题：
文章是：
1.解释了一种新的category 的产生 （Lz选的这个因为他之前神马类别都不是 在第三段科学家给他分类啦 ）
2 解释了一种phenomenon （当时那个纠结啊 •因为开头确实是说H背着A 大家都奇怪 后来科学家解释的 ）
3.有个infer 题 就是通过HA不是 1 或2 种寄生你能得出神马结论
反正就不是一起去的利益 也不是 一个会损害另一个的利益
Lz选的是 一个得利 另一个不受伤害
V3
Antagonistic symbiosis
第一段写的是发现H.Ditata的动物有一个奇怪的行为，他们会把sea butterfly 背在背上什么的，说这样会减少A动物的行动力让他们降低捕食能力并且更容易被捕食（这里有一道细节题，问A动物这种行为会是自己产生什么后果，A:it will be more subject to predation. E: it will not move as quickly as it could.主要就是这两个中间一个。
第二段写的好像是一个实验科学家做了一个实验，把专门吃HD的鱼和HD还有seabutterfly放在一起，结果鱼不敢吃HD。后来就得出结论，说seabutterfly会释放一种化学物质来保护HD
第三段是高亮，就是解释这种现象的，说了这个现象跟之前发现的symbiosis的3种分类都不符合，列出了3种分类，然后给出一个新的分类叫antagonistic symbiosis题目是1）symbiosis的3种分类都不符合？2）主旨题作者: linda513 时间: 2010-12-1 14:56
考古antagonistic symbiosis（与原第8篇合并）
V1
第一段写的是发现A动物有一个奇怪的行为，他们会把ocean butter-fly 背在背上什么的（不太准确，差不多就是不吃它），说这样会减少A动物的行动力让他们降低捕食能力并且更容易被捕食（这里有一道细节题，问A动物这种行为有什么后果，有2个选项挺纠结，B:it will be more subject to predation. E: it will not move as quickly as it could.考试的时候同学们自己抉择吧）
第二段写的好像是一个实验什么的。。。没什么考点，不记得了。（有一道细节题不难定位）
第三段就是解释这种现象的，说了这个现象跟之前发现的3种理论都不符合。然后给出一个新的解释。最后整个一段高亮了。问作用。还有主题题。总的来说没怎么看懂，但是考题主要考框架和细节不需要完全理解。
V2
一种海底的什么动物喜欢绑架水中什么蝴蝶的，但是带着那个水蝴蝶走会妨碍那个什么动物的行动，然后专家就开始分析为什么那个动物要带着水蝴蝶走，原来好像是因为那个蝴蝶帮助这个动物分泌什么化学物质保护这个动物
V3
antagonistic symbiosis（对抗共生）的生物题材的文章。
说有一种类似虾的海洋生物叫H. dilitata（不记得了，反正开头是D，后面有个TATA），它们以捕食一种seabutterfly为生。但是，当这种seabutterfly减少的时候这种H DILITATA减少得更快。后来科学家做了一个实验，把专门吃HD的鱼和HD还有seabutterfly放在一起，结果鱼不敢吃HD。后来就得出结论，说seabutterfly会释放一种化学物质来保护HD。然后第三段就引出一个概念叫antagonistic symbiosis，还拿HD的行为跟decorating crab做了比较，讲了一大段。最后一段整段考了段落作用题。建议不要看这个阅读JJ，我这个版本记得不够准确。实在对不住大家！
考古 已确定
大脑
V1 from kuaikaoshile
第一段：说人的大脑有个什么snopia不确定这个词，第二句是 medulur? memory basis 来说明这个功能。
第二段：说大脑不止有这个工鞥，还可以blabla，第二段最后再肯定一下。
有主旨题；还有一个让说modular memory basis 的作用是什么；还有一个是说作者说的大脑的作用 和什么情况类似， 我选的： 一个杂乱的仓库变成了一个办公室，不知道对不对
V2 by 洛洛洛洛
讲大脑的，和机经里的貌似不一样 有说到手臂啊肩膀啊 还提到视力啊什么的，已经模糊了.
V3 by rednight88
讲大脑的，但是说什么记不太清了囧，好像有说到什么训练大脑，之前控制某个部分的脑组织经过训练也可以控制其他部分。。。大概，好像是说了原本控制肩膀的部分经过训练也能控制手了，这篇文章里有道题是类比的
V4 by mochii
s的单词是synapses. (The actual figuresvary greatly, depending on the local neuroanatomy.) The brain's network of neurons forms a massively parallel information processing system.
第一段: s的单词: synapses. 最后一句话的单词是: process information. modular memory basis被highlight了, 出题问了它出现在文中的作用是什么?
第二段: 对brain process information的过程进行了学术性的描写. 说了cortex之类的东西.
第三段就是举例说明了. 就是说brain的function从原本我们认为的perform one function变成了can perform different tasks at the same time.反正原则就是: 单一性变成了多元化, 内部联系紧密的这么一个感觉.
第三段的这里出了那个JJ里面的模拟题: 作者文章中的一个example类似下面的哪个选项?
选项有: college students move into a new apartment building; an old street became a new street. a messy storage room became an office. tourists go visit a museum. 还有一个不记得了.
V5 by alexl39（750 V40）
说大脑就是adulthood也能改变功能，第二段第三段具体说这个事，文章第三段有一句话，说大脑能怎么怎么样不仅是在外界刺激，也可以人为故意的（考点！把人为有目的的这个词组重新改写了）貌似狗狗上有。有一题问文章最support哪个选项？我选的是Ordinarily，有个有某功能的大脑部分是不能干另外一件事情的。（因为一般要经过训练或者怎么的）
V6 by gaohuiwy（700）
说大脑功能的，说成年人的大脑可以啥啥。。3段不是本月寂静第一篇
有一个sy开头的单词 还有个neuroplastic...没记全，感觉很像塑料。。
第二段说了大脑的缺陷可以弥补。大脑可以remapping，比如大脑的某一部分本来是用来干嘛的，经过training以后，这部分可以用来控制右手
第三段有说很多例子表明人在成年以后也可以通过后天努力（effort）改变大脑功能。。。这句话有一题，问的是以下哪个选项在文章中有evidence支持（大概是这个意思）
V7by jadeyang（710 V37）
第一段说的是大脑的某块区域，不是s。
第二段说到这个区域功能beyond什么什么（我觉得是传统功能）。控制可以从肘elbow（悔不背单词，这词我刚查的）到右手控制，从对外界刺激到什么（哎，什么和什么嘛）（有题就我选了那个什么不是很容易被感受刺激的）
第三段说，这个区域不仅仅对外界刺激反应，对mental影响也有反应。（有题我就选到这个选项，选项有个关键词internal刺激。）
V8 by zebracxy（730 V38）
有类比题，我选的是new tenant move to apartment
V9 by linmeimei（590 V20）
其中大脑后面的几个版本比较可信,主要是讲成年以后,大脑还是可以改变一些机能的.
V10 by heidishen（710 V34）
是什么 n开头的一个单词， 最后一段出来了个例子，说real state的 。。。有道类比题，问哪个选项是和文中这个n的东西在大脑中的过程是一样的。。。我就记得一个选项，a storage is remapped and bacome a office........
V11 by geminist(770)
大意是把大脑工作的原理比喻成房地产。
有一道题是问哪个比喻最像作者的描述。选项有（乱序）
A.把从前的路用其他材料重新铺一遍
B. 把原来的储藏空间改造成office room。
我选了B，供参考
V12 by fiaoyaya（760 V41）
说neuroplasty的。
第一段说nuroplasty是learning的fancy definition。然后主要介绍了一下它的含义以及人的大脑在成年后也会有所变化。
第二段比较重要，主要的意思是说nuroplasty并不是使大脑 各部分现有的功能更强大（还是变得更大我忘记了），而是使原来控制某种功能的大脑部分具备另外的功能，这个是作者给出的remapping的含义。然后举 了2个例子，一个是说人们经过一段时间的培训，原本控制elbow的部分也可以控制左手。然后另外一个例子，这个例子具体是什么我忘记了。
第三段说人们在成年以后可以alter（这个词是选项里面用的，原文不是用的alter这个词，但是这个意思）大脑。不只是外部的刺激才可以改变大脑，然 后说evidence表明内部的efforts也是可以的（外部的刺激作者说是stimuli，内部的好像说是mental efforts)。文章大意只能记住这么多。
题目主要有：
1）从文章中可以infer到什么选项，我选的是人们在成年后也可以改变大脑；
2）关于remapping, 说下列哪个属于remapping，我选的是原本控制其他部分活动的大脑现在也可以控制forehead了；
3）好像是关于evidence（这个词出现 在第三段的后面部分），我选的答案是说人们可以通过intention什么什么改变大脑，这个具体的意思现在忘记了。
V13 by 同济的卡卡（700 V32）
题目主要有：
1）从文章中可以infer到 什么选项，我选的是人们在成年后也可以改变大脑；
2）关于remapping, 说下列哪个属于remapping，我选的是原本控制其他部分活动的大脑现在也可以控制forehead了；
3）好像是关于evidence（这个词出现在第三段的后面部分），我选的答案是说人们可以通过intention什么什么改变大脑，这个具体的意思现在忘记了。
4) 有一题问文章最support哪个选项？我选的是Ordinarily，有个有某功能的大脑部分是不能干另外一件事情的。（因为一般要经过训练或者怎么的）作者: linda513 时间: 2010-12-1 14:57
考古
9.冰川时期温差变化的实验
V1 by catdog1124
有一个讲考察冰川时期，最开始一个科学家通过一种生物做实验，证明赤道在那时降温没有其他地方大。后来一个科学家出来说，用那种生物做实验不靠谱，因为那个生物不能很好显示极端的温差变化，然后科学家用珊瑚做实验，做出来结果差不多。
V2 by alex6219 （690）
还有个第几篇也不知道了，说呀冰川时代赤道那边降温的事情，说是一开始认为赤道降的比一般的少好象，然后有个鸟人说是他用什么方法研究出来的呢？原来啊，用的某个叫F**的动物，额，反正是个生物，用他们的骨架子研究的，还搀和到什么SEDIMENT，我没好好看，好象有某题某选项里有SEDIMENT这个词语出现，我不管了最后。然后啊到了某某年，另一个鸟人就来了，他说这个研究不对啊，说是骨架子没不说明问题，对的，说骨架子不ACCURATE，然后他用了个在珊瑚里的化学物质，说是这个物质和该珊瑚所在的区域的水温是有关系的，记得一个题目，怎么问忘了，但很坏，文章里只说了化学物质DEPEND ON THE CHANGE OF海水温度，没说成正反比，然后有一选项说化合物随温度增加而增加，坏透坏透，我曾经被骗进了那么半分多钟
V3 by babee2queen (v34)
冰川时期温差变化的实验
钩子写的很全，文章最后的方向是，第二组人做实验证明第一组人的实验不对。实际上全球温度变化是一样的。
有一个是用第二组人用什么证明第一组人做的是错的，定位文章中间位置
问题……实在是残念了……
V4 by 崦嵫渺渺 (710)
是说什么冰河时期热带的温度下降的没有两极地区及其他地区快，探讨原因。一个科学家C做过一个调查，用热带地区海洋里的一种动物，什么什么的，没大看懂。后来人们发现的实际数据跟这个科学家预测的相悖，另外一个科学家G，又去做调查，根据C的方法，测量海洋里面的一种珊瑚里面的一种化学物质，得出一个什么结论。最后没时间了，大概看的，其他遇到的童鞋在补充吧。第一题是问G发现了什么的。后面忘了，
V5 by chenggong12 （710）
Ice age 关于热带温度两极温度下降的争论
内容机警很详细了,但问题挺绕的，都是推论题。
1． C这个人的研究的结论不正确，跟一下那个选项有矛盾？
2． 从D(就是反对C的那个人)的研究可以推论出什么？
V6 by dshimuro
我補一下, 文章只有一段, 開頭說一個scientist D(還是C?) 對於tropical region 那做了一個實驗, 結果說 tropical ocean 的溫度remains high, whereas其他地方的水在最近一次的 ice age 降了5度.
而那個D用來研究溫度的媒介, 就是一種在tropical 海底的sediment (沉澱物), D的研究同時也反映了 tropical land和其他地方的land的溫度比較關係, 我沒細看這.
後來有一個recent study (沒說誰) 說溫度變化是universal的, 並非tropical 地區降溫比較少(也沒給解釋), 進而質疑了D的實驗(這邊重要). 基於這個原因, 另外一個scientist G 就著手往一個 Ba 開頭的海岸去找尋證據. 他用了一種coral 中的chemical sensitive to temperature. G 的實驗結果證實了再最近一次的溫度下降是universal.
題目有一題是說G的實驗結果證明了什麼?
選項有什麼ocean and land 溫度差多少多少啦, tropical land 和其他地方溫度怎麼樣啦, 不過都不是我選的, 因為文章沒有直接給.
我選了D, 說G的實驗證明了Ba那個海岸的海水in fact cooled. 我肯定. 這個是以最少的文章資訊能得到最broad的答案.
另外一題說recent study 說明了D的研究的什麼:
有一個干擾選項: D’s study is inaccurate because the sediment used 還是什麼的. 那個不對, 文章沒有給這個inaccurate的形容詞.
我選了, D’s study is limited it can not support a hypothesis about ocean water 還是類似的.
V7 by linkoo07
冰川时代温差变化（最后一题问第二个学者的研究indicate了什么，我选的是什么海水cool off减慢了某钟海洋生物的成长
V8 by chenxiaomiao(740)
这篇寂静里没怎么写题，我补充一下
1.第二个科学家G的实验infer什么，我选了E 说temperature cooling 会让珊瑚生长缓慢什么的。但现在又琢磨着不太对了，文中只是说珊瑚跟temperature有关，但没说是变慢……
2.第一个科学家的结论为什么是problematic 这个我比较确定，选的是因为跟existing finding矛盾，因为原文说了since1976好多别的studies就说他不对了，A选项是说他认为热带比别的地方 cool less，跟prior 1976之前的观点比，我觉得不对，文中没说之前的研究吧
3.主旨：我选的compare两种观点，有个选项是advocate后者，但我觉得作者没有明确态度支持谁
最后一篇时我其实时间非常充裕，但心里像有把火在烧似的就是静不下心读，不然寂静能再好一点作者: linda513 时间: 2010-12-1 15:18
考古
A View Of Urban Sprawl From Outer Space Recent urban development in Los Angeles is less scattered than recent development in Boston. Miami is America's most compact big city and Pittsburgh is most sprawling. Changing the number or size of municipal governments in a metro area has no impact on whether or not urban development is scattered, but controlling access to groundwater does.
【控制地下水has impact on是否城市发展呈分散化】
These are among the startling findings from a University of Toronto-based team of researchers who used satellite data and aerial photography to create a grid of 8.7 billion data cells tracking the evolution of land use in the continental United States.
Matthew Turner and Diego Puga of the University of Toronto, Marcy Burchfield of the Neptis Foundation, a Toronto-based organization focused on urban and regional research, and Henry Overman of the London School of Economics present their findings in the May issue of The Quarterly Journal of Economics, in a paper entitled Causes of Sprawl: A Portrait（标本，模型） from Space. Heavily illustrated with Geographic Information System images, the paper challenges conventional wisdom about urban sprawl and presents a vivid and detailed picture of land consumption in America's cities.
【新研究出现】
Though urban sprawl is widely regarded as an important environmental and social problem, according to the authors, much of the debate over sprawl is based on speculation. The data to conduct detailed and systematic measurement of how and where land is converted to urban use has, until now, simply not been available. Despite widespread interest in the topic, "we know next to nothing （差不多没有）about the extent to which development is scattered or compact, and how this varies across space," they write. 【新研究的局限：based on speculation】
The authors merged high-altitude photos from 1976 with satellite images from 1992 (the most recent available) to create a grid of 8.7 billion 30-metre by 30-metre cells that tracks land use changes nationwide. "The data set we've constructed is unprecedented（空前的） in that we have coverage of the whole continental United States with a very high degree of accuracy for two time periods. That's never been done before," says Turner.【新研究的优势：覆盖面广，精确性accuracy】
The new high-resolution data allow the authors to observe the amount of open space in the neighborhood of every house in every U.S. city. Since development is more scattered when there is more open space around a house, the authors measured urban sprawl by calculating the average amount of open space in the neighborhood of a house in each city.【measure urban sprawl 的具体方法】
They found that more recent residential development is not any more（不再）
scattered than development was in 1976. Forty two per cent of land in the square kilometre surrounding the average residential development in 1976 was open space, compared with 43 per cent in 1992. "While a substantial amount of scattered residential development was built between 1976 and 1992, overall residential development did not become any more biased toward such sprawling areas."【结论一：scatter现象不再明显了】
The authors are quick to point out that any one household would have seen much change in the study period, but that "if we zoom out and look at the city from a distance, we see little change, at least in terms of the proportions of sprawling and compact development: the new city is just like an enlarged version of the old city."【结论二：虽然household 的变化大，但实际city的sprawling并不明显。】
Overall, Boston is less scattered than Atlanta, however recent development in Boston has been less compact than recent development in Atlanta. Miami, San Francisco and Los Angeles were the most compact major cities, while Pittsburgh and Atlanta were the most scattered.
The authors also investigated why some cities are more sprawling than others. They found that a city's climate, topography and access to groundwater account for 25 per cent of the nationwide variation. When the climate is temperate, people spread out to have more space to enjoy the weather.【研究城市之间sprawling的不同：1，适度气候导致人们spread out】
Hilly places see more scattered development as people avoid the costs of building on hillsides — but mountains act as a barrier and lead to more compact development. Places with easy access to groundwater see more scattered development, since people can supply remote houses with water by drilling inexpensive wells rather than paying for water lines. 【研究城市之间sprawling的不同：2，avoid cost of building on hill】
加亮部分有题：估计是推理题，问 mountain对scatter现象的作用有什么不同.这里把握住作者态度即可：hillside会导致scatter，mountain却反而 more compact. (因为山脉上没法建房子，人们只好集中在较为平坦的地方了，想想四川盆地。。而城市有hillside的就会往周边扩展，山上的房子造价太高～想想香港浅 水湾山上豪宅那个贵，所以只能填海了。。)
"The presence of aquifers（蓄水层） is particularly important," says Turner, "and that seems to me to have policy implications. It looks as if controlling access to groundwater is an important way to control whether development spreads or not."【照应文章第一段观点：控制地下水源决定了城市扩张程度】
Roads, on the other hand, have no impact on the extent to which development is scattered, despite commonly held beliefs to the contrary. "We looked at a lot of measures of road density — miles of road per area, average distance to a road, distance to an interstate exit — and we could find no relation between those measures and the scatteredness of development," Turner says.
The number of municipalities in a metropolitan area also does not affect development patterns. "You hear about fragmentation of jurisdictions being an important determinant of development patterns and we could find no evidence for that," says Turner. However, the team also found that development near cities is less scattered if it occurs in a municipality than if it occurs in an unincorporated area of a county. This suggests that people may be moving out to just beyond municipal boundaries in order to avoid more stringent municipal regulations.
【猜想1】：这里可以考municipalities影响cities to be not less scattered than unincorporated area的原因：avoid more stringent regulations.
【猜想2】：上面几个黑色短语可以考except题。
One of the common complaints about urban sprawl is that as development spreads, municipal services such as roads, sewers, police and fire protection are more expensive. The authors suggest that this concern is well founded. Development in municipalities that receive larger subsidies from higher levels of government is, on average, more scattered. Says Puga, "This suggests that as local taxpayers are held accountable（=responsible） for infrastructure costs, they respond by insisting on patterns of development that require less infrastructure spending."
"People have been eager to rush to policy prescriptions without a very good understanding of the underlying phenomena," says Turner. "We wanted to try to put the policy discussion on sounder footing."
。。。
如下考古版本来源是：http://forum.liuxuehome.com/showtopic-215844.aspx
85. aprilarchy 19号
阅读有一篇说city spawl 的原因，通过research检验传统的assumption.接下来三段一段说 climate被,证实，考了scatter development,后两段的都是
没有evidence 支持的。road,municiply,最后一段是说，随着发展，没被证实的原因也不是都不对的
还有一篇说的是一种科学仪器的发明弥补了原来的遗憾（考点），考了原文“tunnel“是指什么
第三篇说act法，限制中国的移民。以前historian所理解的影响范围太狭小,有题
86. duckfish 21号
1. 关于urban sprawl的（到现在还不知道是啥东东－，－），大体意思是说urban sprawl是一个社会问题也是个环境问题。有很多理论在争论引起
urban sprawl的原因到底是什么，一个小组勇敢的站了出来，开始收集相关的数据，以取得footing。他们首先发现climate是一个原因，in mild
climate, people tend to spread out. 还发现hill和mountain也是原因，hill是引起人们在hilly地方建造的成本，而mountain则是barrier，
帮助compact city（有道题目说hill和mountain起direct 作用，我觉得是错的）；还有地下水也有帮助，easy access to groundwater may help. （有题）
然而他们发现有些大家都认为的原因其实是没有作用的，一个是road，虽然他们收集了很多数据，但是没有证据表明road会影响；一个是法规的制约，
他们发现也没有什么用，但是解释说可能是由于人们倾向于住在城市边缘正好外面的地方，这样可以不受约束；然后他们发现有些common wisdom还是
有用的。然后提到说由于城市的建设需要纳税人的钱，所以纳税人更倾向于向一些基础设施比较便宜的地方发展。作者: linda513 时间: 2010-12-1 15:21
2.3.2 nature
有xxxstorm, summer, in winter, soid 什么的
作者一开始就说 , 一个人M 在以前做了研究, 好像是用化石层的分布然后发表了理论.说ice age发生是有一定的时间规律.. 第二段就说,但是呢,1950年人们用了新科技发现这个M是错的 (有考点). 用着甚么其他地方的化石还是甚么的. 但是呢作者接着说, 1970年人们又用了新科技证明M是对的!!!!! 最后说到虽然到现在M的许多理论都还没被证实 (有考点)
问题有问第二段的作用, 这篇文章的主旨, 那些1950年的人如果用更新的科技的话就不会怎样 (我选就不会不支持M的理论)
考古 2.3.3
Milankovitch Cycles Theory
Milankovitch cycles theory is about the frequency of ice age. Milankovich proposed that the temperature of earth has something to do with the position of the earth in the orbit around sun. However it did not gain acceptance until 1968 when Dr. Imbrie presented additional evidence for M theory. He meassured the isotope level in small seashell deposit and the change of isotope abundancy corresponds with the temperature change.
However, later on, a geochemist tested the samples from Devil's Hole, a place in south Nevada and the results did not match with the previous results.
Even thought Dr. Imbrie still think M theory was valid, he conceded that many other factors contribute to the isotope level. It maybe why the results did not match.
OLD JJ
V1
是讲某人MM的理论，关于change in earth‘s orbit影响气候什么的，也没看懂……
V2
03/21 第二篇是change in earth orbit. 第一段讲M的理论多牛B，第二段讲50年代的什么试验证明M是错的，然后第二段的后半部分又说原来50年代的试验方法（还是数据？）是错误的，这样的话M的理论又被证明是对的了。
V1
1.先是陈述了 这个理论 然后说当时人们只能在实验条件不足的情况下 大体的承认这个理论
2.但是1950年出了个A.B 研究了一些东西 说是理论错误了。 导致一段时间内人们都不再接受M的理论了
3.随着科技的进步 新的方法（或旧的改良） 出现了 证明了AB的 证据索取是比较片面的 M再次被人们接受
V2
1.先是陈述了 这个理论 然后说当时人们只能在实验条件不足的情况下 有些人研究了一下化石一类的，大体的承认这个理论
2.但是1950年出了个A.B 研究了一些东西，carbon rating之类的，说是理论错误了。（我觉得段时间内人们都不再接受M的理论了.随着科技的进步,应该是旧的改良结合很多其它新的technology, 出现了 证明了AB的 证据索取是比较片面的 M再次被人们接受。
问题：1. A..B. 对MilankovitchCycles Theory的看法
2. 主题题：选的不同的方法对某一科学推断的研究和看法(没有一个选项提到了Milankovitch CyclesTheory,所以猜测某一科学推断指代Milankovitch CyclesTheory)。
3．Infer: 说如果第一段那些“当时人们”有accurate carbondating technologies 的时候，他们会怎样？
4. 不记得了MilankovitchCycles Theory的看法
V3
某教授在1920S研究发现冰河期和地球轨道有关，然后是通过化石做了张表来说明。第二段突然说1950S科技进不了，发觉他理论不对了。然后1980S，科技有进步了，说其实1950S是不对的，以前那个教授其实是对的。
V4
米兰先生那个冰河时期的理论，jj的考古很有用，居然4道题！
第二段有考点，就是那个infer的题目，说以前如果也用了carbon那个方法，会怎样
还有就是新的学者（高亮了）认为米兰先生的theory的一个评价。。。
V5
关于Milankovich理论的，
P1.该理论的贡献
P2。该理论受到新的基于quantative和radiocarbon方法的挑战，被数据证实有误，但后来的研究证明上述方法有问题，新的更精确的方法验证了M理论的正确性，因而M理论重新得到认可
问题：1。 如果基于quantative和radiocarbon方法得到的结果是正确的，那会有什么结果。（答案都忘了，但此题不易解，干扰项严重）作者: linda513 时间: 2010-12-1 15:21
有益补充1：地球轨道根数变化与第四纪冰期 Changes of the Earth's Orbital Elements and the Quaternary Glacial Epoch
米兰柯维奇(Milankovitch)天文气候学理论和第四纪地质时期以来冰期的研究进展.研究结果表明,地球上的冰体积具有近10万yr的变化周期,并伴有近4万yr和2万yr的变化周期,它们是由于地球的轨道根数变化导致的气候变迁所致;不同的地球物理资料中均存在上述类似的变化周期,表明气候变迁所导致的变化是全球性效应,证实米兰柯维奇天文理论是基本正确的。 这个像不像jj里讲的mm理论？ 冰川变化 地球轨道
有益补充2 （补充1的英文）：
At the recent American Geophysical Union meeting in San Francisco, the 25th anniversary of one of the great
papers in paleoclimatology was celebrated. The paper, entitled “Variations in the Earth’s orbit: Pacemaker
of the Ice Ages,” presented important new evidence supporting the orbital theory of glaciation. Orbital theory goes back over a century but is most closely associated with Milankovitch, who calculated the effects of gravitational perturbations on the seasonal cycle of Earth’s insolation (the radiation incident at the top of the atmosphere). Insolation varies on several time scales, including ~20,000 years (termed precession), ~40,000.
Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth
century that the ice ages were caused by variations
in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun. For some
time this theory was considered untestable,
(5)largely because there was no sufficiently precise
chronology of the ice ages with which the orbital
variations could be matched.
P1：M提出一个理论, 指出其缺陷
To establish such a chronology it is necessary
to determine the relative amounts of land ice that
(10)existed at various times in the Earth’s past. A recent
discovery makes such a determination possible:
relative land-ice volume for a given period can be
deduced from the ratio of two oxygen isotopes,
16 and 18, found in ocean sediments. Almost
(15)all the oxygen in water is oxygen 16, but a few
molecules out of every thousand incorporate the
heavier isotope 18. When an ice age begins, the
continental ice sheets grow, steadily reducing the
amount of water evaporated from the ocean that
(20)will eventually return to it. Because heavier isotopes
tend to be left behind when water evaporates
from the ocean surfaces, the remaining ocean
water becomes progressively enriched in oxygen
18. The degree of enrichment can be determined
(25)by analyzing ocean sediments of the period,
because these sediments are composed of calcium
carbonate (calcium carbonate: n.[化]碳酸钙) shells of marine organisms, shells that
were constructed with oxygen atoms drawn from
the surrounding ocean. The higher the ratio of
(30)oxygen 18 to oxygen 16 in a sedimentary specimen,
the more land ice there was when the sediment
was laid down.
P2: 一个新发现可弥补M理论的缺陷
As an indicator of shifts in the Earth’s climate,
the isotope record has two advantages. First, it is
(35)a global record: there is remarkably little variation
in isotope ratios in sedimentary specimens taken
from different continental locations. Second, it is
a more continuous record than that taken from
rocks on land. Because of these advantages,
(40)sedimentary evidence can be dated with sufficient
accuracy by radiometric methods to establish a
precise chronology of the ice ages. The dated
isotope record shows that the fluctuations in
global ice volume over the past several hundred
(45)thousand years have a pattern: an ice age occurs
roughly once every 100,000 years. These data have
established a strong connection between variations
in the Earth’s orbit and the periodicity of the ice
ages.
P3：新发现的优点
However, it is important to note that other
(50)factors, such as volcanic particulates or variations
in the amount of sunlight received by the Earth,
could potentially have affected the climate. The
advantage of the Milankovitch theory is that it
is testable: changes in the Earth’s orbit can be
(55)calculated and dated by applying Newton’s laws
of gravity to progressively earlier configurations
of the bodies in the solar system. Yet the lack of
information about other possible factors affecting
global climate does not make them unimportant.
P4：其他的理论也不容忽视
70. In the passage, the author is primarily interested in
主题题（D）
suggesting an alternative to an outdated research method
introducing a new research method that calls an accepted theory into question
emphasizing the instability of data gathered from the application of a new scientific method
presenting a theory and describing a new method to test that theory（D）
initiating a debate about a widely accepted theory
71. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the Milankovitch theory?
应用题（D）
It is the only possible explanation for the ice ages.
It is too limited to provide a plausible explanation for the ice ages, despite recent research findings.
It cannot be tested and confirmed until further research on volcanic activity is done.
It is one plausible explanation, though not the only one, for the ice ages. （D）
It is not a plausible explanation for the ice ages, although it has opened up promising possibilities for future research.
72. It can be inferred from the passage that the isotope record taken from ocean sediments would be less useful to researchers if which of the following were true?
推导题（B）
the isotope record has two advantages. First, it is
(35)a global record；Second, it is
a more continuous record than that taken from
rocks on land
It indicated that lighter isotopes of oxygen predominated at certain times.
It had far more gaps in its sequence than the record taken from rocks on land.否定了第二点
It indicated that climate shifts did not occur every 100,000 years.削弱M理论，而不是方法
It indicated that the ratios of oxygen 16 and oxygen 18 in ocean water were not consistent with those found in fresh water. （B）
It stretched back for only a million years.
73. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the ratios of oxygen isotopes in ocean sediments?
观点题（C）
relative land-ice volume for a given period can be
deduced from the ratio of two oxygen isotopes,
16 and 18, found in ocean sediments.
They indicate that sediments found during an ice age contain more calcium carbonate than sediments formed at other times.
They are less reliable than the evidence from rocks on land in determining the volume of land ice.
They can be used to deduce the relative volume of land ice that was present when the sediment was laid down.
They are more unpredictable during an ice age than in other climatic conditions. （C）
They can be used to determine atmospheric conditions at various times in the past.
74. It can be inferred from the passage that precipitation formed from evaporated ocean water has
推导题（B）
Because heavier isotopes
tend to be left behind when water evaporates
from the ocean surfaces, the remaining ocean
water becomes progressively enriched in oxygen
18.
the same isotopic ratio as ocean water
less oxygen 18 than does ocean water
less oxygen 18 than has the ice contained in continental ice sheets
a different isotopic composition than has precipitation formed from water on land（B）
more oxygen 16 than has precipitation formed from fresh water
75. It can be inferred from the passage that calcium carbonate shells
推导题（E）
shells that
were constructed with oxygen atoms drawn from
the surrounding ocean.
are not as susceptible to deterioration as rocks
are less common in sediments formed during an ice age
are found only in areas that were once covered by land ice
contain radioactive material that can be used to determine a sediment’s isotopic composition
reflect the isotopic composition of the water at the time the shells were formed作者: linda513 时间: 2010-12-1 15:23
大全上的
Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century that the ice ages were caused by variations in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun. For sometime this theory was considered untestable, largely because there was no sufficiently precise chronology of the ice ages with which the orbital variations could be matched.
To establish such a chronology it is necessary to determine the relative amounts of land ice that existed at various times in the Earth’s past. A recent discovery makes such a determination possible: relative land-ice volume for a given period can be deduced from the ratio of two oxygen isotopes, 16 and 18, found in ocean sediments. Almost all the oxygen in water is oxygen 16, but a few molecules out of every thousand incorporate the heavier isotope 18. When an ice age begins, the continental ice sheets grow, steadily reducing the amount of water evaporated from the ocean that will eventually return to it. Because heavier isotopes tend to be left behind when water evaporates from the ocean surfaces, the remaining ocean water becomes progressively enriched in oxygen 18. The degree of enrichment can be determined by analyzing ocean sediments of the period, because these sediments are composed of calcium carbonate shells of marine organisms, shells that were constructed with oxygen atoms drawn from the surrounding ocean. The higher the ratio of oxygen 18 to oxygen 16 in a sedimentary specimen, the more land ice there was when the sediment was laid down.
As an indicator of shifts in the Earth’s climate, the isotope record has two advantages. First, it is a global record: there is remarkably little variation in isotope ratios in sedimentary specimens taken from different continental locations. Second, it is a more continuous record than that taken from rocks on land. Because of these advantages, sedimentary evidence can be dated with sufficient accuracy by radiometric methods to establish a precise chronology of the ice ages. The dated isotope record shows that the fluctuations in global ice volume over the past several hundred thousand years have a pattern: an ice age occurs roughly once every 100,000 years. These data have established a strong connection between variations in the Earth’s orbit and the periodicity of the ice ages.
However, it is important to note that other factors, such as volcanic particulates or variations in the amount of sunlight received by the Earth, could potentially have affected the climate. The advantage of the Milankovitch theory is that it is testable: changes in the Earth’s orbit can be calculated and dated by applying Newton’s laws of gravity to progressively earlier configurations of the bodies in the solar system. Yet the lack of information about other possible factors affecting global climate does not make them unimportant.
In the passage, the author is primarily interested in
(A) suggesting an alternative to an outdated research method
(B) introducing a new research method that calls an accepted theory into question
(C) emphasizing the instability of data gathered from the application of a new scientific method
(D) presenting a theory and describing a new method to test that theory
(E) initiating a debate about a widely accepted theory
2. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the Milankovitch theory?
(A) It is the only possible explanation for the ice ages.
(B) It is too limited to provide a plausible explanation for the ice ages, despite recent research findings.
(C) It cannot be tested and confirmed until further research on volcanic activity is done.
(D) It is one plausible explanation, though not the only one, for the ice ages.
(E) It is not a plausible explanation for the ice ages, although it has opened up promising possibilities for future research.
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the isotope record taken from ocean sediments would be less useful to researchers if which of the following were true?
(A) It indicated that lighter isotopes of oxygen predominated at certain times.
(B) It had far more gaps in its sequence than the record taken from rocks on land.
(C) It indicated that climate shifts did not occur every 100,000 years.
(D) It indicated that the ratios of oxygen 16 and oxygen 18 in ocean water were not consistent with those found in fresh water.
(E) It stretched back for only a million years.
4. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the ratios of oxygen isotopes in ocean sediments?
(A) They indicate that sediments found during an ice age contain more calcium carbonate than sediments formed at other times.
(B) They are less reliable than the evidence from rocks on land in determining the volume of land ice.
(C) They can be used to deduce the relative volume of land ice that was present when the sediment was laid down.
(D) They are more unpredictable during an ice age than in other climatic conditions.
(E) They can be used to determine atmospheric conditions at various times in the past.
5. It can be inferred from the passage that precipitation formed from evaporated ocean water has
(A) the same isotopic ratio as ocean water
(B) less oxygen 18 than does ocean water
(C) less oxygen 18 than has the ice contained in continental ice sheets
(D) a different isotopic composition than has precipitation formed from water on land
(E) more oxygen 16 than has precipitation formed from fresh water
6. According to the passage, which of the following is (are) true of the ice ages?
I. The last ice age occurred about 25,000 years ago.
II. Ice ages have lasted about 10,000 years for at least the last several hundred thousand years.
III. Ice ages have occurred about every 100,000 years for at least the last several hundred thousand years.
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and only
(E) I, II and III
7. It can be inferred from the passage that calcium carbonate shells
(A) are not as susceptible to deterioration as rocks
(B) are less common in sediments formed during an ice age
(C) are found only in areas that were once covered by land ice
(D) contain radioactive material that can be used to determine a sediment’s isotopic composition
(E) reflect the isotopic composition of the water at the time the shells were formed
8. The purpose of the last paragraph of the passage is to
(A) offer a note of caution
(B) introduce new evidence
(C) present two recent discoveries
(D) summarize material in the preceding paragraphs
(E) offer two explanations for a phenomenon
9. According to the passage, one advantage of studying the isotope record of ocean sediments is that it
(A) corresponds with the record of ice volume taken from rocks on land
(B) shows little variation in isotope ratios when samples are taken from different continental locations
(C) corresponds with predictions already made by climatologists and experts in other fields
(D) confirms the record of ice volume initially established by analyzing variations in volcanic emissions
(E) provides data that can be used to substantiate records concerning variations in the amount of sunlight received by the Earth
DBCBCEAB