Conventional wisdom has it that large deficits赤字 in the United States budget cause interest rates to rise. Two main arguments are given for this claim. According to the first, as the deficit increases, the government will borrow more to make up for the ensuing shortage of funds. Consequently, it is argued, if both the total supply of credit (money available for borrowing) and the amount of credit sought by nongovernment borrowers remain relatively stable, as is often supposed, then the price of credit (the interest rate) will increase. That this is so is suggested by the basic economic principles that if supplies of a commodity (here, credit) remain fixed and demand for that commodity increases, its price will also increase. The second argument supposes that the government will tend to finance its deficits by increasing the money supply with insufficient regard for whether there is enough room for economic growth to enable such an increase to occur without causing inflation. It is then argued that financiers will expect the deficit to cause inflation and will raise interest rates, anticipating that because of inflation the money they lend will be worth less when paid back.
Unfortunately for the first argument, it is unreasonable to assume that nongovernment borrowing and the supply of credit will remain relatively stable. Nongovernment borrowing sometimes decreases. When it does, increased government borrowing will not necessarily push up the total demand for credit. Alternatively, when credit availability increases, for example through greater foreign lending to the United States, then interest rates need not rise, even if both private and government borrowing increase.
The second argument is also problematic. Financing the deficit by increasing the money supply should cause inflation only when there is not enough room for economic growth. Currently, there is no reason to expect deficits to cause inflation. However, since many financiers believe that deficits ordinarily create inflation, then admittedly they will be inclined使倾向 to raise interest rates to offset mistakenly anticipated inflation. This effect, however, is due to ignorance无知愚昧, not to the deficit itself, and could be lessened by educating financiers on this issue.
Which of the following best summarizes the central idea of the passage? C
(A) A decrease in nongovernment borrowing or an increase in the availability of credit can eliminate or lessen the ill effects of increased borrowing by the government.
(B) Educating financiers about the true relationship between large federal deficits and high interest rates will make financiers less prone to raise interest rates in response to deficits.
(C) There is little support for the widely held belief that large federal deficits will create higher interest rates, as the main arguments given to defend辩解 this claim are flawed.
(D) When the government borrows money, demand for credit increases, typically creating higher interest rates unless special conditions such as decreased consumer spending arise.
(E) Given that most financiers believe in a cause-and-effect relationship between large deficits and high interest rates, it should be expected that financiers will raise interest rates.
It can be inferred from the passage that proponents of the second argument would most likely agree with which of the following statements? C
(A) The United States government does not usually care whether or not inflation increases.
(B) People in the United States government generally know very little about economics.
(C) The United States government is sometimes careless in formulating系统地表达 its economic policies.
(D) The United States government sometimes relies too much on the easy availability of foreign credit.
(E) The United States government increases the money supply whenever there is enough room for growth to support the increase.
Which of the following claims concerning the United States government's financing of the deficit does the author make in discussing the second argument? E
(A) The government will decrease the money supply in times when the government does not have a deficit to finance.
(B) The government finances its deficits by increasing the money supply whenever the economy is expanding.
(C) As long as the government finances the deficit by borrowing, nongovernment borrowers will pay higher interest rates.
(D) The only way for the government to finance its deficits is to increase the money supply without regard for whether such an increase would cause inflation.
(E) Inflation should be caused when the government finances the deficit by increasing the money supply only if there is not enough room for economic growth to support the increase.
Question #36. 154-08 (22926-!-item-!-188;#058&000154-08) A
The author uses the term "admittedly诚然" (see highlighted text) in order to indicate that
(A) the second argument has some truth to it, though not for the reasons usually supposed
(B) the author has not been successful in attempting to point out inadequacies in the two arguments
(C) the thesis that large deficits directly cause interest rates to rise has strong support after all
(D) financiers should admit that they were wrong in thinking that large deficits will cause higher inflation rates
(E) financiers generally do not think that the author's criticisms of the second argument are worthy of consideration作者: feiya 时间: 2010-12-3 14:11
1.1.3气味在print advertising应用*
开头despite the olfactory advertising trends。。。—解释内容（olfactory 能使心情愉悦）—attention on it还是很少。
however，说olfactory 的效果不如visual & aural可以测量。还说要有特定的环境才能有效果influenced by surrounding cues，1 举例说lemon味在黄色的物品下比红色的更容易被分辨。2又说在闻到味之前consumer的心情就被影响了。
Nevertheless，olfactory advertising还是有独特的一面的。
1． 问 那种olfactory 最不容易被分辨出， 狗主人选的是coffee味在wheat田里 非常肯定。 --- 2者颜色差异最大即可
类似原文
Executional cues have been the focus of much advertising research. Visual cues暗示 (pictures) and aural cues (music) have been studied extensively, yet virtually no attention has been paid to the influence of olfactory cues in advertising despite the growing trend among advertisers to use scents气味 in ads. Scents often have been used in advertisements for products in which scent is a primary attribute (e.g., perfumes, room fresheners) and, when used in that context, are a form of sampling. However, scents have also been used for products for which scent has been considered largely irrelevant. For instance, Tanqueray gin ran a pine-scented ad in USA Today, Rolls Royce advertised its cars in Architectural Digest using leather-scented strips, and the State of Utah used floral- and spice-scented panels in a four-page tourism ad. Though such uses may be intended simply as novelties新颖, research suggests that odor can influence mood state and affect judgment. Therefore, the use of scents in advertising warrants attention.
Odors differ in several ways from the pictures and sounds more familiar to advertising researchers. Compared to visual and aural cues, odors are difficult to recognize, are relatively difficult to label, may produce false alarms and create placebo effects. Schab (1991), in a review of the literature, concluded that the ability to attach a name to a particular odor is so limited that individuals, on average, can identify only 40% to 50% of odors in a battery of common odors. Additionally, consumer ability to detect and recognize odors is influenced by surrounding cues (Davis 1981). For example, a consumer is more likely to recognize a lemon scent when the scent is contained in a yellow liquid than when it is contained in a red liquid. Third, false alarms, perceiving an odor when in reality no odor is present, are relatively common (Engen 1972). Finally, researchers have shown that both emotional and physical states can be affected just by believing an odor is present. The odorant itself need not be present (Knasko, Gilbert, and Sabini 1990). That finding suggests placebo effects.安慰效应
Despite the difficulties, olfactory cues hold appeal to advertisers working in an already cluttered environment. Olfactory responses are primarily autonomic, affecting a person physiologically before affecting cognition. Odors stimulate the limbic system, the part of the brain responsible for emotional responses. Thus, olfaction represents a different path to the consumer than is afforded by other types of cues.作者: feiya 时间: 2010-12-3 14:11
1.1.4服务行业和制造业 * ----待确认原题 1130
Manufacture 60 70 80
Service
60-70 Service 崛起 （人们储蓄不投资M 反驳S更需要投资），BUT S却高速发展
70-80 manufactre 上升：高科技
V1
1980s 的服务行业和制造业之间的差别 前者利益下滑，后者上涨，然后W神马的就分析了这种区别 其中提出了一个原因是关于高科技的
V2
讲美国的制造业在70年代的时候开始衰退的现象并且讨论了一些其他 的学者给的解释，有一道主旨题，我选了examine....就是作者重新审视和评价了以往对于美国制造业衰退所进行的那些解释（基本上作者认为那些解释 都是不正确或者不完善的）。文章一屏半不到一点
开始讲了美国的制造业增长率在1960s;还是多少多少，然后到了1970s‘就变成了多少。。。
这可能 部分是因为服务业的崛起。。然后后面有一些解释。。。记得不全，一个解释是说是因为政府赤字同时利率很高然后人们把钱都拿去储蓄了而不对制造业进行投资， 但是作者反驳了这种观点 认为服务业其实需要更多的原始投资，但是在这段时间服务业正好和制造业情况相反，发展得很快（这里有题目）。。。。by liuluheng 720
考古
GWD-TN-11 Q33~Q36，但是此文与狗主人描述的最大差异在于制造业的生产率的趋势问题（一个是上升，一个是下降），可能文章不同，anyway，希望得到确认， 并且希望对考友们有帮助（关于后面那些原因的分析很多都与狗主人描述相似）~ 发文如下：
T-3-Q33-Q36
(This passage is excerpted from material published in 1997)
Whereas United States economic productivity grew at an annual rate of 3 percent from 1945 to 1965, it has grown at an annual rate of only about 1 percent since the early 1970’s. What might be preventing higher productivity growth? Clearly, the manufacturing sector of the economy cannot be blamed. Since 1980, productivity improvements in manufacturing have moved the United States from a position of acute decline in manufacturing to one of world prominence. Manufacturing, however, constitutes a relatively small proportion of the economy. In 1992, goods-producing businesses employed only 19.1 percent of American workers, whereas service-producing businesses employed 70 percent. Although the service sector has grown since the late 1970’s, its productivity growth has declined. Several explanations have been offered for this declined and for the discrepancy in productivity growth between the manufacturing and service sectors. One is that traditional measures fail to reflect service-sector productivity growth because it has been concentrated in improved quality of services. Yet traditional measures of manufacturing productivity have shown significant increases despite the under measurement of quality, whereas service productivity has continued to stagnate. Others argue that since the 1970’s, manufacturing workers, faced with strong foreign competition, have learned to work more efficiently in order to keep their jobs in the United States, but service workers, who are typically under less global competitive pressure, have not. However, the pressure on manufacturing workers in the United States to work more efficiently has generally been overstated, often for political reasons. In fact, while some manufacturing jobs have been lost due to foreign competition, many more have been lost simply because of slow growth in demand for manufactured goods.
Yet another explanation blames the federal budget deficit: if it were lower, interest rate would be lower too, thereby increasing investment in the development of new technologies, which would spur productivity growth in the service sector. There is, however, no dearth of technological resources, rather, managers in the service sector fail to take advantage of widely available skills and machines. High productivity growth levels attained by leading edge service companies indicate that service sector managers who wisely implement available technology and choose skillful workers can significantly improve their companies’ productivity. The culprits for service-sector productivity stagnation are the forces－such as corporate takeovers and unnecessary governmental regulation－that distract managers from the task of making optimal use of available resources.
T-3-Q33 E
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the budget deficit explanation for the discrepancy mentioned in line 27?
A.Research shows that the federal budget deficit has traditionally caused service companies to invest less money in research and development of new technologies.
B.New technologies have been shown to play a significant role in companies that have been able to increase their service productivity.
C.In both service sector and manufacturing, productivity improvements are concentrated in gains in quality.
D.The service sector typically requires larger investments in new technology in order to maintain productivity growth than dose manufacturing
E.High interest rates tend to slow the growth of manufacturing productivity as much as they slow the growth of service-sector productivity in the United States
T-3-Q34 A
The passage states which of the following about the effect of foreign competition on the American manufacturing sector since the 1970’s?
A.It has often been exaggerated.
B.It has not been a direct cause of job loss.
C.It has in large part been responsible for the subsequent slowing of productivity growth.
D.It has slowed growth in the demand for manufactured goods in the United States.
E.It has been responsible for the majority of American jobs lost in manufacturing.
T-3-Q35 A
It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following was true of the United States manufacturing sector in the years immediately prior to 1980?
A.It was performing relatively poorly.
B.It was in a position of world prominence.
C.It was increasing its productivity at an annual rate of 3 percent.
D.It was increasing its productivity at an annual rate of 1 percent.
E.Its level of productivity was higher than afterward.
T-3-Q36 C
The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about productivity improvements in United States service companies?
A.Such improvements would be largely attributable to efficiencies resulting from corporate takeovers.
B.Such improvements would depend more on wise implementation of technology than on managers’ choice of skilled workers.
C.Such improvements would be more easily accomplished if there were fewer governmental regulations of the service sector.
D.Such improvements would require companies to invest heavily in the development of new technologies.
E.Such improvements would be attributable primarily to companies’ facing global competitive pressure.作者: feiya 时间: 2010-12-3 14:11
Q1：为什么有些广告是不真实的
因为他们把自己的长处和别人的短处比
Q2 highlight了researchers 问what can be infer about the customer ?
尽管他们接受了相关的指导 但是还是不能辨别出 广告的## 真实性作者: feiya 时间: 2010-12-3 14:12
1.1.10 mission statement*
P1 MS解释，好处：bigpicture, 激励员工。But实际不好，因只对 long term commitment员工有用，而short-term员工不在乎，所以激励作用很弱。
P2 MS不好的理由。A 有其他方式激励员工（bonus，performanceincentive)。B 还有副作用：
1）management处理方式跟MS冲突时，员工质疑management的水平，影响员工积极性。
2）客户会因为mission statement的存在提高要求，达不到要求的话，客户会责怪一线员工，而负面情绪不会传到missionstatement的制定者-公司高管和咨询 公司那里。
P2某学者提出“employed Americans have had no net gain in leasure time”（2战后休闲时间未增加） 爆发工人工时运动 又讨论一遍工时。
工人爆发了工人工时的运动（减少工时）。（ Q6）。后来工人运动渐渐平息了。对此原因，其他学者的观点（Q2），然后社会热议“减少工作时间”。某学者S说有work movement（的原因？）企业改变了 management policy （ 有题，逐利本质？）--- 控制工时（工人多休息）和管理效率（有利于企业绩效）（有题）有关。Hacutt反对S的观点说movement 对change （减少工时）没影响(最终企业绩效下降？) 。 --- 这里有点乱，注意看，谁说，谁反对
Work movement 改变企业 MP 还是 MP导致movement?
Q1 主旨题
分析一个historical trend变化的原因
Q2下面哪个是comly with其他学者观点的？ 服从同意其他学者的观点
Q3 （P1有提到）根据一个叫Hacutt的人（提出了最后一种说法），他会认为导致企业绩效下降的原因是什么？
猜测没有减少工时吧
Q4关于工人减少工时
Q5一个A公司现在要增加产量，但是增加产量的话有两个选择...一个是让现有员工work overtime，另一个是雇佣新员工。让现有员工工作overtime的话，需要多支付1到1.5倍的工资...However, 雇佣新员工会便宜，但是呢，这样产量就不能保证
无关选项：新员工来了老员工要教他们
无关选项：新员工做的东西不能确保质量
Q6 why爆发工人运动
had no net gain in leasure time”
Q7由于有一些学者提出了什么观点，导致了社会热议“减少工作时间”？作者: feiya 时间: 2010-12-3 14:13
1.1.17 stock-keeping units@--- 解释现象
近年来的一个矛盾现象---虽然scanner和其他先进的技术可以使company生产少量的多样化的产品，但还是有越来越多的inventory 不足或过剩的现象。
原文
Companies that must determine well in advance of the selling season how many units of a new product to manufacture often underproduce products that sell well and have overstocks of others. The increased incidence in recent years of mismatches between production and demand seems ironic, since point-of-sale scanners have improved data on consumers’ buying patterns and since flexible manufacturing has enabled companies to 24 produce, cost-effectively, small quantities of goods. This type of manufacturing has greatly increased the number of new products introduced annually in the United States. However, frequent introductions of new products have two problematic side effects. For one, they reduce the average lifetime of products; more of them are neither at the beginning of their life (when prediction is difficult) or at the end of their life (when keeping inventory is expensive because the products will soon become obsolete). For another, as new products proliferate, demand is divided among a growing number of stock-keeping units (SKU’s). Even though manufacturers and retailers can forecast aggregate demand with some certainty, forecasting accurately how that demand will be distributed among the many SKU’s they sell is difficult. For example, a company may be able to estimate accurately the aggregate number of shoes it will sell, but it may be uncertain about which specific types of shoes will sell more than other types.
问题是
Q35:
Which of the following most accurately describes the function of the last sentence in the passage (lines 35-40)?
A. To cite a situation in which the aggregate demand is more important than the distribution of demand among SKU’s
B. To refute an assertion about the side effects of flexible manufacturing
C. To illustrate an assertion about companies’ ability to forecast demand
D. To provide an example of ways in which companies address the difficulties of forecasting demand
E. To note an exception to the author’s assertion about distributing demand among SKU’s
----------------------------------------------------------------
Q36:
The passage suggests which of the following about divided demand among a growing number of SKU’s?
A. It has increased the average lifetime of products.
B. It has resulted from retailer’s attempts to predict demand more accurately and avoid both understocks and overstocks.
C. It has decreased the use of flexible manufacturing by companies.
D. It has not increased the expense of keeping inventory of certain products.
E. It has not prevented companies from predicting aggregate demand with some certainty.
----------------------------------------------------------------
Q37:TTGWD-6
According to the passage, which of the following has led to growth in the number of new products introduced in the United States each year?
A. Reduced average lifetime of products
B. Increased ability to forecast aggregate demand
C. More cost-effective ways of keeping inventory for products
D. Cost-effective production of small quantities of goods
E. Increased ability to divide demand among a number of SKU’s and to forecast how that demand will be distributed among those SKU’s作者: feiya 时间: 2010-12-3 14:15
By SherryBNU(730M51V37)题目1，问了下列哪个说法正确，就是绕来绕去的选项，我选的是坏公司比好公司更有可能进行欺骗性的抵押(我选的好像不是这个)
题目2，好公司为什么要给抵押，我选的是不去进行审查从而躲避对坏公司的变相补贴(对)
bytangsusie说low operating cost 的公司比high operating cost的公司去贷款，bank要evaluation of the firm，还需要charge fees，有一题问bank charge fee的考括号里imply什么，好像是说bank charge fee 的时候要charge company approved不然bank 可以通过charge fee赚钱而且不用真的去evaluation。然后说low operating cost的公司可以通过post colleteral。。我不会拼诶，是不是说抵押的意思?不知道，low cost post colleteral only if 某某某condition，然后说low cost 的公司post Colleteral的风险比high cost低，他们做project成功的概率也高，然后bank就给他们放贷without evaluation。
考古(未确认,感觉很像) 感谢vincent007
v1 economist 有一个 hypothetical model, 内容主要说： when firms apply for a bank loan, 他们需要知道自己的operating costs,但是operating cost会被其他因素影响，因此还需要向bank 申请evaluation, bank要对他们进行investigation.
higher cost firms不容易被approved,while low cost firm更容易被approved，那么high cost firms will be subsidisized by low cost firms. and the low cost firm knows that. 因此，to distinguish from the high cost firm, they will 跟银行弄一个collateral.而collateral 的风险成本很大，所以high cost firm基本上不会collateral，而low cost firm 因为本身low cost，不特别在乎其带来的风险. 所以到后来，就只有low cost firm 弄collateral，而且他们只要弄了collateral银行就基本上不会对他们进行eveluation.
v2: 关于bank loan的。
第一段先提出了一个经济模型(有题)
第二段大概是对high cost company 和low cost company借款之前要先evaluation一下，要收费。后来发现，low cost company subsidize the high cost company, 就是低成本的在花费这方面补给了高成本的公司，于是低成本的公司想出了一个办法，那个词挺关键，不过我不认识，记不清了，大概是co什么的。最后一段说 low cost company用这种办法的前提是什么。High cost company为减小这个花费也有一些risk.
注：原文参考首页raist的原文文章
V3 by foxwill low cost公司和 high cost公司的担保问题。机经上貌似没有。主要是讲经济学上一种叫做screening啥玩意的模型。第一段讲假设公司分两种：low cost公司和 high cost，显然high cost偿还银行贷款的能力更弱，银行因此更不愿意把钱贷给他们，所以银行发贷款前要审查;第二段讲审查是要成本的，因此呢，那些low cost公司等于就在补贴 high cost公司了(因为low cost其实是不需要审查的);第三段讲鉴于此，low cost公司就为贷款提供担保，好让银行把他们从 high cost公司里挑出了，而不用审查，避免补贴 high cost公司(这句话有题);第四段讲这个手段为什么有效呢，因为 high cost公司模仿的成本很高——如果他们提供抵押担保的话，他们是很容易还不了债而出去抵押物的。后面的题目不难，找准定位即可。
V4 by qiuhailing01 economist 有一个 hypothetical model, 内容主要说： when firms apply for a bank loan, 他们需要知道自己的operating costs,但是operating cost会被其他因素影响，因此还需要向bank 申请evaluation, bank要对他们进行investigation.
higher cost firms不容易被approved,while low cost firm更容易被approved，那么high cost firms will be subsidisized by low cost firms. and the low cost firm knows that. 因此，to distinguish from the high cost firm, they will 跟银行弄一个collateral.而collateral 的风险成本很大，所以high cost firm基本上不会collateral，而low cost firm 因为本身low cost，不特别在乎其带来的风险. 所以到后来，就只有low cost firm 弄collateral(质押)，而且他们只要弄了collateral银行就基本上不会对他们进行eveluation.
higher cost firms不容易被approved,while low cost firm更容易被approved，那么high cost firms will be subsidisized by low cost firms. and the low cost firm knows that. 因此，to distinguish from the high cost firm, they will 跟银行弄一个collateral.而collateral 的风险成本很大，所以high cost firm基本上不会collateral，而low cost firm 因为本身low cost，不特别在乎其带来的风险. 所以到后来，就只有low cost firm 弄collateral(质押)，而且他们只要弄了collateral银行就基本上不会对他们进行eveluation.
1.1.23 banking system美国
P1两个观点：
1是前美国总统那派(Jackson) --- the expansion of banking system 不好。理由：它只能benefit those wealthy people。 2另一派（wigs）说它不好（好吧？），理由：它会让people with little capital也能have their own bank account.
P2举例 （大+小 - ）支持2派观点+ 提出2者忽略的问题
某州在1830年时的expansion 同Jackson那帮人预期的一样，只造福了一小部分富有的人，但是也有部分和Wigs那帮人预期的一样，让那些没有多少钱的人也进入。However,作者说两派都忽略了一个问题，就是这个时期部分那些从中获益的nonelite people are entrepreneurs. 他们虽然占很小的比例，但是却对社会有很大贡献，作者: feiya 时间: 2010-12-3 14:16
1.2. Analysis & Research 1.2.1New Zealand* 老鼠实验证明新西兰人的出现时间--- 选项Tricky
P1新西兰被确定说是13世纪才有人到那去。
有一项研究---某专家通过对老鼠的carbon dating（which are brought by human beins）
得出NZ人应该在AD300年就出现了。
因为无确切证据可以表明NZ人arrive so early, 实验出错了（Q1）
P2 某人说他们（Team）做相同实验，得出结论支持1289，反驳AD300年
1Recently，某team用更好carbon dating的技术去研究，the rat bone found in the same site (同一地点，但不同sample，有题)，证实了是1280年左右的，和最早的research相符（说明不是一个surprise的发现，有题）。
老鼠实验证明新西兰人的出现时间--- From ScienceDaily
New Zealand's Colonization 1000 Years Later Than Previously Thought?
ScienceDaily (June 4, 2008) — The dating project, in one of the largest studies of its kind, has shown that the country was not visited by humans over 2000 years ago, as some previous research suggests.
An international team of researchers, led by Dr Janet Wilmshurst from Landcare Research, spent 4 years on the project which shows conclusively that the earliest evidence for human colonisation is about 1280-1300 AD, and no earlier. They based their results on new radiocarbon dating of Pacific rat bones and rat-gnawed seeds. Their results do not support previous radiocarbon dating of Pacific rat bones which implied a much earlier human contact about 200 BC.
The original old rat bones dates have been hotly debated ever since they were published in Nature in 1996. The ages are controversial because there is no supporting ecological or archaeological evidence for the presence of kiore or humans until 1280-1300 AD and the reliability of the bone dating has been questioned. This is the first time that the actual sites involved in the original study have been re-excavated and analyzed.
Dr Wilmshurst and her team researchers re-excavated and re-dated bones from nearly all of the previously investigated sites. All of their new radiocarbon dates on kiore bones are no older than 1280 AD. This is consistent with other evidence from the oldest dated archaeological sites, Maori whakapapa, widespread forest clearance by fire and a decline in the population of marine and land-based fauna.
“As the Pacific rat or kiore cannot swim very far, it can only have arrived in New Zealand with people on board their canoes, either as cargo or stowaways. Therefore, the earliest evidence of the Pacific rat in New Zealand must indicate the arrival of people” Dr Wilmshurst said.
The dating of the rat bones was also supported by the dating of over a hundred woody seeds, many of which had distinctive tell-tale rat bite marks, preserved in peat and swamp sites from the North and South Islands.
“These rat-gnawed seeds provide strong additional evidence for the arrival of rats, and therefore humans, and are an indirect way of testing the veracity of the dates we have done on rat bones,” said Dr Tom Higham, Deputy Director of the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit at Oxford University.
Rats leave rows of narrow grooves or bite marks on woody seed cases when they gnaw open the seed, and these distinctive teeth marks can be seen with the naked eye. “The width of the teeth marks left on the woody seeds exactly match those of a rat's two front teeth, and cannot be mistaken for any other seed predator. We have dated over 100 individual seeds, some rat-gnawed, others intact or bird-cracked, which show that rat gnawed seeds only occur in both the North and South Islands of New Zealand after about 1280 AD”, Dr Wilmshurst said.
With over 165 dates on seeds and bones from a large number of sites, the overwhelming evidence suggests that rats and their human carriers did not reach New Zealand until about 1280 AD.作者: feiya 时间: 2010-12-3 14:17
many historians hold that female workers in 19th centuries were bond with families.
介绍female movement 的发展由来。
Q1 female workers 和male workers in New York 的区别
female workers 会组织organization，反抗不公正.作者: feiya 时间: 2010-12-3 14:50
1.3.9 child-care@ ---------二战后的child--care program
P1.美国政府2战前后的child care system(CCS)幼儿看管问题。大体意思是为了提高美国在二战时武器和战备物资的生产，美国政府在全国范围进行了幼儿看管的资金补助(有题：why)，但在战后就取消了，只有加州继续沿用了这个政策。作者分析了原因。 比较二战中美国所投资的CCS 是因为他们需要把妇女都抓去defense industry 工作,所以拨钱去child care. 然后说战争结束后这个program 依旧继续，因为那些妇女依旧要工作.
P2 加州的育儿组织比其他州的优势+原因。不是因为large population, 而是因为 1 the advocates take advantage of the 反对方的一个理论基础 2 州有效利用resources。（有题）
加州是唯一一个在战后拿钱出来看孩子的政府，并且取得很大意义上的成功。该州的这项政策的拥护者，使尽了各类人性化道德化的手段劝说政府掏钱（出题：当地拥护者是怎样骗钱的）。其中，一帮妇女们联名写信给州长，说：“要你掏钱，不是为了我们这些女职工的利益，更主要是为了让 我们的花骨朵能够更好的成长”（Q7）。California得到最大portion的child-care funding (population 7％,但占fund 30％) ，加州的child-care center 也有很足够的人手，其中还有一些职业妇女。因为战时，该州要被看护的孩子特别多，population 7％，但是被看护的孩子占全国1/4（Q5）。（2，3题）
P3 how the advocates take advantage of the 反对方的一个理论基础达到目的的。（1题）
（反对方：新的观念Maternilist, 应该着重在motherhood） 但是被advocates反驳了。
最后一句话说消除了认为child-care 是母方责任的opponents的观点。
问题
Q1如果以下何种发生加州的success in child-care (P2) 会被改变结果?
if the child-care funding was not so large.
Q2有个高亮在第三段, 忘了wording
it's contradicting child's view that the new concept is from working mother's point of view.
1.3.11 男女收入差距earning gap
P1说某个时期妇女和男人一样都很难找到XX工作，但工资还是比男性少。
男女收入差距减少的原因：可以通过扩大社会对于女性工作的需求来降低，后来否定，原因：之前the demand of women labor increase是因为low-paid occupations增多了，所以并没有narrow the earning gap。
P2 过去某一时间收入差距的降低是因为男性低技术工作人员的增加 + 女性教育水平提高well educated。
Q1 xx年代的妇女和男性在工作方面有什么差别？
get less paid作者: feiya 时间: 2010-12-3 14:55
1.4. Art & Culture
1.4.1 Culture and fishing ---- 文章不长，细节题多
