的self-regulation会fail / 为什么市场不能自我监管
定位第二段第一句some stock brokers have their common interest
Q4. 有题问管理部门遇到的障碍
broker…，原文改写broker们相当diversify，总是根据自己的利益决定行动
O5、stock broker的特点
broker们相当diversify，总是根据自己的利益决定行动
Q6在什么情况下board of governance will fail to 履行他们的责任
a small number of work members dominant the market
这个市场之外的团体瞎捣乱 {仔细看第2段第1句话就对了}
Q7 purpose of the article
explain self regulation in financial market
注意有迷惑项，说主旨是揭示effective self regulation 的条件
P2 分析+阐述3点原因
科学家分析了对于这种策略，消费者的接受程度，阐述3点原因导致了消费者的观点。 有个原因：消费者无法区分广告中那个品牌产品在理论上 or 实际上比别的商品好。
P3 researchers对一些消费者提供了相应指导 ，可消费者还是不能区分，还是会被打动。
Q1：为什么有些广告是不真实的
因为他们把自己的长处和别人的短处比
Q2 highlight了researchers 问what can be infer about the customer ?
尽管他们接受了相关的指导 但是还是不能辨别出 广告的真实性
考古未确认
第一段
文章首先提出K认为，competitive类的广告(即在广告诉求中说我的产品比竞争对手的产品怎么怎么好)比noncompetitive类的广告更好。S研究结果表明， competitive广告在某些方面的确有优势，但另一些研究又表明competitive广告在说服力度上并不比第二类强。作者认为S的those null findings用的方法是不对的。因为它研究的两组广告，本身都是说服力不强的。作者举了例子(有考题)。此外，用什么标准衡量说服力，也是这个研究的薄弱之处，因为它并没有引入相关性因素relative factor来较好的衡量广告的说服力度。Specifically point out the reference
第二段
然而, 尽管有些experiment证实了甲学者的观点, 另一些试验却发现这种广告的效果不比普通广告更好. 先让步说,有可能的确实这种广告也不过如此, 不比普通广告明显的好(有题目,问这句话的作用). 这种竞争要在消费者心中建立一种神马SEQUENCE，这种次序就是衡量标准。有效率，因为没有针对具体的可能消费人群，还有个什么原因不过不考忽视。然后举了个神马E开头的广告案例讲了下，说明要针对目标客户（有题，问这个E的作用）。
However, 对这个试验结果的解释:
1) 可能此类广告是要突出产品与竞争产品的差异,而如果看广告的人早已经知道了这个差异,那么这种广告对消费者的观点的影响就不大了.
2）可能的原因是measure的方法有问题,讲了measure的方法
后面说比较原因是因为early studies是nonrelative measure的，之后的一些relative measure证明确实comparison形式的广告比较persuasive。那个relative和nonrelative的定义好像是说有没有specific point evaluation还是啥的。。
P1 MS解释，好处：bigpicture, 激励员工。However实际不好，因只对 long term commitment员工有用，而short-term员工不在乎，所以激励作用很弱。要注意这里作者的态度不是全盘否定，只是大负小正，因为有让步语气it may be true to some extent所以在主题题里有个干扰项是写全盘否定mission不能选，
P2 MS不好的理由。A 有其他方式激励员工（bonus，performanceincentive)。B 还有副作用：
1）management处理方式跟MS冲突时，员工质疑management的水平，影响员工积极性。
2）客户会因为mission statement的存在提高要求，达不到要求的话，客户会责怪一线员工，而负面情绪不会传到missionstatement的制定者-公司高管和咨询 公司那里。
company letter and memo which stated its culture and mission can motivate the morale of the employee. The statement is wrong because 1) there are other ways to motivate, such as incentive, performance, people don't care a short letter. 2) if the company couldn't achieve what it said in the letter, employees are discouraged. If the customers saw their expectation were not met, they usually will blame the front-line employee.
问题：
Q1 P1的作用是什么？ / P1对P2起什么作用 ?
提出一个下文可以argue for的观点 （不是argue against） 为下文批斗这个观点做的铺垫。
Q2 谁最不关心mission statement？
short-term employee
选项：（1） customer; (2) short term employee; (3) CEO; (4) shareholder 股东（5）customer representive; (我选这个)
Q3 主题题：问文章主要是讲什么
mission statement 其实有不好的地方。/反对开头的观点（MS的好处）
Q4问从文章可以推断关于长期目标的什么东西 这个目标很难实现（文章最后两句）--- 客户如果实现不了会抱怨，言下之意目标太高
P2某学者提出“employed Americans have had no net gain in leasure time”（2战后休闲时间未增加） 爆发工人工时运动 又讨论一遍工时。
工人爆发了工人工时的运动（减少工时）。（ Q6）。后来工人运动渐渐平息了。对此原因，其他学者的观点（Q2），然后社会热议“减少工作时间”。某学者S说有work movement（的原因？）企业改变了 management policy （ 有题，逐利本质？）--- 控制工时（工人多休息）和管理效率（有利于企业绩效）（有题）有关。Hacutt反对S的观点说movement 对change （减少工时）没影响(最终企业绩效下降？) 。 --- 这里有点乱，注意看，谁说，谁反对
Work movement 改变企业 MP 还是 MP导致movement?
Q1 主旨题 分析一个historical trend变化的原因
Q2下面哪个是comply with其他学者观点的？ 服从同意其他学者的观点
Q3 （P1有提到）根据一个叫Hacutt的人（提出了最后一种说法），他会认为导致企业绩效下降的原因是什么？猜测没有减少工时吧
Q4 why爆发工人运动 had no net gain in leasure time”
Q5由于有一些学者提出了什么观点，导致了社会热议“减少工作时间”？
S的观点说movement 对change （减少工时）没影响(最终企业绩效下降？)？？？？作者: tianya 时间: 2010-12-17 17:40
第一段。 公司想要增加绩效就得做benchmark。有三种方法。第一种内部比较，这个standard可以作为今后比较的参照（有题说关于第一个standard作为未来的database的）。compare with past performance (using survey to develop).
第二段。 第二种是同行业的比较。compare with whole industry (hire research firm or buy research report)这种比较又分为两个方面，第一个方面是与行业平均水平比较。
第三段。 接着第二个方面（也许没有这么分段）：把行业中的许多家公司联合起来做比较。
第四段。 第三种：同某个具体的竞争者做比较，with direct competitors最关键（需要特别注意，可能会有题）。
第五段。 说明benchmark的缺点。
问题
Q1前两段的结构是什么?
Q2（猜：1st standard的作用）
作为今后比较的database作者: tianya 时间: 2010-12-17 17:41
1.1.17 stock-keeping units@
--- 解释现象 原文
近年来的一个矛盾现象---虽然scanner和其他先进的技术可以使company生产少量的多样化的产品，但还是有越来越多的inventory 不足或过剩的现象。
Companies that must determine well in advance of the selling season how many units of a new product to manufacture often underproduce products that sell well and have overstocks of others. The increased incidence影响 in recent years of mismatches between production and demand seems ironic讽刺, since point-of-sale scanners have improved data on consumers’ buying patterns and since flexible灵活地，柔韧的 manufacturing has enabled companies to 24 produce, cost-effectively, small quantities of goods. This type of manufacturing has greatly increased the number of new products introduced annually in the United States. However, frequent introductions of new products have two problematic side effects. For one, they reduce the average lifetime of products; more of them are neither at the beginning of their life (when prediction is difficult) or at the end of their life (when keeping inventory is expensive because the products will soon become obsolete老式的). For another, as new products proliferate激增, demand is divided among a growing number of stock-keeping units (SKU’s). Even though manufacturers and retailers can forecast aggregate demand with some certainty, forecasting accurately how that demand will be distributed among the many SKU’s they sell is difficult. For example, a company may be able to estimate accurately the aggregate number of shoes it will sell, but it may be uncertain about which specific types of shoes will sell more than other types.
Q35:
Which of the following most accurately describes the function of the last sentence in the passage (lines 35-40)?
A. To cite a situation in which the aggregate demand is more important than the distribution of demand among SKU’s
B. To refute an assertion about the side effects of flexible manufacturing
C. To illustrate an assertion about companies’ ability to forecast demand
D. To provide an example of ways in which companies address the difficulties of forecasting demand
E. To note an exception to the author’s assertion about distributing demand among SKU’s
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Q36:
The passage suggests which of the following about divided demand among a growing number of SKU’s?
A. It has increased the average lifetime of products.
B. It has resulted from retailer’s attempts to predict demand more accurately and avoid both understocks and overstocks.
C. It has decreased the use of flexible manufacturing by companies.
D. It has not increased the expense of keeping inventory of certain products.
E. It has not prevented companies from predicting aggregate demand with some certainty.
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Q37:TTGWD-6
According to the passage, which of the following has led to growth in the number of new products introduced in the United States each year?
A. Reduced average lifetime of products
B. Increased ability to forecast aggregate demand
C. More cost-effective ways of keeping inventory for products
D. Cost-effective production of small quantities of goods
E. Increased ability to divide demand among a number of SKU’s and to forecast how that demand will be distributed among those SKU’s作者: tianya 时间: 2010-12-17 17:42
