Conventional wisdom has it that large deficits赤字 in the United States budget cause interest rates to rise. Two main arguments are given for this claim. According to the first, as the deficit increases, the government will borrow more to make up for the ensuing shortage of funds. Consequently, it is argued, if both the total supply of credit (money available for borrowing) and the amount of credit sought by nongovernment borrowers remain relatively stable, as is often supposed, then the price of credit (the interest rate) will increase. That this is so is suggested by the basic economic principles that if supplies of a commodity (here, credit) remain fixed and demand for that commodity increases, its price will also increase. The second argument supposes that the government will tend to finance its deficits by increasing the money supply with insufficient regard for whether there is enough room for economic growth to enable such an increase to occur without causing inflation. It is then argued that financiers will expect the deficit to cause inflation and will raise interest rates, anticipating that because of inflation the money they lend will be worth less when paid back.
Unfortunately for the first argument, it is unreasonable to assume that nongovernment borrowing and the supply of credit will remain relatively stable. Nongovernment borrowing sometimes decreases. When it does, increased government borrowing will not necessarily push up the total demand for credit. Alternatively, when credit availability increases, for example through greater foreign lending to the United States, then interest rates need not rise, even if both private and government borrowing increase.
The second argument is also problematic. Financing the deficit by increasing the money supply should cause inflation only when there is not enough room for economic growth. Currently, there is no reason to expect deficits to cause inflation. However, since many financiers believe that deficits ordinarily create inflation, then admittedly they will be inclined使倾向 to raise interest rates to offset mistakenly anticipated inflation. This effect, however, is due to ignorance无知愚昧, not to the deficit itself, and could be lessened by educating financiers on this issue.
Which of the following best summarizes the central idea of the passage? C
(A) A decrease in nongovernment borrowing or an increase in the availability of credit can eliminate or lessen the ill effects of increased borrowing by the government.
(B) Educating financiers about the true relationship between large federal deficits and high interest rates will make financiers less prone to raise interest rates in response to deficits.
(C) There is little support for the widely held belief that large federal deficits will create higher interest rates, as the main arguments given to defend辩解 this claim are flawed.
(D) When the government borrows money, demand for credit increases, typically creating higher interest rates unless special conditions such as decreased consumer spending arise.
(E) Given that most financiers believe in a cause-and-effect relationship between large deficits and high interest rates, it should be expected that financiers will raise interest rates.
It can be inferred from the passage that proponents of the second argument would most likely agree with which of the following statements? C
(A) The United States government does not usually care whether or not inflation increases.
(B) People in the United States government generally know very little about economics.
(C) The United States government is sometimes careless in formulating系统地表达 its economic policies.
(D) The United States government sometimes relies too much on the easy availability of foreign credit.
(E) The United States government increases the money supply whenever there is enough room for growth to support the increase.
Which of the following claims concerning the United States government's financing of the deficit does the author make in discussing the second argument? E
(A) The government will decrease the money supply in times when the government does not have a deficit to finance.
(B) The government finances its deficits by increasing the money supply whenever the economy is expanding.
(C) As long as the government finances the deficit by borrowing, nongovernment borrowers will pay higher interest rates.
(D) The only way for the government to finance its deficits is to increase the money supply without regard for whether such an increase would cause inflation.
(E) Inflation should be caused when the government finances the deficit by increasing the money supply only if there is not enough room for economic growth to support the increase.
Question #36. 154-08 (22926-!-item-!-188;#058&000154-08) A
The author uses the term "admittedly诚然" (see highlighted text) in order to indicate that
(A) the second argument has some truth to it, though not for the reasons usually supposed
(B) the author has not been successful in attempting to point out inadequacies in the two arguments
(C) the thesis that large deficits directly cause interest rates to rise has strong support after all
(D) financiers should admit that they were wrong in thinking that large deficits will cause higher inflation rates
(E) financiers generally do not think that the author's criticisms of the second argument are worthy of consideration作者: linda513 时间: 2010-12-1 14:22
1.1.3气味在print advertising应用*
开头despite the olfactory advertising trends。。。—解释内容（好像是说olfactory 能使心情愉悦）—attention on it还是很少。来了个however，说olfactory 的效果不如visual和uara（忘了怎么拼了）可以测量。还说要有特定的环境才能有效果，举例说lemon味在黄色的物品下比红色的更容易被分辨。又说在闻到味之前consumer的心情就被影响了。Nevertheless，olfactory advertising还是有独特的一面的。
1． 问 那种olfactory 最不容易被分辨出， 狗主人选的是coffee味在wheat田里 非常肯定。 By uupigyu318
类似原文
Executional cues have been the focus of much advertising research. Visual cues (pictures) and aural cues (music) have been studied extensively, yet virtually no attention has been paid to the influence of olfactory cues in advertising despite the growing trend among advertisers to use scents in ads. Scents often have been used in advertisements for products in which scent is a primary attribute (e.g., perfumes, room fresheners) and, when used in that context, are a form of sampling. However, scents have also been used for products for which scent has been considered largely irrelevant. For instance, Tanqueray gin ran a pine-scented ad in USA Today, Rolls Royce advertised its cars in Architectural Digest using leather-scented strips, and the State of Utah
used floral- and spice-scented panels in a four-page tourism ad. Though such uses may be intended simply as novelties, research suggests that ordor can influence mood state and affect judgment. Therefore, the use of scents in advertising warrants attention.
Odors differ in several ways from the pictures and sounds more familiar to advertising researchers. Compared to visual and aural cues, odors are difficult to recognize, are relatively difficult to label, may produce false alarms and create placebo effects. Schab (1991), in a review of the literature, concluded that the ability to attach a name to a particular odor is so limited that individuals, on average, can identify only 40% to 50% of odors in a battery of common odors. Additionally, consumer ability to detect and recognize odors is influenced by surrounding cues (Davis
1981). For example, a consumer is more likely to recognize a lemon scent when the scent is contained in a yellow liquid than when it is contained in a red liquid. Third, false alarms, perceiving an odor when in reality no odor is present, are relatively common (Engen 1972). Finally, researchers have shown that both emotional and physical states can be affected just by believing an odor is present. The odorant itself need not be present (Knasko, Gilbert, and Sabini 1990). That finding suggests placebo effects.
Despite the difficulties, olfactory cues hold appeal to advertisers working in an already cluttered environment. Olfactory responses are primarily autonomic, affecting a person physiologically before affecting cognition. Odors stimulate the limbic system, the part of the brain responsible for emotional responses. Thus, olfaction represents a different path to the consumer than is afforded by other types of cues.作者: linda513 时间: 2010-12-1 14:23
考古
GWD-TN-11 Q33~Q36，但是此文与狗主人描述的最大差异在于制造业的生产率的趋势问题（一个是上升，一个是下降），可能文章不同，anyway，希望得到确认， 并且希望对考友们有帮助（关于后面那些原因的分析很多都与狗主人描述相似）~ 发文如下：
T-3-Q33-Q36
(This passage is excerpted from material published in 1997)
Whereas United States
economic productivity grew at an annual rate of 3 percent from 1945 to 1965, it has grown at an annual rate of only about 1 percent since the early 1970’s. What might be preventing higher productivity growth? Clearly, the manufacturing sector of the economy cannot be blamed. Since 1980, productivity improvements in manufacturing have moved the United States from a position of acute decline in manufacturing to one of world prominence. Manufacturing, however, constitutes a relatively small proportion of the economy. In 1992, goods-producing businesses employed only 19.1 percent of American workers, whereas service-producing businesses employed 70 percent. Although the service sector has grown since the late 1970’s, its productivity growth has declined. Several explanations have been offered for this declined and for the discrepancy in productivity growth between the manufacturing and service sectors. One is that traditional measures fail to reflect service-sector productivity growth because it has been concentrated in improved quality of services. Yet traditional measures of manufacturing productivity have shown significant increases despite the under measurement of quality, whereas service productivity has continued to stagnate. Others argue that since the 1970’s, manufacturing workers, faced with strong foreign competition, have learned to work more efficiently in order to keep their jobs in the United States, but service workers, who are typically under less global competitive pressure, have not. However, the pressure on manufacturing workers in the United States to work more efficiently has generally been overstated, often for political reasons. In fact, while some manufacturing jobs have been lost due to foreign competition, many more have been lost simply because of slow growth in demand for manufactured goods.
Yet another explanation blames the federal budget deficit: if it were lower, interest rate would be lower too, thereby increasing investment in the development of new technologies, which would spur productivity growth in the service sector. There is, however, no dearth of technological resources, rather, managers in the service sector fail to take advantage of widely available skills and machines. High productivity growth levels attained by leading edge service companies indicate that service sector managers who wisely implement available technology and choose skillful workers can significantly improve their companies’ productivity. The culprits for service-sector productivity stagnation are the forces－such as corporate takeovers and unnecessary governmental regulation－that distract managers from the task of making optimal use of available resources.
T-3-Q33
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the budget deficit explanation for the discrepancy mentioned in line 27?
A.Research shows that the federal budget deficit has traditionally caused service companies to invest less money in research and development of new technologies.
B.New technologies have been shown to play a significant role in companies that have been able to increase their service productivity.
C.In both service sector and manufacturing, productivity improvements are concentrated in gains in quality.
D.The service sector typically requires larger investments in new technology in order to maintain productivity growth than dose manufacturing
E.High interest rates tend to slow the growth of manufacturing productivity as much as they slow the growth of service-sector productivity in the United States
T-3-Q34
The passage states which of the following about the effect of foreign competition on the American manufacturing sector since the 1970’s?
A.It has often been exaggerated.
B.It has not been a direct cause of job loss.
C.It has in large part been responsible for the subsequent slowing of productivity growth.
D.It has slowed growth in the demand for manufactured goods in the United States.
E.It has been responsible for the majority of American jobs lost in manufacturing.
T-3-Q35
It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following was true of the United States manufacturing sector in the years immediately prior to 1980?
A.It was performing relatively poorly.
B.It was in a position of world prominence.
C.It was increasing its productivity at an annual rate of 3 percent.
D.It was increasing its productivity at an annual rate of 1 percent.
E.Its level of productivity was higher than afterward.
T-3-Q36
The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about productivity improvements in United States service companies?
A.Such improvements would be largely attributable to efficiencies resulting from corporate takeovers.
B.Such improvements would depend more on wise implementation of technology than on managers’ choice of skilled workers.
C.Such improvements would be more easily accomplished if there were fewer governmental regulations of the service sector.
D.Such improvements would require companies to invest heavily in the development of new technologies.
E.Such improvements would be attributable primarily to companies’ facing global competitive pressure.
Ans: E A A C作者: linda513 时间: 2010-12-1 14:25
44.发展中国家和发达国家的service sector和manufacture industry
developing countries 的service sector 和manufacture industry 可以共同发展，不像developed countries 牺牲了manufacture industry 来发展service industry, 其中强调了government 对developing countries 这种发展的positive 影响。
1. （1）主题
2. 有关PRIMARY的叙述哪项正确，我选它底子够厚足够可支持制造业的发展
V2
一篇发展中国家的第一产业。
两段：第一段说发达国家服务业提升的同时，prime industry第一产业、manufacturing industry下降。但发展中国家prime industry虽然会下降，（这个好像有个定位题）但manufacturing industry却没有。
第二段说两个原因。考点主要在这一段。第一原因。第二个原因。大意是发展中国家政府投资会带来挤出效应，但是由于发展中国家运用经济刺激政策，所以manufacturing industry会上升。同时，prime industry的基础足够大，所以也会使得manufacturing industry上升。(700+)
考古（未确认）
说经济的三大部门（sector） 中，服务业正在崛起，而农业和工业的情况正在下降，发达国家都是这样的，原因是消费者有钱以后的花费增大了，而消费者的消费偏好越来越向第三产业靠拢。第 二段讲发展中国家不是这样的，它们三大部门都在增长，虽然服务业发展最快。以印度和巴基斯坦为例（居然没有提到中国，哼！），服务业发展最快，但农业和工 业的发展只是相对慢，而实际并不减慢。作者最后提出了自己的解释：是政府的投资导致了工业和农业的发展速度没有减慢。稳步增长。
考古
V1
Mission statement, 公司战略目标对员工现在的影响。 大概是： 1. 公司定的战略目标没有什么用，除非是对长期工或者非常忠心的员工，可是现在的员工都考虑自己是短期的员工，所以不怎么关注战略目标，要注意这里作者的态度不是全盘否定，只是大负小正，因为有让步语气it may be true to some extent所以在主题题里有个干扰项是写全盘否定mission不能选，小心 2公司定战略目标的坏处：1）是如果定得太高员工会怀疑MANAGER和公司的能力。而且如果和公司现有的strategy产生冲突，会让员工觉得。。。（这个句子对应我写的第二道题里的一个选项，但意思应该有点改变，大家遇到的时候注意对比） 2 ）是对customer也可能因为目标最后实现不了而抱怨
题目：三个题都是问least怎么样。 有一个是问下面目标中哪个对员工有least的影响。还有一个是问下面那种员工least关心公司的目标，我选的短期工。主题题：问文章主要是讲什么：我选是讲mission statement 其实有不好的地方。问从文章可以推断关于长期目标的什么东西（这题我不是太确定，因为有两三个地方觉得文章都有点类似的意思，定位在第二段，大家要认真比较）我最后选了这个目标很难实现，来自文章最后两句，讲到客户如果实现不了会抱怨，言下之意目标太高
V2
以前可以鼓励员工,但随着进来短期员工的增多,员工并不关心mission. 用来激励员工的也变成其他一些incentive. 反而, mission吹牛会导致员工对公司管理层失望, 也导致顾客对服务质量不满从而对一线员工发泄. 题: 5个公司的mission, 挑个最不太可能导致员工不开心的(只好挑个最谦虚的). 题: 哪些人最不关心mission? 选项 customer, CSR, consultant, short hired employee(我选这个),第一段对第二段起什么作用，作者对mission statements的看法
V3
一篇是讲企业目标的，关键词是STATEMENT。
第一段开头讲这种statement好，怎么怎么好。however，在现在的trend下，员工会因为这个statement怎么怎么对前途担忧，并且无法与企业高管的长远目标达成一致。
第二段具体分析这种不好的原因与表现，就是在列举。有一道主题题，我选的是反对一个观点（就是开头的那个），还有问第一段的作用，我选的是为下文批斗这个观点做的铺垫。
V4
第一段，说mission好不好？ 不好，因为short tem的员工不在乎；
第二段，说mission太高了，可能影响employee积极性，另外，mission如果另customer失望，customer反馈，影响前线员工的士气。
题目全都有at least, 其中一个是那种人最反对mission. 选项：（1） customer; (2) short term employee; (3) CEO; (4) shareholder （5）customer representive;
V5
company letter and memo which stated its culture and mission can motivate the morale of the employee. The statement is wrong because 1) there are other ways to motivate, such as incentive, performance, people don't care a short letter. 2) if the company couldn't achieve what it said in the letter, employees are discouraged. If the customers saw their expectation were not met, they usually will blame the front-line employee.作者: linda513 时间: 2010-12-1 14:27
V2一段写有人提出增加休息时间提高了工作的效率，还举例说明了一下。后来说这种方法没有获得net profits（有题）有人说是因为二战和工人运动的影响。。。可是貌似后买你又有人说work movement 对这种change 没有影响。。。
V3说工人工时
1P - 工人工时的长短和企业。 说Ford之前采用过减少工时的办法来鼓励员工， 二战后就消失了。
2P - 有个学者说 “ there is no net gain in leisure time " ..然后就爆发了工人工时的运动。（ 这有题， 好像是问为什么爆发工人运动）。后来工人运动渐渐平息了。 然后又有一学者说， 这是因为企业改变了 management policy （ 这也有题）， 还有一个主旨题作者: linda513 时间: 2010-12-1 14:28
考古
V1
第一道题好像是关于什么工人减少工时， 第一段说 减少工时是一项民主权利的伸张的目标 还是， 然后有一个人跳出来说， 其实减少工时也可以是让企业更有效率的一个方法， 然后举了一个福特的例子然后说1930 年以后，大家都开始缩短工作时间， 然后又说 后来 就没人这样干了。
第二段对为什么没人这样干了举了若干个观点。 又一个s 说什么控制工时和管理效率和什么的有关。 然后又一个人出来反对她的观点 。 现在脑子乱 记不清好多 。 等清醒一点再发
V2
第一段说减少，然后第二段有个学者提出什么了一句话“employed Americans have had no net gain...”，之后就开始一些人讨论发生的原因究竟是啥，几个人说是什么...最后有个人提出说是什么work hours的减少造成的，大概这个意思，记不太清了。不过这里会有题，因为在第一段有个叫Henry Ford的人也提到了work hours，然后题目问，这句话和Henry Ford的说法suggest了什么...貌似是这么问的...是在记不起来了~
不知道是我进了低分题库，还是怎么的，感觉逻辑不是很难，基本错误选项都有很明显的缺陷，大家按照是否相关性一般都能排掉2到3个选项，之后稍微对比下就可以了~
有个题是说，一个A公司现在要增加产量，但是增加产量的话有两个选择...一个是让现有员工work overtime，另一个是雇佣新员工。让现有员工工作overtime的话，需要多支付1到1.5倍的工资...However, 雇佣新员工会便宜，但是呢，这样产量就不能保证...貌似...
选项有一个说新员工来了老员工要教他们，无关选项。还有一个是新员工做的东西不能确保质量，无关...其他的不记得了...
V3（650）
第一段说现在企业慢慢减少工人工作时间，然后说了一些好处，福特公司在某一年采用了这个方法。但是在1960年代开始（时间似乎不准）这个方法被废弃了。然后第二段有个学者提出什么了一句话“employed Americans have had no net gain...”，之后就开始一些人讨论发生的原因究竟是啥，其他一些学者说是什么（考点）最后有个人提出说是什么work hours的减少造成的（是不是这样不太记得）。最后是说其实这种变化适合公司利益挂钩的。，大概这个意思，记不太清了。不过这里会有题，因为在第一段有个叫的人也提到了，然后题目问，这句话和的说法suggest了什么...貌似是这么问的...是在记不起来了~
1.主旨题：好像是选分析一个historical trend变化的原因（好像写的不是原因，记不大清了）
2.下面哪个是comly with其他学者观点的（回原文定位）
V4
历史working class的。说有一个历史学家最近在研究一个以往被大家忽视的题材。就是关于working class。然后讲男人的工会。讲完男人的工会讲女人的工会。实在是记不清了。
V5
一篇是讲什么美国某个时期的工作时间减少问题的，先阐述了现象，然后第二段给出了三个人各自不同的观点。文字很简单，但是逻辑结构很绕，题也很tricky。
V6
再说一下．就是很久以前．大家就意识到了减少工时的重要性．．那个时候就号召要减少工时了．
然后一个例子说福特也响应了这个号召．减少了他工人的工作时间．
然后下一段说后来，这个又被遗忘了．．学家们又把减少公时拿出来说是因为意识到二战之后人们的休闲时间都no net gain....就是没有增加．．然后大家就又讨论一遍减少公时这个事．．之后就说了．．某某学说说减少工时这个ＭＯＶＥＭＥＮＴ事怎么怎么样．．最后得出一个什么结论我忘了．作者: linda513 时间: 2010-12-1 14:28
1.1.17 stock-keeping units@
还有一个是说近年来出现了一个矛盾现象，就是虽然scanner和其他先进的技术可以使company生产少量的多样化的产品，但还是有越来越多的inventory 不足或过剩的现象。我记得是GWD或者prep里的原题 有印象的人帮忙找一下吧
原文
Companies that must determine well in advance of the selling season how many units of a new product to manufacture often underproduce products that sell well and have overstocks of others. The increased incidence in recent years of mismatches between production and demand seems ironic, since point-of-sale scanners have improved data on consumers’ buying patterns and since flexible manufacturing has enabled companies to 24 produce, cost-effectively, small quantities of goods. This type of manufacturing has greatly increased the number of new products introduced annually in the United States. However, frequent introductions of new products have two problematic side effects. For one, they reduce the average lifetime of products; more of them are neither at the beginning of their life (when prediction is difficult) or at the end of their life (when keeping inventory is expensive because the products will soon become obsolete). For another, as new products proliferate, demand is divided among a growing number of stock-keeping units (SKU’s). Even though manufacturers and retailers can forecast aggregate demand with some certainty, forecasting accurately how that demand will be distributed among the many SKU’s they sell is difficult. For example, a company may be able to estimate accurately the aggregate number of shoes it will sell, but it may be uncertain about which specific types of shoes will sell more than other types.
问题是
Q35:
Which of the following most accurately describes the function of the last sentence in the passage (lines 35-40)?
A. To cite a situation in which the aggregate demand is more important than the distribution of demand among SKU’s
B. To refute an assertion about the side effects of flexible manufacturing
C. To illustrate an assertion about companies’ ability to forecast demand
D. To provide an example of ways in which companies address the difficulties of forecasting demand
E. To note an exception to the author’s assertion about distributing demand among SKU’s
----------------------------------------------------------------
Q36:
The passage suggests which of the following about divided demand among a growing number of SKU’s?
A. It has increased the average lifetime of products.
B. It has resulted from retailer’s attempts to predict demand more accurately and avoid both understocks and overstocks.
C. It has decreased the use of flexible manufacturing by companies.
D. It has not increased the expense of keeping inventory of certain products.
E. It has not prevented companies from predicting aggregate demand with some certainty.
----------------------------------------------------------------
Q37:TTGWD-6
According to the passage, which of the following has led to growth in the number of new products introduced in the United States each year?
A. Reduced average lifetime of products
B. Increased ability to forecast aggregate demand
C. More cost-effective ways of keeping inventory for products
D. Cost-effective production of small quantities of goods
E. Increased ability to divide demand among a number of SKU’s and to forecast how that demand will be distributed among those SKU’s
OA : D、E、D作者: linda513 时间: 2010-12-1 14:30
By SherryBNU(730M51V37)题目1，问了下列哪个说法正确，就是绕来绕去的选项，我选的是坏公司比好公司更有可能进行欺骗性的抵押(我选的好像不是这个)
题目2，好公司为什么要给抵押，我选的是不去进行审查从而躲避对坏公司的变相补贴(对)
bytangsusie说low operating cost 的公司比high operating cost的公司去贷款，bank要evaluation of the firm，还需要charge fees，有一题问bank charge fee的考括号里imply什么，好像是说bank charge fee 的时候要charge company approved不然bank 可以通过charge fee赚钱而且不用真的去evaluation。然后说low operating cost的公司可以通过post colleteral。。我不会拼诶，是不是说抵押的意思?不知道，low cost post colleteral only if 某某某condition，然后说low cost 的公司post Colleteral的风险比high cost低，他们做project成功的概率也高，然后bank就给他们放贷without evaluation。作者: linda513 时间: 2010-12-1 14:30
考古(未确认,感觉很像) 感谢vincent007
v1 economist 有一个 hypothetical model, 内容主要说： when firms apply for a bank loan, 他们需要知道自己的operating costs,但是operating cost会被其他因素影响，因此还需要向bank 申请evaluation, bank要对他们进行investigation.
higher cost firms不容易被approved,while low cost firm更容易被approved，那么high cost firms will be subsidisized by low cost firms. and the low cost firm knows that. 因此，to distinguish from the high cost firm, they will 跟银行弄一个collateral.而collateral 的风险成本很大，所以high cost firm基本上不会collateral，而low cost firm 因为本身low cost，不特别在乎其带来的风险. 所以到后来，就只有low cost firm 弄collateral，而且他们只要弄了collateral银行就基本上不会对他们进行eveluation.
v2: 关于bank loan的。
第一段先提出了一个经济模型(有题)
第二段大概是对high cost company 和low cost company借款之前要先evaluation一下，要收费。后来发现，low cost company subsidize the high cost company, 就是低成本的在花费这方面补给了高成本的公司，于是低成本的公司想出了一个办法，那个词挺关键，不过我不认识，记不清了，大概是co什么的。最后一段说 low cost company用这种办法的前提是什么。High cost company为减小这个花费也有一些risk.
注：原文参考首页raist的原文文章
V3 by foxwill low cost公司和 high cost公司的担保问题。机经上貌似没有。主要是讲经济学上一种叫做screening啥玩意的模型。第一段讲假设公司分两种：low cost公司和 high cost，显然high cost偿还银行贷款的能力更弱，银行因此更不愿意把钱贷给他们，所以银行发贷款前要审查;第二段讲审查是要成本的，因此呢，那些low cost公司等于就在补贴 high cost公司了(因为low cost其实是不需要审查的);第三段讲鉴于此，low cost公司就为贷款提供担保，好让银行把他们从 high cost公司里挑出了，而不用审查，避免补贴 high cost公司(这句话有题);第四段讲这个手段为什么有效呢，因为 high cost公司模仿的成本很高——如果他们提供抵押担保的话，他们是很容易还不了债而出去抵押物的。后面的题目不难，找准定位即可。
V4 by qiuhailing01 economist 有一个 hypothetical model, 内容主要说： when firms apply for a bank loan, 他们需要知道自己的operating costs,但是operating cost会被其他因素影响，因此还需要向bank 申请evaluation, bank要对他们进行investigation.
higher cost firms不容易被approved,while low cost firm更容易被approved，那么high cost firms will be subsidisized by low cost firms. and the low cost firm knows that. 因此，to distinguish from the high cost firm, they will 跟银行弄一个collateral.而collateral 的风险成本很大，所以high cost firm基本上不会collateral，而low cost firm 因为本身low cost，不特别在乎其带来的风险. 所以到后来，就只有low cost firm 弄collateral(质押)，而且他们只要弄了collateral银行就基本上不会对他们进行eveluation.
higher cost firms不容易被approved,while low cost firm更容易被approved，那么high cost firms will be subsidisized by low cost firms. and the low cost firm knows that. 因此，to distinguish from the high cost firm, they will 跟银行弄一个collateral.而collateral 的风险成本很大，所以high cost firm基本上不会collateral，而low cost firm 因为本身low cost，不特别在乎其带来的风险. 所以到后来，就只有low cost firm 弄collateral(质押)，而且他们只要弄了collateral银行就基本上不会对他们进行eveluation.
1.2. Analysis & Research
1.2.1New Zealand*
1段：说之前表明13世纪才有人到那去，但是一个神马关于老鼠的carbon-date 是AD300年就有了，很多人认为是实验出错了
然后第二段有个人跳出来说刚刚他们也做了同样的实验 发现时1289年的。
最后一段是说反驳之前有人说人类在AD300去了之后导致了鸟和frog的灭绝 这里有考点。问这段的作用
考古
老鼠实验证明新西兰人的出现时间
来自ScienceDaily。这再一次证明ScienceDaily是个好的泛读材料。
New Zealand's Colonization 1000 Years Later Than Previously Thought?
ScienceDaily (June 4, 2008) — The dating project, in one of the largest studies of its kind, has shown that the country was not visited by humans over 2000 years ago, as some previous research suggests.
An international team of researchers, led by Dr Janet Wilmshurst from Landcare Research, spent 4 years on the project which shows conclusively that the earliest evidence for human colonisation is about 1280-1300 AD, and no earlier. They based their results on new radiocarbon dating of Pacific rat bones and rat-gnawed seeds. Their results do not support previous radiocarbon dating of Pacific rat bones which implied a much earlier human contact about 200 BC.
The original old rat bones dates have been hotly debated ever since they were published in Nature in 1996. The ages are controversial because there is no supporting ecological or archaeological evidence for the presence of kiore or humans until 1280-1300 AD and the reliability of the bone dating has been questioned. This is the first time that the actual sites involved in the original study have been re-excavated and analyzed.
Dr Wilmshurst and her team researchers re-excavated and re-dated bones from nearly all of the previously investigated sites. All of their new radiocarbon dates on kiore bones are no older than 1280 AD. This is consistent with other evidence from the oldest dated archaeological sites, Maori whakapapa, widespread forest clearance by fire and a decline in the population of marine and land-based fauna.
“As the Pacific rat or kiore cannot swim very far, it can only have arrived in New Zealand with people on board their canoes, either as cargo or stowaways. Therefore, the earliest evidence of the Pacific rat in New Zealand must indicate the arrival of people” Dr Wilmshurst said.
The dating of the rat bones was also supported by the dating of over a hundred woody seeds, many of which had distinctive tell-tale rat bite marks, preserved in peat and swamp sites from the North and South Islands.
“These rat-gnawed seeds provide strong additional evidence for the arrival of rats, and therefore humans, and are an indirect way of testing the veracity of the dates we have done on rat bones,” said Dr Tom Higham, Deputy Director of the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit at Oxford University.
Rats leave rows of narrow grooves or bite marks on woody seed cases when they gnaw open the seed, and these distinctive teeth marks can be seen with the naked eye. “The width of the teeth marks left on the woody seeds exactly match those of a rat's two front teeth, and cannot be mistaken for any other seed predator. We have dated over 100 individual seeds, some rat-gnawed, others intact or bird-cracked, which show that rat gnawed seeds only occur in both the North and South Islands of New Zealand after about 1280 AD”, Dr Wilmshurst said.
With over 165 dates on seeds and bones from a large number of sites, the overwhelming evidence suggests that rats and their human carriers did not reach New Zealand until about 1280 AD.作者: linda513 时间: 2010-12-1 14:31
15. 老鼠实验证明新西兰人的出现时间
By simple874还考到了一篇是讲new zeland的，关于pollution的。大致是先提到以前的研究认为这个地方开始有生物是什么什么时候，第二段说谁在哪儿发现了rat的骨头还是化石好像，总之最后说那个地方有人类有生物被污染是近600年的事（这是到考题）
第 一段：新西兰有被确定说过是13世纪才发现的，但是有carbon dating说有老鼠， which are brought by human beins，的骨头是200.B.C.的，这个结论是1996年得到的，不过人们普遍说这个结论是因为errors added in the lab导致的。
第 二段：某team用更好carbon dating的技术去研究the rat bone found in the same site of 1996 (同一地点，但不是同一个sample，此处有选项)，证实了是1280年左右的，和之前的research相符（说明不是一个surprise的发现，
有选项）。In addition, 他们还发现了the oldest site有一些种子是4000年前的，但是那些有一些有老鼠咬痕的咬痕都是1280年的。
考古
欧洲宫廷对妇女的态度 (UPDATE V3)一篇很长，将有关宫廷和谁对于妇女们在哪个年代的态度的。
文章的开是， it is puzzling but undisputable that women in the xxx.
然后指出 历史学家对这些宫廷的人的做法和想法很疑惑。因为他们是很反对妇女寻求一种独立的人格，并声称妇女仅是男人的附属品。但是历史学家们很疑惑的发现，在那个年代，首先开始进行女权运动的反而最多的是宫廷里的这些人。
然 后第二段作者提出另外一个史学家的著作来解释了一下，其实并没有什么惊奇的，（这点我态度没弄明白），举了一个女人，她一直被束缚在传统的封建圈子里，当 她有一天想寻求一些自己的自由和权利时，发现周围的环境和世俗都是束缚住她的。于是她被激怒了！！她想成为自己自由和权利的主宰体，而不是 Orbit the ….( 这里有个类比的说法，考到了，就是说围着男人的世界转，是高亮部分，问，这个短语directly refers to what? 我选的是 男人的附属品，选项中有sub-什么，就是附属品的意思)，后来这个女的好像成功了，她的武器就是用笔写出自己内心的感受，然后号召什么的。
题目有， 主旨题， 很多推断。问对于第一段中说的宫廷的人对女权的看法是？
V2 (730)
也是几个专家观点不一致。一派是说女人的地位依附于和她们同一经济阶级的男人。一派是说女人的地位是独立开来的，有gender决定。这个后一派是讲的重点，弄出很多例子佐证。这一篇绝对是考古的，不是GWD，就是以前JJ上的，做的时候感觉非常的熟悉。本月整理的同学可以查看一下上月的整理贴。
V3 (760)
我的第四篇说的是女人的经济地位是男人的附属什么的。第一段写了有人指出女人的working的范围什么的在19世纪都没有什么变化，说明女人的观念（还是什么别的？？不记得了）还没有变，仍然是男人的附属。第二段反驳写那个人忽视了industrulization和change in family对女人带来的影响，其实女人的观念是有变化的。没时间了没怎么仔细看，觉得再写就是误导大家了。
OLD JJ
V1
Paragraph 1: 某个人说这个时期的the very opportunities for men 损害了女性的机会。后来作者说这个理论based on prescriptive rather descriptive materials。就是这个人用了当时的literates的一些文章，可是这些这是一小部分人的想法，不一定就能代表群众。
Paragraph 2: 作者提出了另外一个人的理论，which contradicts with the former one。说当时女性就业率的提高至少让社会知道了女人除了能当家务以外还可以给家里提供financial input。这样起码提高了她们在社会的认同与地位。（大意如此，细节你们到时候好好看看）
Paragraph 1: 某个人说这个时期的the very opportunities for men 损害了女性的机会。后来作者说这个理论based on prescriptive rather descriptive materials。就是这个人用了当时的literates的一些文章，可是这些这是一小部分人的想法，不一定就能代表群众。
Paragraph 2: 作者提出了另外一个人的理论，which contradicts with the former one。说当时女性就业率的提高至少让社会知道了女人除了能当家务以外还可以给家里提供financial input。这样起码提高了她们在社会的认同与地位。（大意如此，细节你们到时候好好看看）
考古
美国黑人的劳工合同
就想起一篇Africa American在外务工，签长期合同和短期合同。。。。。。两段内容。其中有一题问，短期合同的好处；还有一题关于长期合同的内容--都是细节题，很容易找到。
V2 v38
一篇是关于黑人的，第一段大致说的是内战之后尽管南方的奴隶主不愿意，但黑人还是多多少少有了和白人讨价还价的权利。第二段讲的是以农业为例，南方的白人希望是延期支付黑人的工资，越久越好。但是黑人希望能在较短的时间内获得支付，这样可以有机会换工作 （有题），最后白人只好同意。（有题）
好像有3-4题，一道题是黑人为什么希望短期支付工资，我选的是有机会找更好的工作。还有一道主旨题，一道Info，后面的NN继续补充。
OLD JJ
说解放奴隶制后，African American 回到南方农场找工作，更有优势，选择范围更大。狡诈的雇主喜欢签订long-term contract，这样黑人就必须干到丰收后才能得到工钱，而且工钱很少。可是黑人也不傻，更愿意签订short-trem contract, 就列举了short-trem contract的一系列优点，什么工资高啊，灵活啊之类的（有题问黑人为什么喜欢签短期合同，答案文中有原话）
V
南北战争结束的时候，黑人有了更多的劳动自由，有其是在战争后1 年。Planters 在获得农业贷款时遇到困难，希望签订long-term contracts with African American ，在庄稼收获后再付黑人工资。黑人不愿意，要签订short-term 合同，因为dishonest Planter 可能借此机会赖帐人任意克扣工钱（有题）。黑人利用合同作为和种植园主谈判的砝码，因为short-term 合同更灵活，黑人可以到找到更好的工作就离开（有题）
1）细节题
2）细节题
3）主题题
V
米国内战后的黑人能够与种植园主讨价还价的那篇，关于签订长短期合同的问题
出题点:
1、主题
2、问提到长期合同是为什么体现种植园主在获得贷款上难度大了 or 体现黑人无法在长期合同中得到保证
3、为什么黑人愿签短期的合同找到好工作后可以跟快地离开
V
讲African American and 种植园主planter，slavery 废除后的影响，说planter 倾向根据long term 的收益来给blacks 收入，blacks 认为不公平，应该用短期时间段来发工资，因为可以避免长期时间段带来的负面作用，比如不可抗力以及可以灵活的找到更好的工作（有题）。
V
第一段：Civil War后黑人奴隶解放了，南部庄园主因为在黑人心里没有Credit,所以不容易找到劳动力。
第二段：庄园主愿意和黑人签长期合同，甚至愿意把收成的一半付工资。黑人兄弟喜欢短期合同，因为怕被坏庄园主骗而且再跳槽也方便。统计显示Civil War后第一年的短期合同占80%.（数字不准）
V
战后农场主与被解放的黑人签LONG-TERM还是SHORT-TERM的文章。 其中问：主题：我选为了说明战后黑人有那些地位提高什么的（C),原始的机井好像选的是，为什么黑人要签短合同，我觉得这应该不是文章的主旨吧，大家讨论。 还有问：为什么黑人要签短期合同。同意机井答案，为了找机会找更好的工作
考题
1. 主题题
我选为了说明战后黑人有那些地位提高什么的（C)
原始的机井好像选的是，为什么黑人要签短合同 --- F:我觉得这个答案更对.
2. 有题问黑人为什么喜欢签短期合同
答案文中有原话—找到好工作后可以很快地离开
3. 问提到长期合同是为什么体现种植园主在获得贷款上难度大了,或者体现黑人无法在长期合同中得到保证
答案猜测:黑人必须干到丰收后才能得到工钱，而且工钱很少. dishonest Planter 可能借此机会赖帐人任意克扣工钱作者: linda513 时间: 2010-12-1 14:37
1.3.6 feminism和women right
V1第一段说feminism和女权其实不太一样..然后说了些区别具体忘了，然后分开阐述feminism和女权的特点啊啥的，还说有什么什么组织什么运动啥的。然后作者就发表什么观点.. 观点啥忘了.. by chelseadu
V2有妇女运动，上来就说了一个观点，然后否定掉，并且提了三个否定的原因下面有说一个区别，就是主题词和women right 运动神马的区别，还用了两段然后说到成立了associations，这里有题，建议大家做这题时直接读此段最后一句。 by KellyQ
1.3.9 child-care@
还一篇是说的第一次世界大战之后美国的child-care工作，特别提到了加州的child-care如何与别的地区不同 by yaoyizhang作者: linda513 时间: 2010-12-1 14:38
考古
15. 二战后的child--care program
By ponyoveronica还有一篇说的是二战后的child--care program什么的，我觉得好像是GWD里的题.有两种方法， resource .....和 rhetorical的方法吧，反正我就是去捣糨糊了，哎，
1.有主旨题
2.问题：有一个是是问加州和其他州在child care中的不同。
考古(已确认) 忽然解脱~~~
二战后的child care fund 【考古】[看WOAIJINGCHEN自己整理的版本]
V1 (720)
P1 California在二战后继续提供child care fund which was provided by the federal government during the Second World War 2。 P2 California为什么这么 做，not because of the large population, But because of how the advocates take advantage of the 反对方的一个理论基础和 resources。（有考题）（California 只有7％的population,但是占了当时政府fund 的30％）（数字记得不准哈） P3 how the advocates take advantage of the 反对方的一个理论基础达到目的的。
by woaijingchen作者: linda513 时间: 2010-12-1 14:39
自己的整理版本：
V1：
P1.美国加州的幼儿看管问 题，大体意思是为了提高美国在二战时武器和战备物资的生产，美国政府在全国范围进行了幼儿看管的资金补助(有一题就是问为什幺)，但是在战后就取消了，只有加州继续沿用了这个政策，之 后作者分析了原因，原因是什幺不记得了...... 差不多就这意思, 比较二战中美国所投资的child care system 是因为他们需要把妇女都抓去defense industry 工作所以拨钱去child care. 然后说结束后这个program 依旧继续因为那些妇女依旧要工作.
P2讲加州在得到最大portion的child-care funding (他人不是最多但是向政府申请了最多portion的钱) 加州的child-care center 也有很足够的人手等等其中还有一些职业妇女. 蛮简单定位也有约两三题
