1.1.3 CEO
是说公司board对于CEO的态度,说政府的方法premature(不认识,就知道mature)(有考点),board要自己做好(有考点)。然后分析了一下为啥board在这事儿上不行,因为他们content CEO工资和同类公司的比较。最后提了一个解决方案,说注重long-term和short-term的啥啥(好像是stock)
Although recent censure(责难,责备) of corporate boards(董事会) of directors as “passive” and “supine(懒散的)” may be excessive, those who criticize board performance have plenty of substantive(大量的) ammunition(依据). Too many corporate boards fail in their two crucial responsibilities of overseeing long-term company strategy and of selecting, evaluating, and determining appropriate compensation of top management. At times, despite disappointing corporate performance, compensation of chief executive officers reaches indefensibly high levels, nevertheless, suggestions that the government should legislate board reform are premature. There are ample opportunities for boards themselves to improve corporate performance.
Most corporate boards’ compensation committees focus primarily on peer-group comparisons. They are content if the pay of top executives approximates that of the executives of competing firms with comparable short-term earnings or even that of executives of competing firms of comparable size. However, mimicking the compensation policy of competitors for the sake of parity means neglecting the value of compensation as a means of stressing long-term performance. By tacitly detaching executive compensation policy from long-term performance, committees harm their companies and the economy as a whole. The committees must develop incentive compensation policies to emphasize long-term performance. For example a board’s compensation committee can, by carefully proportioning straight salary and such short-term and long-term incentives as stock options, encourage top management to pursue a responsible strategy.
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Q14
According to the passage, the majority of compensation committees put the greatest emphasis on which of the following when determining compensation for their executives?
A. Long-term corporate performance
B. The threat of government regulation
C. Salaries paid to executives of comparable corporations
D. The probable effect the determination will have on competitors
E. The probable effect the economic climate will have on the company
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Q15
The passage suggests which of the following about government legislation requiring that corporate boards undergo reform?
A. Such legislation is likely to discourage candidates from joining corporate boards.
B. Such legislation is likely to lead to reduced competition among companies.
C. The performance of individual companies would be affected by such legislation to a greater extent than would the economy as a whole.
D. Such legislation would duplicate initiatives already being made by corporate boards to improve their own performance.
E. Corporate boards themselves could act to make such legislation unnecessary.
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Q16
Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
A. A problem is acknowledged, the causes are explored, and a solution is offered.
B. A question is raised, opposing points of view are evaluated, and several alternative answers are discussed.
C. A means of dealing with a problem is proposed, and the manner in which a solution was reached is explained.
D. A plan of action is advanced, and the probable outcomes of that plan are discussed.
E. Two competing theories are described and then reconciled.作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 11:36
1.1.4 check支付方式
第一段是说,现在电子化的支付方式很多,但是paper check 还是很受欢迎,占80%什么的
第二段,讲paper check多说明市场不健康,似乎稍微讲了点原因。其实这种现象是不正常的。因为支票的社会成本(生产成本,流通成本)比其他方式高。根据一种理论,有竞争的产品,如果其成本很高,会被其他成本低的产品取代。 如果取代这件事情没发生,那么就是market failure。个人支票没被电子卡取缔就是个market failure。
第三段,解释:古老理论认为是市场失败。由于开支票的人能够从支票的流通中获利(从支票开出到兑现的时间差可以产生利息)使得他们支付的成本被降低。另外,开支票者不需要直接支付社会成本(有题),所以仍然使用支票。
第四点,驳斥了上面的理论,因为实际上那个inflator/inflation现在已经没有那么大的影响力了,说现在对一些大的check,第三段里讲的吃亏的那一方也是rational的,会争取利益,作者对这种传统的认为float可以带来 利润的批判。它给出了原因,1因为技术提高(高亮,有题--作用是减少从写到收的时间,确定是这个呵呵) 2如果这种收益足够大的话,receiver可以采取行动以减少float产生的损失--和writer商量,接受支票的一方也会通过谈判要求共盈(有题)
Despite the growing availability and acceptance of electronic payment instruments—such as credit cards, debit cards, and automated clearinghouse (ACH) payments—by far the most popular noncash payment instrument used in the United States is the paper check. In 1995, approximately 80 percent of all noncash transactions were made by check (Bank for International Settlements, forthcoming). Furthermore, although use of electronic instruments has grown in the past several years, check use has grown as well: between 1987 and 1993, the average annual number of payments per capita increased by 26 payments for electronic instruments, but by 31 payments for checks (Humphrey, Pulley, and Vesala, forthcoming). Clearly, individuals and businesses are not rapidly shifting away from checks to electronic instruments.
The popularity of checks persists even though checks cost society more to produce and process than do electronic instruments. According to standard economic theory, that may be a sign that the market for payment instruments is not working properly. In general, in an efficient market, when competing goods are available and one costs society more, the prices of the goods will reflect the relative costs of the resources used to produce them, and the cheaper good will be substituted for the more expensive. In this way, society uses its resources to produce only the particular goods it wants in the particular amounts it wants. In other words, resources are used efficiently. When use does not shift to the cheaper good, either the goods are not close substitutes or the market has failed, and there is a potential role for a public authority to attempt to correct the failure.
Market failure is a commonly accepted view of what’s happened in the market for payment instruments. According to this view, the users of checks are the check writers. And for those individuals and businesses, the private cost, or price, of using checks has been distorted by the value of check float, or the time between the writing and clearing of a check. During that time, of course, the funds can earn interest for the check writer rather than for the check receiver. The size of this benefit is thought to have reduced the price of check use below the cost to society of producing and processing checks. Since individuals and businesses
don’t face that higher social cost, they continue to use checks despite the existence of other means of payment that are less costly to society. In short, checks are overused.
(待确认)That view is suspect even if the data still supported it,
though. The view seems to assume that only the agent on
one side of a transaction—the check writer—recognizes
and takes advantage of the value of float. That assumption
doesn’t correspond with expected rational behavior. Since
float is a transfer payment from the check receiver to the
check writer, with no allocative effects overall, rational
agents are likely to negotiate a mutually beneficial distribution
of any significant value of float.7 And, in fact, this
type of negotiation is common for large payments between
businesses, for which the value of float is potentially large.
In practice, many business-to-business payments contractually
stipulate payment transaction terms that internalize the
effects of float.
题目:
1) 作者提到了现在因为科技的进步,支票的签发与兑现很快了,是为什么
有两个纠结一点的选项
A. 是为了说明支票从签发到兑现的时间缩短了
B. 是为了说明支票从开出到兑现产生的float的经济效益没用这么大了
2) 对那些支持第三段中老观点的人来说,以下哪个选项是正确的
我选了这个:
因为某种原因(记不清楚了)支票的使用只带来社会成本,而不会给支票使用者带来成本,所以他们一直用
3) 从这个文章可以infer出支票接受者对支票产生的check float的态度?
我选了这个:
支票接受者会通过谈判来保护自身的利益(也就是要求分享check float)
4) 这篇文章的主旨是什么
我选了这个:
解释了为什么支票一直还在使用的几个原因作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 11:36
1.1.6营销策略(trade promotion)
版本一:manufacture和retail sellors “everyday low price”
第一段讲,M会有季度性的对产品进行各种打折,manufacture觉得给retailor打折鼓励他们促销越来越不好了,因为顾客虽然大致知道有产品促销的频率(有题,问作者关于顾客暗示了什么),但是他们不知道具体一段时间里有什么折扣,不知道开始的日期和结束的日期。部分生产商开始采取天天低价(everyday low price)的措施,但至少有一家尿布(diaper) 生产商又转回了原来的促销方式(后面有一道题是考这句话)。 [而且每个M都进行折价,最后顾客就对这些打折没兴趣了。]
第二段讲,M为了避免这种情况的发生,就会将自己要打折的信息,传达给顾客。有些生产商转而自己做广告,告诉消费者什么时段有促销。manufacturer发现他们打折处理货物时retailer并没有打折销售,没有把打折之后的优惠转到消费者身上,于是manufacturer自己打出一个活动(这里有个题,问举行这个活动是为了?选manufacturer为了让消费者知道有打折)。
问题:
(1)作者认为顾客对这些打折信息的了解情况是什么。有个答案是什么不知道M什么时候打折,还有顾客认为R是没有权利影响商品打不打折。
(2)关于存在什么现象问题之类的,我选的是消费者很难从retailer那里知道manufacturer的打折信息
(3)有一个问manufacturer曾试过什么方法来避免这种现象,根据题目定位,选的一些M采用每天都低价的战略(everyday low price)
(4)还有个是问一个HIGHLIGHT部分,意思说一些manufacturer甚至不敢从“每天低价”战略再换回到不打折的战略,因为好多manufacturer都打折,竞争很大。
(5)问为什么这个策略行不通什么的,我选的好像是每个M都进行折价,最后顾客就对这些打折没兴趣了。
(6)some manufacturer intend to advertise the discount by themselves, what is their assumption?
If the customers know the discount message, they will spent more time in searching for the discount (so the retailers will not benefit from the discount by not offering to the customers)
(7)是有道infer题(INFER消费者的行为)
但我没选JJ答案(消费者并不知道促销原来是由生产厂家发起的),我选:the consumers know the frequency of discount in a certain interval. 因为文中有这么一句话:Although the consumers only know approximate frequency of discount
(8)有考题问当顾客了解制造商打的广告之后他们probably会如何如何
答案是即使有经常性的促销,消费者还是会被其它偶尔促销产品所吸引作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 11:37
版本二:purchase 比comsumer consumption重要 “buy one get one free”
第一段说的是人们很少把purchasing behavior和consuming behavior分开来,研究purchase 比comsumer consumption重要,来分析大减价,比如有些商品捆绑销售“买一送一” (“buy one get one free”),那些discounting 和promotion虽然促进了销售,但是其实消耗了将来的购买,其实没有提高总的consumption rate。如果消费者买了之后consumption quantity不增加,销售就会下降,除非consuming rates提高(这个点是第一题)。
第二段有一些讲解customer convenience 如何影响消费者(而非购买者)行为的论述。一直在讲high convenience 和 low convenience。好像说人们更注重high convenience的products。结尾是用泡冰茶举例,说明泡一小包冰茶和一罐冰茶工序是一样的。(这里是这篇阅读的最后一题,选取选项中与最后这个例子关系一样的,我选的是捎带一个邻居去超市和捎带两个邻居去超市那个选项。)
题目:
1、问下面哪个例子和原文最后的例子一样。
有2个选项比较纠结
一个是给一个人准备一份饭和给5个人分别准备1份饭。(有个five-course词,我不知道具体什么意思)
还有一个是造一个简单的楼,造一个大楼(这个应该不对)
我选了最后一个做一份给1个人的调查和做一份给2个人的调查。
[还有个类比题,说文章最后那个泡一大包茶和一小包茶和下列哪个类似,我选了驾车载邻居去超级市场,载一个人和载5个人是一样的。]
2、主旨题
一个是challenge传统理论,我觉得不对,虽然第一句是。但是第二段都在讲convenience(这些传统理论完全没提,传统理论只有开头一句话)
另一个是分析convenience什么的,我选了这个。。
[topic题。 我选:explore relations between stockpiling and consumption of food products.(其他都不像,只有这个提到关键词consumption)]
3、有个细节题要小心,问题是问stock piling(存货)和trigger consumption increase的关系在high-convenience package和low-convenience package中一样吗?
文中说消费者在第一次消费low convenience package之后会更容易提高消费量。
4、问影响consumption的condition中文章没有提到的是?
我选的是如果没有放进冰箱是否会腐烂。
5、哪个会trigger consumption of stockpiling
我选:Preparing food will not cause monetary expenditure.(定位第二段,文章提到影响convenience of preparation的因素有cost)作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 11:37
1.1.8 Gray Market (黑市)(主题是销售中grey area不会影响到retail和manufacturer的利益。)
P1: 提出了gray market的定义,说是游离于产品的分销渠道之外的一种市场。通常会通过另外渠道从制造厂商那里获取商品,然后以极低的价格销售。无论是制造商还是零售商都觉得gray market是一种伤害。制造商认为会搅乱分销渠道,零售商认为会影响商品的价格水平并降低零售商利润;
P2: 话锋一转,gray market在特定的条件下是有益处的。两种情况:1) 绝大多数商品的顾客对价格不敏感; 2) 顾客的区分度很大。
P3: 解释了原因。 gray market将价格敏感性的顾客全部吸引,从而使得零售商可以专心的服务于那些价格非敏感客户,他们往往更重视服务质量,因此公司提高服务品质甚至适当提高价格。对于制造商,则可以如何如何;[说公司具体如何针对价格不敏感顾客群来进行决策。通过这部分创造的收益来弥补黑市交易造成的损失。]
问题:
1: 主旨题,What is the primary purpose of the article?
To explain how gray marketing can benefit the profit and margin of manufacturers and retailers.;
2: 如果gray market不存在,零售商如何处理可以达到gray market的效果, 我选可以开两个chain store, 一个关注于价格敏感客户,一个专注服务质量;(而不是B分两种广告!)
[如果没有灰色区,那现在的retail会采取什么销售策略?我选的是区别定价,制定不同的销售链]
[问题里有一个是问根据这个研究, 对那些符合这些条件的市场应该采用怎样的策略, 我选了A, 分两种经销渠道, 一种是便宜实惠的吸引那些价格敏感的人, 另一种走高端路线吸引那些人傻钱多的]
3: 假如没有grey market, 这篇文章 indicate商家会怎么做?
我选的是可能要考虑的那些喜欢买便宜东西的顾客。
4: 第2.3段的关系:
我选:E.第二段提出了GRAY MARKET对商家有利的CONDITION.第3段解释怎样对商家有利。
5: 有个是逻辑的题目,问哪个可以削弱retailer revenue increase的结果。。
我选了个(1)越来越多顾客都变的price sensitive, and the trend will continue的选项。
(2)authorized retailer will stage a price war, because of the appearance of gray market。。。,and then the profit margin 就会下降了,
(3)讲为了提高服务,或增加广告投入因而增加了成本,导致PROFIT下降。
6: 细节题,grey marketing起作用时应该是什么样一种情况? 定位于第二段。作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 11:38
1.1.9 大企业与创新
第一段:有人说大公司可以更好的开发新产品,因为大公司钱多,分散风险的能力更强等等。然后有人说小公司反应灵活,有利于开发新产品,大公司随着规模的扩大会更官僚主义等等。又有人说中型公司更有利于开发新产品,因为中型企业又有钱研究反应又快,避免了大公司和小公司的缺点。
第二段:作者说上面都是错的,不能把开发新产品和公司规模联系在一起,其实公司能不能开发新产品要看这个公司的员工有没有这个意愿去创新,和公司willingness去cannibalize(拆配件,调配人员)他的technology什么的有关,也就是说公司需要愿意开发那些会将其旧的商品淘汰的新的科技。然后用这个理论说大公司开发了新产品就会威胁到他们原有的产品等等。
(每个观点都有两个人支持,读的时候记得把支持大中小size的人名记下来,答题时很给力)
题目:
1、问公司如果cannibalize了,会怎样?
选项有一个说维持现有的technology
2、问第一段支持小公司的人的观点,Infer题
应该说是Innovation与size成反比
[还有题问的是同意第二个观点的科学家们同意以下那些statement 第二个观点就是企业大反而会对innovation不好影响
反正这题我选的是 innovation inverse related to company size貌似]
3、主旨题
大意就是描述了一些观点,然后纠错。
[我印象中我选的是 总结大家的观点然后指出mispoint还是啥的]
4、如果一个公司不愿意创新,那么他在研发新产品上会怎么样?
我答:会沿用以前的旧产品。定位第二段。[问根据最后的人的说法,公司不愿意cannibalize会怎样,就是做出与红体字相反的举动,stick to old technology去开发新产品]]
5、问了一种人认为创新和企业的规模成什么关系?我答:忘记了。定位第三段。作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 11:38
1.1.10 客服与顾客投诉
开始说顾客的投诉complaints会对客服部门的人员产生消极影响,反而降低他们对客人(或者公司,我忘了)的commitment。说客服部门的人像”三明治”(原文这里好像也打引号),夹在管理层和客人中间。这里被考到的,大家真的碰到的话关注一下。
第二段讲了如果一个人的affectivity(心理学术语,原文用括号解释了意思)是正的,这种消极影响会decrease,and如果一个人的affectivity是负的,这种消极影响会increase(我知道这个不是中文,但是为了接近原文的样子,就这样写了,大家应该能看懂,顺便复习下愈发的并列结构)。但是第二种情况没有被research support。(这里被考到)接着说因为如果affectivity是负的,就会believe what you believe。然后又说一般顾客的抱怨对客服的影响是nutralized (具体推理忘了)。
有道问题是问一个occasionally投诉的顾客,对客服的影响
1.1.17 专利
是说一些经济学家说设置专利权的最初目的是为了保护和提倡创新,然后随着经济变动,很多商家弄越来越多的专利,但是里面真正创新的内容很少,他们搞那么多专利的目的偏离了设置专利权的最初目标,而是设置商业壁垒。
GWD-TN-6 Q7-Q10
The system of patent-granting, which confers temporary monopolies for the exploitation of new technologies, was originally established as an incentive to the pursuit of risky new ideas. Yet studies of the most patent-conscious business of all—the semiconductor industry—suggest that firms do not necessarily become more innovative as they increase their patenting activity. Ziedonis and Hall, for example, found that investment in research and development (a reasonable proxy for innovation) did not substantially increase between 1982 and 1992, the industry’s most feverish period of patenting. Instead, semiconductor firms simply squeezed more patents out of existing research and development expenditures. Moreover, Ziedonis and Hall found that as patenting activity at semiconductor firms increased in the 1980’s, the consensus among industry employees was that the average quality of their firms’ patents declined. Though patent quality is a difficult notion to measure, the number of times a patent is cited in the technical literature is a reasonable yardstick, and citations per semiconductor patent did decline during the 1980’s. This decline in quality may be related to changes in the way semiconductor firms managed their patenting process: rather than patenting to win exclusive rights to a valuable new technology, patents were filed more for strategic purposes, to be used as bargaining chips to ward off infringement suites or as a means to block competitors’ products.
GWD-8-Q7 :
The passage is primarily concerned with discussing
A.a study suggesting that the semiconductor industry’s approach to patenting during the period from 1982 to 1992 yielded unanticipated results (GWD答案)
B.a study of the semiconductor industry during the period from 1982 to 1992 that advocates certain changes in the industry’s management of the patenting process
C.the connection between patenting and innovation in the semiconductor industry during the period from 1982 to 1992 (PREP答案)
D.reasons that investment in research and development in the semiconductor industry did not increase significantly during the period from 1982 to 1992
E.certain factors that made the period from 1982 to 1992 a time of intense patenting activity in the semiconductor industry
The passage suggests which of the following about patenting in the semiconductor industry during the period from 1982 to 1992 ?
A.The declining number of citations per semiconductor patent in the technical literature undermines the notion that patenting activity increased during this period.
B.A decline in patent quality forced firms to change the way they managed the patenting process.
C.Increased efficiencies allowed firms to derive more patents from existing research and development expenditures.
D.Firms’ emphasis on filing patents for strategic purposes may have contributed to a decline in patent quality.
E.Firms’ attempts to derive more patents from existing research and development expenditures may have contributed to a decline in infringement suites.
GWD-8-Q10: (据考过同学反映,本题在实考时并未遇到)
Which of the following, if true, would most clearly serve to weaken the author’s claim about what constitutes a reasonable yardstick for measuring patent quality?
A.It is more difficult to have an article accepted for publication in the technical literature of the semiconductor industry than it is in the technical literature of most other industries
B.Many of the highest-quality semiconductor patents are cited numerous times in the technical literature
C.It is difficult for someone not familiar with the technical literature to recognize what constitutes an innovative semiconductor patent
D.There were more citations made per semiconductor patent in the technical literature in the 1970’s than in the 1980’s
E.Low-quality patents tend to be discussed in the technical literature as frequently as high-quality patents. (已修正)作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 11:41
1.1.18 服务保证 unconditional garentee
Seeking a competitive advantage, some professional service firms (for example, firms providing advertising, accounting, or health care services) have considered offering unconditional guarantees of satisfaction. Such guarantees specify what clients can expect and what the firm will do if it fails to fulfill these expectations. Particularly with first-time clients, an unconditional guarantee can be an effective marketing tool if the client is very cautious, the firm’s fees are high, the negative consequences of bad service are grave, or business is difficult to obtain through referrals and word-of-mouth.
However, an unconditional guarantee can sometimes hinder marketing efforts. With its implication that failure is possible, the guarantee may, paradoxically, cause clients to doubt the service firm’s ability to deliver the promised level of service. It may conflict with a firm’s desire to appear sophisticated, or may even suggest that a firm is begging for business. In legal and health care services, it may mislead clients by suggesting that lawsuits or medical procedures will have guaranteed outcomes. Indeed, professional service firms with outstanding reputations and performance to match have little to gain from offering unconditional guarantees. And any firm that implements an unconditional guarantee without undertaking a commensurate commitment to quality of service is merely employing a potentially costly marketing gimmick.
1. The primary function of the passage as a whole is to
(A) account for the popularity of a practice
(B) evaluate the utility of a practice
(C) demonstrate how to institute a practice
(D) weigh the ethics of using a strategy
(E) explain the reasons for pursuing a strategy
2. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as circumstances in which professional service firms can benefit from offering an unconditional guarantee EXCEPT:
(A) The firm is having difficulty retaining its clients of long standing.
(B) The firm is having difficulty getting business through client recommendations.
(C) The firm charges substantial fees for its services.
(D) The adverse effects of poor performance by the firm are significant for the client.
(E) The client is reluctant to incur risk.
3. Which of the following is cited in the passage as a goal of some professional service firms in offering unconditional guarantees of satisfaction?
(A) A limit on the firm’s liability
(B) Successful competition against other firms
(C) Ability to justify fee increases
(D) Attainment of an outstanding reputation in a field
(E) Improvement in the quality of the firm’s service
4. The passage’s description of the issue raised by unconditional guarantees for health care or legal services most clearly implies that which of the following is true?
(A) The legal and medical professions have standards of practice that would be violated by attempts to fulfill such unconditional guarantees.
(B) The result of a lawsuit of medical procedure cannot necessarily be determined in advance by the professionals handling a client’s case.
(C) The dignity of the legal and medical professions is undermined by any attempts at marketing of professional services, including unconditional guarantees.
(D) Clients whose lawsuits or medical procedures have unsatisfactory outcomes cannot be adequately compensated by financial settlements alone.
(E) Predicting the monetary cost of legal or health care services is more difficult than predicting the monetary cost of other types of professional services.
5. Which of the following hypothetical situations best exemplifies the potential problem noted in the second sentence of the second paragraph (lines 14-17)?
(A) A physician’s unconditional guarantee of satisfaction encourages patients to sue for malpractice if they are unhappy with the treatment they receive.
(B) A lawyer’s unconditional guarantee of satisfaction makes clients suspect that the lawyer needs to find new clients quickly to increase the firm’s income.
(C) A business consultant’s unconditional guarantee of satisfaction is undermined when the consultant fails to provide all of the services that are promised.
(D) An architect’s unconditional guarantee of satisfaction makes clients wonder how often the architect’s buildings fail to please clients.
(E) An accountant’s unconditional guarantee of satisfaction leads clients to believe that tax returns prepared by the accountant are certain to be accurate.
6. The passage most clearly implies which of the following about the professional service firms mentioned in line 22?
(A) They are unlikely to have offered unconditional guarantees of satisfaction in the past.
(B) They are usually profitable enough to be able to compensate clients according to the terms of an unconditional guarantee.
(C) They usually practice in fields in which the outcomes are predictable.
(D) Their fees are usually more affordable than those charged by other professional service firms.
(E) Their clients are usually already satisfied with the quality of service that is delivered.作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 11:41
1.2.3 狩猎与游戏关系 game theory
就是说有些部落的活动不对外但是有经济价值的。然后介绍了一个部落,这个部落里面的人打不到猎物就会聚集在一个S的地方,族人会用烧龟壳然后扔在地上的方法,来决定到哪个方向去打猎。根据一个西方人Y的观察,这种方法居然保证了极高 的打猎命中率,19次里面12次成功打到猎物,就算X族的人根据烧龟壳的方法决定打猎的方向使他们没有打到猎物,他们也只会认为是没把龟壳地图读好(有题问为什么不成功, 答案就选没把龟壳地图读好)。然后就有专家出来说这种活动,但是从MOORE的理论来看,这是有根据的。(而且GAME THEORY也有相似的说法)(GAME THEORY是打上括号了的,这里有题,问GAME THEORY和这种龟壳地图的共同认识是什么,我记得我选的B,但是不记得答案讲的是什么,当时看了别的答案觉得都不对)(有题,说为什么要提game theory)作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 11:43
1.3.1关于“公谊会教徒Quakers”中的女性的教育
In her account of unmarried women’s experiences in colonial Philadelphia
, Wulf argues that educated young women, particularly Quakers, engaged in resistance to patriarchal marriage by exchanging poetry critical of marriage, copying verse into their commonplace books.Wulf suggests that this critique circulated beyond the daughters of the Quaker elite and middle class, whose commonplace books she mines, proposing that Quaker schools brought it to many poor female students of diverse backgrounds.
Here Wulf probably overstates Quaker schools’ impact.At least three years’ study would be necessary to achieve the literacy competence necessary to grapple with the material she analyzes. In 1765, the year Wulf uses to demonstrate the diversity of Philadelphia’s Quaker schools, 128 students enrolled in these schools.Refining Wulf’s numbers by the information she provides on religious affiliation, gender, and length of study, it appears that only about 17 poor non-Quaker girls were educated in Philadelphia
’s Quaker schools for three years or longer.While Wulf is correct that a critique of patriarchal marriage circulated broadly, Quaker schools probably cannot be credited with instilling these ideas in the lower classes.Popular literary satires on marriage had already landed on fertile ground in a multiethnic population that embodied a wide range of marital beliefs and practices.These ethnic- and class-based traditions themselves challenged the legitimacy of patriarchal marriage.
Q15: The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. argue against one aspect of Wulf’s account of how ideas critical of marriage were disseminated among young women in colonial Philadelphia
B. discuss Wulf’s interpretation of the significance for educated young women in colonial Philadelphia of the poetry they copied into their commonplace books
C. counter Wulf’s assertions about the impact of the multiethnic character of colonial Philadelphia’s population on the prevalent views about marriage
D. present data to undermine Wulf’s assessment of the diversity of the student body in Quaker schools in colonial Philadelphia
E. challenge Wulf’s conclusion that a critique of marriage was prevalent among young women of all social classes in colonial Philadelphia
Q16: According to the passage, which of the following was true of attitudes toward marriage in colonial Philadelphia?
A. Exemplars of a critique of marriage could be found in various literary forms, but they did not impact public attitudes except among educated young women.
B. The diversity of the student body in the Quaker schools meant that attitudes toward marriage were more disparate there than elsewhere in Philadelphia society.
C. Although critical attitudes toward marriage were widespread, Quaker schools’ influence in disseminating these attitudes was limited.
D. Criticisms of marriage in colonial Philadelphia were directed at only certain limited aspects of patriarchal marriage.
E. The influence of the wide range of marital beliefs and practices present in Philadelphia’s multiethnic population can be detected in the poetry that educated young women copied in their commonplace books.
Q17: The author of the passage implies which of the following about the poetry mentioned in the first paragraph?
A. Wulf exaggerates the degree to which young women from an elite background regarded the poetry as providing a critique of marriage.The circulation of the poetry was confined to young Quaker women.
B. The circulation of the poetry was confined to young Quaker women.
C. Young women copied the poetry into their commonplace books because they interpreted it as providing a desirable model of unmarried life.
D. The poetry’s capacity to influence popular attitudes was restricted by the degree of literacy necessary to comprehend it.
E. The poetry celebrated marital beliefs and practices that were in opposition to patriarchal marriage.
Q18:
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously undermine the author’s basis for saying that Wulf overstates Quaker schools’ impact (lines 17-18)?
A. The information that Wulf herself provided on religious affiliation and gender of students is in fact accurate.
B. Most poor, non-Quaker students enrolled in Quaker schools had completed one or two years’ formal or informal schooling before enrolling.
C. Not all of the young women whose commonplace books contained copies of poetry critical of marriage were Quakers.
D. The poetry featured in young women’s commonplace books frequently included allusions that were unlikely to be accessible to someone with only three years’ study in school.
E. In 1765 an unusually large proportion of the Quaker schools’ student body consisted of poor girls from non-Quaker backgrounds.
整理者手中的答案版本为:A C D B作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 11:43
1.3.2 黑人奴隶自由
讲美国南北战争前黑人奴隶获取自由的
第一段简单介绍了一下,Eden(名字不确定)认为殖民时期一些企业主和奴隶主对黑人的管制不是很紧之后,美国南方黑人通过在做奴隶之外打工来赚钱,攒钱为自己赎身。但是研究发现,由于不打工的话,黑人也能通过自己种庄稼卖来赚钱,赚的钱不比打工的少,所以打工的并没有存更多的钱(有题,问支持这个观点的人认为什么)。但是Eden的观点persists among历史学家们inadequately consider both the research results and the role Africa American communities played。
第二段说在哥伦比亚时期,一些获得自由的黑人开始帮助那些还生活在水深火热里的黑人奴隶,举了个例子,成立了个啥组织,专门帮助黑人获取自由。(有题)有自由的黑人就通过几种方式帮助其他黑人:直接的经济资助、hiring their time、给travel in and out of cities的黑人提供shelter,还有一个方式。。。(有题)。
题目:
1、举例那个组织机构成立为了说明啥?
2、获得自由的黑人帮助黑人奴隶除了以下的哪个方式:(except)
选项就是上面的,雇佣他们;经济上的资助;提供房子;在当地市场上买卖他们的产品;还有一个忘了,都是原文最后一句对应的,我选了在当地市场买卖他们的产品,能是文章中间提到的。
3、主题:就是为了说明南北战争前获得自由的黑人通过一些方式帮助其他奴隶。
[有一个purpose的题目,我觉得是修正一个关于黑人奴隶的观点]
[评估黑人。。。反正我没选黑人怎么样帮助其他人。 我感觉看整体嘛。]作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 11:43
1.3.3 二战美国女性与政治国内战后妇女参政现象研究的历史缺陷
The fields of antebellum (pre Civil War) political history and women’s history use separate sources and focus on separate issues. Political historians, examining sources such as voting records, newspapers, and politicians’ writings, focus on the emergence in the1840’s of a new “American political nation,” and since women were neither voters nor politicians, they receive little discussion. Women’s historians, mean-while, have shown little interest in the subject of party politics, instead drawing on personal papers, legal records such as wills, and records of female associations to illuminate women’s domestic lives, their moral reform activities, and the emergence of the woman’s rights movement.
However, most historians have underestimated the extent and significance of women’s political allegiance in the antebellum period. For example, in the presidential election campaigns of the 1840’s, the Virginia Whig party strove to win the allegiance of Virginia’s women by inviting them to rallies and speeches. According to Whig propaganda, women who turned out at the party’s rallies gathered information that enabled them to mold party-loyal families, reminded men of moral values that transcended party loyalty, and conferred moral standing on the party. Virginia Democrats, in response, began to make similar appeals to women as well. By the mid-1850’sthe inclusion of women in the rituals of party politics had become common-place, and the ideology that justified such inclusion had been assimilated by the Democrats.
战前政治历史和妇女历史课题采用不同资源专注不同事件。政治历史家关注投票记录、报纸,政治家文章,及“美国政治之国”的出现。女性不是投票人或政治家,没被提及女性历史家对党派政治不感兴趣,而是利用私人文件、法律记载如遗嘱,和女性协会记录来说明妇女的家庭生活、道德改革及女权运动的出现。
两种历史学家不同的观点
但是大多数历史学家低估了妇女战前政治效忠的程度与重要性。例如VW党在1840’s的总统选举里邀请妇女参加集会和演说,以赢得其效忠。VW党宣传道在集会出现的妇女收集信息,使党派塑造忠实的家庭,提醒男人道德价值观超越党派忠诚,树立政党道德声誉。VD党相应地也开始吸引妇女加入。到1850’s中期,妇女出席党派政治仪式变得普遍,这种包含妇女的意识形态被VD党吸收
GWD-1-Q4:
The primary purpose of the passage as a whole is to
A. examine the tactics of antebellum political parties with regard to women
B. trace the effect of politics on the emergence of the woman’s rights movement
C. point out a deficiency in the study of a particular historical period
D. discuss the ideologies of opposing antebellum political parties
E. contrast the methodologies in two differing fields of historical inquiry
most underestimated extent and significance.
deficiency
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
GWD-1-Q5:
According to the second paragraph of the passage (lines 20-42), Whig propaganda included the assertion that
A. women should enjoy more political rights than they did无
B. women were the most important influences on political attitudes within a family无
C. women’s reform activities reminded men of important moral values不是改革活动
D. women’s demonstrations at rallies would influence men’s voting behavior无
E. women’s presence at rallies would enhance the moral standing of the party定位34行
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GWD-1-Q6:
According to the passage, which of the following was true of Virginia Democrats in the mid-1850’s?
A. They feared that their party was losing its strong moral foundation.无
B. They believed that the Whigs’ inclusion of women in party politics had led to the Whigs’ success in many elections.无
C. They created an ideology that justified the inclusion of women in party politics.无
D. They wanted to demonstrate that they were in support of the woman’s rights movement.无关
E. They imitated the Whigs’ efforts to include women in the rituals of party politics.定位35行
Q3:
The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding most historians of the antebellum period?
A. They have failed to adequately contrast the differing roles that women played in the Democratic and Whig parties in the 1850’s.
B. They have failed to see that political propaganda advocating women’s political involvement did not reflect the reality of women’s actual roles.
C. They have incorrectly assumed that women’s party loyalty played a small role in Whig and Democratic party politics.
D. They have misinterpreted descriptions of women’s involvement in party politics in records of female associations and women’s personal papers.
E. They have overlooked the role that women’s political activities played in the woman’s rights movement.作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 11:44
2.1.1保护动物
说保守主义者花很多时间去争取保护许多物种的栖息地,动物学家都同意要建立动物保护区,然而笔者认为那样实在不切实际,这其实是个很复杂的APPROACH,因为1)物种的复杂度往往造成保守主义者所争取保护的区域并非物种最复杂的地方[保护的地方和真正需要保护的动物不一样],譬如保护区附近的区域其实才是物种最复杂的地方,因为有鸟类、昆虫等难以找到行踪的物种。(2)怎么去衡量真正需要保护的动物,关于被保护物种的取舍,譬如是要保护某种濒临绝种但却对人有害的物种,还是要保护另外十种并没那么危险的物种(highlight,有题,问highlight十种并没那么危险的动物的作用)[如果建在动物很多的地方,就会忽略少的地方的动物,还有保护哪种动物的问题,是种类单一的呢还是种类多但是很相似的]。
第二段继续批判这个APPROACH,说道动物学家总是倾向于保护已经研究很多的动物,而对于那些相对研究的少(此处有考题)的动物就忽略了,最后作者总结说保护主义者与其花时间去争取保护某些局限性的物种,与其研究建立保护区,不如花时间思考最麻烦的问题——如何争取更多的资金来源,呼吁政府和私人企业多投钱(←这里有个infer题)
[我补充原JJ的文章结构: P1是引出topic2是作者摆出了两个challenge保守主义者的问题, 这个十种并没那么危险的物种就在第二个problem处; P3是作者进一步摆出了两个challenge保守主义者的问题]
问题:
1、是说传统观点面对的一个问题是什么?
我选的是保护区外的物种比保护区内多很多,感觉好像错了,大家如果遇到再仔细衡量一下。
2、是说由文章推断(infer),现在那些动物保护人士面对的一个问题是什么
答案是他们拥有的resource 比required的要少
3、main idea: a. A discussion inherented problem
b. explanation phenomenon
[我选了debate那个, 因为文章里第3段开头提到controversy]作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 11:50
2.1.2猛兽灭绝
第一段讲非洲和亚洲的什么猛兽只有15%左右在A时期灭绝,澳大利亚和美洲的同样大型猛兽80-95%左右在B时期(比A晚很多年)灭绝。然后作者认为这是因为亚非等等的动物AND人类一起生活,人类进步缓慢,比如狩猎工具的进步,然后猛兽比较有时间去慢慢适应人类的捕猎。然而在B时期,因为过去很少有人而且现在(B时期)人类更加发达,能力很强,然后猛兽就大规模灭绝。(有题,作者的对这个大灭绝原因的同意)(有题——为什么第一个地方比第二个地方灭绝的百分比小?我选了因为那些猛兽有更多时间适应猎人的狩猎技巧)
第二段不太记得了,大概是继续证明上述观点吧。好像是有人说是因为是天气原因,然后作者举例两个相近的地方,美洲(还是非洲?)周围的群岛以及澳洲AND澳洲周围的新西兰,如果是因为天气原因,那么这两个地方的猛兽应该都在同样的时间消失(有题——如果是气候原因会发生什么),但是事实不是这样。所以作者继续坚持自己的观点。
第三段给了两个反对作者观点的意见counterargument。第一个貌似是和植物灭绝有什么关系,但是作者认为虽然和动物灭绝滴(化石)证据很少(little之类的词修饰的吧),但是整个就没有(记得作者用的是no)和植物灭绝有关的evidence。第二个counterargument是说古时候人类狩猎技巧不高明,所以应该很难将m动物的灭绝归因于人类。但是作者驳斥说,并不需要高超的狩猎用具(用于捕捉现在的大型动物,如大象)就可以捕捉到m动物,因为m动物的防御能力并不如现在的大象等,所以自然也不需要高超的狩猎工具,作者就是又反驳了这个观点。总之,作者就是坚持自己的观点。
题目:
1、主旨题:main purpose好像是一个theory并支持它。
2、问「 If hunting evidence are small, then the collecting evidence is nonexistent.」这句话被作者拿来做什么用?
我选:作为不能用来作为反驳「人类活动造成M动物灭绝」这个理论的理由
3、问作者对第二个counterargument(即人类狩猎技术不够好)的反驳暗指下列哪件事?
我选:更新世动物的防御能力较现存动物低作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 11:50
Martin (1968, 1984, 1990) has summarized the evidence for the world-wide
extinction of late Pleistocene megafauna.
In Africa and Asia 15–20 percent of the genera disappeared 80–60,000 years B.P.; in Australia 94 percent were lost from 40–15,000 years B.P.; North and South America
experienced a 70–80 percent loss in the last 15,000 years, with an abrupt(突然的) North American loss of mammoth, mastodon, ground sloth, and such dependent predators and scavengers as the saber toothed cat and (in much of its range) the condor 11,000 years ago. The horse and two subspecies of bison were gone by 9–8,000 years ago. This worldwide pattern correlates suspiciously with the chronology of human colonization leading to Paul Martin's hypothesis that extinction was directly or indirectly due to “overkill” by exceptionally competent hunter cultures. This model explains the light extinctions in Africa and Asia where modern humankind “grew up,” allowing gradual adaptation to humankind's accumulating proficiency as a superpredator; it explains the abrupt massive losses in Australia and the Americas—the only habitable continents that
were colonized suddenly by advanced stone-aged humans. But the control cases for Martin's “experiment” are the large oceanic islands such as Madagascar and New
Zealand; both were colonized within the last 1000 years, and both suffered a wave of extinctions at this time.
One wonders, if extinction was due to climatic change, why Madagascar extinctions were not coincident with those of Africa 220 miles off its coast, and those of Australia were not coincident with New Zealand extinctions; and why European and Ukrainian mammoths became extinct 13,000 years B.P. while in North America they survived another 2000 years. Previous great extinction waves had affected plants and small animals as well as large animals, but the late Pleistocene extinctions are concentrated on the large gregarious herding, or slow moving, animals—the ideal prey of human hunters. Such large genera are also the animals that are slower growing, have longer gestation periods, require longer periods of maternal care, and live longer. Consequently they were more vulnerable to hunting pressure because reductions in biomass require more time to recover. The theory is bold—some say fanciful.
A counter argument is that there is little direct evidence of hunting; that Paleolithic peoples “probably” relied on plants. But if the fossil record of hunting is “small,” the fossil evidence of gathering is virtually non-existent.
A second counter argument is that there would not have been an incentive to overproduce in excess of immediate needs; that this occurs only in modern exchange
economies. But this argument fails to recognize that in the absence of private property rights, there is no intertemporal incentive to avoid the
kind of waste associated with large kills. What controls the slaughter of domestic cattle is the comparative value of dressed versus live beef. Since no one owned the mammoth, their harvest value (net of hunting cost) contrasted sharply with their zero live procreation value to the individual hunter. A third argument finds it incomprehensible that mere bands of men could have wiped out the great mammoth and two subspecies of bison. It takes a particularly skilled modern rifleman to stop a charging African elephant in time to prevent injury, and extant bison react quickly and violently when they sense danger.
Such observations may simply tell us that these particular subspecies have survived because they were selected for their successful defensive characteristics. We know nothing of the behavioral properties of extinct species which may have been far more approachable than their surviving relatives. While the African and Indian elephants are both members of the same genus, their fossil similarities fail to inform us that the Indian elephant is docile and easily trained for circus display, while the African elephant is not. No one has successfully domesticated the African zebra; in contrast, the Tarpan horse has been domesticated since ancient times (5000–2500 B.P.). Equus includes horses, asses and zebras—all behaviorally distinct animals.作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 11:50
猛兽灭绝2
P1:第一段的行文就三句话。(the first sentence) The recent evidence of the bones of M found in the XXX pit 怎样了。。然后不同于一个另一个pit的。第二句说before(之前)the scientist had found that M 死于什么什么原因,什么什么环境。。。第三句说,but the evidence now indicates that...the M 死于一个什么pond.
第二段,开始转折了,说还有许多科学家争论到这些m死的情况。到底是在pond里淹死的,还是死了以后掉进pond里的。然后很多contend。。说如果是掉进pond里死的话,这些骨头就应该藏的更深,然后骨质就应该更酥松什么的。。。然后结论好像是该动物不可能是活活在沼泽中困死的,而是先死之后,其遗迹慢慢陷入沼泽的。
题目:
1、有题问文章的第2句的作用是什么。
答案是:提供了一种关于m死亡的说法,但被第三句反驳掉了。。。作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 11:50
2.1.3 native species declines
第一段: native species declines, 有人认为是因为nonnative species[nondominant species] invade了,也有人认为是本地的一些环境改变,像污染之类的才是造成这个原因, 然后给了个例子说某某湖的某鱼在另外一种鱼来invade(侵犯)之前数量已经decline了,原因是人们过度捕捞还有环境污染之类(后面有一道题目问这个例子说明了神马,或者问这个例子的作用是什么来着)。所以是因为本来nonnative species所在的环境不行了,因此nonnative species才长得好,因此nonnative species长得好是consequence不是原因。这段作者没有给出他的point
第二段: 说2个研究的人说,如果是nonnative species造成的,那如果把nonnative species拿掉的话,native species 就不会减少了;如果是本地环境变化造成的,那就算拿掉nonnative species 的话也会减少native species。(有题目问说这2个学者认为下面哪个assumption是正确的,或者问的是同意下面哪个说法) 然后就分析了一个实验还是研究,在本地的草中间引入两种外来的草,大致是说把新物种移走要是老物种数量多了,就是drive model(貌似),如果把新物种移走老物种数量没咋变就是passenger model,实验的结果是并没有发现本地的那种草被外来物种影响数量下降(这个地方有题,问实验削弱了那个结论,选项里有关于这两个的[后面有题问哪个support什么什么的.选项CD一个是说的passenger type,一个说driver type.答案应该在这两个里面吧.我好像选的是driver type那个,C.不确定,大家到时还要好好读读])。
题目:
1、说M和T(最后一段做实验的两个人)based on试验数据会justify以下哪个?
我选了一个什么native plant的thrive兴旺will not be impeded(阻止) by外来species
[偶选的也是那个有Thrive(兴旺)的选项]
2、第二句高亮句的作用。
偶选的是nonnative species invade不是造成habitat degradation的原因
3、主旨题:
就是Nonnative的入侵不是造成native species declines的原因,而是native species declines之后的结果作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 11:51
2.1.4 lepidoptera(鳞翅类,鳞翅目)
A small number of the forest species of lepidoptera (moths(蛾,蛀虫) and butterflies, which exist as caterpillars during most of their life cycle) exhibit regularly recurring patterns(模式) of population growth and decline—such fluctuations in population are known as population cycles. Although many different variables influence population levels, a regular pattern such as a population cycle seems to imply a dominant, driving force. Identification of that driving force, however, has proved surprisingly elusive(难懂的) despite considerable research. The common approach of studying causes of population cycles by measuring the mortality caused by different agents, such as predatory birds or parasites(食客,寄生虫), has been unproductive in the case of lepidoptera. Moreover, population ecologists’ attempts to alter cycles by changing the caterpillars’ habitat and by reducing caterpillar populations have not succeeded. In short, the evidence implies that these insect populations, if not self-regulating, may at least be regulated by an agent more intimately(紧密地) connected with the insect than are predatory birds or parasites.
Recent work suggests that this agent maybe a virus. For many years, viral(滤过性毒菌引起的) disease had been reported in declining populations of caterpillars, but population ecologists had usually considered viral disease to have contributed to the decline once it was underway rather than to have initiated(发起) it. There cent work has been made possible by new techniques of molecular biology that allow viral DNA to be detected at low concentrations in the environment. Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses(多角体病毒) are hypothesized to be the driving force behind population cycles in lepidoptera in part because the viruses themselves follow an infectious cycle in which, if protected from direct sun light, they may remain virulent for many years in the environment, embedded(嵌入) in durable(持久的,耐用的) crystals(晶体) of polyhedrin(多角体蛋白) protein. Once ingested(咽下) by a caterpillar, the crystals dissolve, releasing the virus to infect the insect’s cells. Late in the course of the infection, millions of new virus particles are formed and enclosed in polyhedron(多面体) crystals. These crystals reenter(重新加入,再加入) the environment after the insect dies and decomposes, thus becoming available to infect other caterpillars.
One of the attractions of this hypothesis is its broad applicability. Remarkably, despite significant differences in habitat and behavior, many species of Lepidoptera have population cycles of similar length, between eight and eleven years. Nuclear polyhedrosis viral infection is one factor these disparate species share.
T-9-20:GWD-13-34:
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s conclusion in lines 25-30?
A. New research reveals that the number of species of birds and parasites that prey on lepidoptera has dropped significantly in recent years.
B. New experiments in which the habitats of lepidoptera are altered in previously untried ways result in the shortening of lepidoptera population cycles.
C. Recent experiments have revealed that the nuclear polyhedrosis virus is present in a number of predators and parasites of lepidoptera.
D. Differences among the habitats of lepidoptera species make it difficult to assess the effects of weather on lepidoptera population cycles.
E. Viral disease is typically observed in a large proportion of the lepidoptera population.
T-9-21:GWD-13-35:
It can be inferred from the passage that the mortality caused by agents such as predatory birds or parasites was measured in an attempt to
A. develop an explanation for the existence of lepidoptera population cycles
B. identify behavioral factors in Lepidoptera that affect survival rates
C. identify possible methods for controlling lepidoptera population growth
D. provide evidence that Lepidoptera populations are self-regulating
E. determine the life stages of lepidoptera at which mortality rates are highest
T-9-22:GWD-13-36:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. describe the development of new techniques that may help to determine the driving force behind population cycles in Lepidoptera
B. present evidence that refutes a particular theory about the driving force behind population cycles in Lepidoptera
C. present a hypothesis about the driving force behind population cycles in Lepidoptera
D. describe the fluctuating patterns of population cycles in Lepidoptera
E. question the idea that a single driving force is behind population cycles in Lepidoptera
T-9-23:GWD-13-37:
According to the passage, before the discovery of new techniques for detecting viral DNA, population ecologists believed that viral diseases
A. were not widely prevalent among insect populations generally
B. affected only the caterpillar life stage of lepidoptera
C. were the driving force behind Lepidoptera population cycles
D. attacked already declining caterpillar populations
E. infected birds and parasites that prey on various species of lepidoptera作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 11:51
Blaustein and his colleagues tested whether or not UV-B could be a factor in lowering the hatching rate of amphibian(两栖动物) eggs. At two field sites, they divided the eggs of each of three amphibian species into three groups (Figure 3.6). The first group developed without any sun filter(过滤器,滤光器). The second group developed under a filter(滤波器,过滤器) that allowed UV-B to pass through. The third group developed under a filter that blocked UV-B from reaching the eggs. For Hyla regilla, the filters had no effect, and hatching success was excellent under all three conditions. For Rana cascadea and Bufo boreas, however, the UV-B blocking filter raised the percentage of eggs hatched from about 60% to close to 80%.
The environmental programs of experimental embryology(胚胎学) were a major part of the discipline when Entwicklungsmechanik was first established. However, it soon became obvious that experimental variables could be better controlled in the laboratory than in the field, and that a scientist could do many more experiments in the laboratory. Thus, field experimentation in embryology dwindled(变小) in the first decades of the twentieth century (see Nyhart 1995). However, with our increasing concern about the environment, this area of developmental biology has become increasingly important. Other recent work in this field will be detailed in Chapter 21.
[主要说科学家在研究是什么因素导致了frog数量减少,好像反正是一种动物。科学家假设是因为frog卵细胞中可以修复DNA的酶活性不够,第二段可是做试验,一共选了三种frog,一种frog的卵在经过阳光照射后DNA损伤不大,对应的这种frog在野外的数量也没有显着减少,两外两种frog的卵经过阳光照射后DNA损失大,因为他们修复DNA的酶的活性不如第一个。第三段说科学家分析frog数量减少也有人类破环臭氧层的关系。但是由于没有以前frog卵受阳光照射强度的资料,现在这个假说也没有被完全证实。
问题:
1、问此文purpose?
我的答案貌似是identify an explanation to some findings
2、还有问如果把那做实验的两组不同frog放在同一地方会咋样,我说这是depend on the extent to shield from the sun
3、有一道题问从文章中可以推测出那两种DNA损失大的frog的什么
我选的是他们的DNA损伤随着光照强度的变化而不同。]作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 11:51
2.1.11 热带雨林植物多样性
阅读还有一个是讲热带雨林植物的多样性,分析tropical plants为什么会生长得这么好,貌似说的是植物生存过程中的竞争性。有一段,三个理论,第一个是说在食草动物识破了plants的各种诡计后大量地吃它们,plants为了存活,遵循适者生存,开发出其他可以避免被吃掉的特征[植物为防动物吃也在进化](这里考了一个逻辑题,类比关系,我选的butterfly跟花的那个选项)。第二个理论是关于冰河ice age合并的,冰河那个理解先是冰河分割了雨林,形成不同的带,接着才合并。第三个理论说是地震地址运动,火山等导致。最后作者指出对于第一和第二种理论,都有相应的证据或原因给出反对,而第三种理论由于暂时没有反对的证据出现,而被植物学家所接受。
题目:
1、关于问"refuge"(庇护)理论的infer题:
应该选“不同的refuge有不同的plant”那个选项。(有个易混的选项是“refuge的merge导致了雨林里的植物开始diversify”,看似很像其实不对。因为文章的原文是:小块refuge先生长植物,然后再merge形成雨林,这样雨林里的植物就更diversify了,其意就是refugee的植物是不同的。)
[正确的选项开头有个varision就是“不同”个词。好像是B]
[我选的是不同的refuge plant是不同的]
2、主旨题:
是介绍不同的理论about ecosystem phenomena, 不是理论in dealing with ecosystem situation
3、逻辑题:下面哪个能够削弱第二个理论
4、问的第一种theory说产生plant diversity的原因。(Natural Selection)
因为animal eaters were evolved to counter the self-protecting mechanism of plant, 所以plant也得进化。作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 11:53
2.2.1中国人测量喜马拉雅山
In 1975 Chinese survey teams remeasured Mount Everest, the highest of the Himalayan mountains. Like the British in 1852, they used the age-old technique of “carrying in” sea level: survey or smarched inland from the coast for thousands of miles, stopping at increments of as little as a few feet to measure their elevation, and marking each increment with two poles. To measure the difference in elevation between poles, surveyors used an optical level—a telescope on a level base—placed halfway between the poles. They sighted each pole, reading off measurements that were then used to calculate the change in elevation over each increment. In sight of the peaks the used theodolites telescopes for measuring vertical and horizontal angles—to determine the elevation of the summit.
The Chinese, however, made efforts to correct for the errors that had plagued the British. One source of error is refraction(折射), the bending of light beams as they pass through air layers of different temperature and pressure. Because light traveling down from a summit passes through many such layers, a surveyor could sight a mirage rather than the peak itself. To reduce refraction errors, the Chinese team carried in sea level to within five to twelve miles of Everest’s summit, decreasing the amount of air that light passed through on its way to their theodolites(经纬仪). The Chinese also launched weather balloons near their theodolites to measure atmospheric temperature and pressure changes to better estimate refraction errors. Another hurdle is the peak’s shape. When surveyors sight the summit, there is a risk they might not all measure the same point. In 1975 the Chinese installed the first survey beacon(灯塔,信号塔) on Everest, a red reflector visible through a theodolite for ten miles, as a reference point. One more source of error is the unevenness(不均匀,参差不齐) of sea level. The British assumed that carrying in sea level would extend an imaginary line from the shore along Earth’s curve to a point beneath the Himalaya. In reality, sea level varies according to the irregular interior of the planet. The Chinese used a gravity meter to correct for local deviations(偏差) in sea level.
Q32: It can be inferred from the passage that refraction would be most likely to cause errors in measurements of a mountain’s elevation under which of the following conditions?
A. When there are local variations in sea level
B. When light passes through humid air
C. When theodolites are used relatively far from the mountain peak.(由旧版答案D改为新版答案C)
D. When weather balloons indicate low air temperature and pressure.
E. When sea level has been carried in to within five to twelve miles of the summit.
------------------------------------------------------------------
Q33: Which of the following best describes the purpose of the sentence in lines 23-25 (“The Chinese…the British”)?
A. Introduce a definition
B. Signal a transition in focus
C. Summarize the p‘,receding paragraph
D. Draw a contrast between two different theories.
E. Present information that contradicts the preceding paragraph.
Q34: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a possible source of error in surveying mountain elevation?
A. Mirages
B. Refraction
C. Inaccurate instruments
D. Variations in sea level
E. Uncertainty about the exact point to be measured
---------------------------------------------------------------
Q35: The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. provide details about improvements to a process
B. challenge the assumptions underlying a new method
C. criticize the way in which a failed project was carried out
D. call for new methods to solve an existing problem
E. explain the theory behind a new technique
官方答案是CBCA作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 11:53
2.2.2 地震
第一段,淺層地震是100~150,而深層地震是150~400。说传统中广大人民认为地震发生在浅层靠近地幔30mile的地方,然后讲浅层地震是怎么产生的,由于深处压力太大,所以没法达到地震的条件。
第二段,Yet其实有很多地震都是深层的,400mile以下的。然后提出两个理论mechanism解释深层地震。第一个理论提到热力和压力下石头结构变化会让物质crystalized成分变成固体,最后引起crystal structure的崩裂。但是有人说,物质A变成物质A'的过程太慢,不足以形成地震的必须条件。第二个理论,对此进行补充,所以应该是物质B的结构变化,变成B',这个快,不仅仅限于low pressure,可以一下子稿定它的crystal structure。(问题:大意是物质A'和B'的共同点?自然就是他们的结构都改变过)
问题:
1、第二段是什么作用:
我选的是提供exception of the theory mentioned in the first passage。
[这题楼主用的排除法,选了一个带exception的选项,有一个选项挺迷惑的,因为它的叙述基本跟上面那个写法主旨题一样,神马alternative的,但是它出现了一个词叫phenomena,于是lz果断排除了]
[我选提出了对第一段的一个地震理论的特例]
2、深源地震两种形成机制的共同点
就是都摧残了一个晶体结构 crystal structure。
3、主旨题
选解决了一个长久存在的科学疑团
[应该是解释了一个scientific puzzle]
[explain a scientific puzzle]
4、问关于p型地震(浅层的)和m型地震(深的)下面哪个是对的
有个选项有点迷惑说他们都在400km以内 lz犹豫了一哈字还是选了结构改变那个作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 11:53
2.2.3 测量误差measurement error
第一段:先定义了系统测量误差是神马吧 然后说它很不好检测出来 比如有一个climate里的就刚被一个专家Thomas和他的团队检验出来。
第二段:说为啥他们发现了这个误差呢?就是因为资料显示at sea 比过去有0.5度的温度的drop,但是陆地上这个drop就没有了(这里有一道题,问说出现这个问题之后,which of the following initially suggested。。。就是说Thomas这个人立马想到了啥,文中说这个人立马想到了management error,答案里我选的是:有个different location结尾的选项。)。这专家就想可能是系统测量误差啦。
第三段:说这个误差是咋来的呢,就是英国人和美国人用的测海洋温度的方法不同。多年前数据主要是美国人采集的,美国人测量海洋温度都是通过一个高压温室的coolant pipe抽海水来量,导致温度升高;英国人则用桶装水测量。
第四段:说因为1939-1945年,二战时期都用美国的数据(美国的data占了80%),二战后都用了英国的数据,所以就误差啦。不过气候专家说即使是有这个误差climate(temperature) trend还是没变的 。
题目:
1、有道题问说,如果1945年,科学家们做了which of the following,Thomas和他的同事就不会发现数据有这么多问题。
我选的是,accurate record啥啥啥,包括是美国还是英国人记录的数据。
[我选的是二战后一半以上的温度数据让美国人提供]
[科学家注意到英美测量方法的不同。]
[有两个选项不易区分,一个好像是climate researchers already note the different method used by British and America,另一个是climate researchers let US and Britain在同一海域探测。我选的后者,因为前者仅仅说note the difference,但并没有说用在modeling中。(提供人770分)]
2、主旨题
我选了一个特具体的什么an instance of 误差神马的
(我选的是一个XXX persistent error)
3、第三个问的是如果下列哪个是真的,科学家的推测就是错误的?
我选的是二战后,英国人的轮船上也装上了美国人的那一套测量设备。
4、如果下面发生则会weaken DT的解释
英国人在打起水样本的时候会等一会再测(暗示测的温度可能会偏高)
5、Dr. Thompson怎么会觉得measurement有问题而推荐researchers take into account the bias
我选的是因为发现不同的地方(海洋和陆地)在同一个时间的温度变化不同,好像是海洋里的温度变化更大还是更小,因为一般来说,如果是global warming 的话,全球的气温变化应该是一样的。作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 11:54
近似原文:(已确定哦!!激动哈!感谢vivian0311 MM)
60-Year-Old Bias in Data on Sea Temperatures
Every scientist knows about measurement bias, the systematic errors that can creep into data. A simplistic example would be a metal ruler that gives inaccurate readings when it expands in warmer temperatures.
Avoiding measurement bias can be impossible. Nobody’s perfect, after all, and neither is equipment. What’s important is recognizing bias and taking it into account when working with the data.
But it is not always easy to detect bias. A case in point is being reported in Nature, where researchers have uncovered measurement bias in six-decades-old data on global surface temperatures. The problem arises from how British and American ships measured the temperature of surface water.
David W. J. Thompson of Colorado State University and colleagues analyzed global mean surface temperatures from the 1880s to the present, tweaking(拧,扭,作调整) the data to remove the effects of El Niño and other “weather noise,” as Dr. Thompson described it. They discovered a sudden drop of 0.5 degree Fahrenheit in 1945, but just in data collected at sea, not on land — a hint that the drop might have something to do with the measurements.
At that time, British and American ships did much of the logging of sea temperatures worldwide. On British ships, crews measured the temperature of seawater collected in a bucket(水桶). But since about 1939, most American ships had switched to measuring the temperature of seawater as it was drawn through an intake pipe for use as an engine coolant(冷冻剂,冷却液,散热剂). Because of heat from the engine room, American measurements were generally higher.
After looking more closely at the data, Dr. Thompson said, they realized what had happened. Most of the wartime(战时) data came from American ships, with just 20 percent of the readings from British ones. But starting in August 1945, there was an abrupt switch. Nearly half the readings came from British ships. Because those readings are generally colder, Dr. Thompson said, that accounts for the sudden temperature drop.
Now that the bias has been recognized, climate researchers will need to take it into account in their models and simulations. But Dr. Thompson said the long-term trend, toward higher temperatures, would not be affected.
文章不是完全一样但是差不多作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 11:54
2.3.1暗物质
[3.4 宇宙的dark matter分析
第二篇是一个巨长的讲宇宙的,暂且叫做dark matter。说宇宙那么大,人眼能看到的各种射线啊,光啊什么的(visible particles)其实只占了5%,那剩下的是什么呢?剩下的物质(invisible particle)就被作者叫做“dark matter”,特征是Stars, loose gas,..........5% visual(有考题,我的答案就是把这句话同意改写,答案用词invisual)。
第二段说宇宙一开始应该怎么滴,说了一堆粒子啊什么的名称,有人说剩下的可能是p和n,(高亮开始)一个实验表明这种物质的速度比光速还要快blabla~~~ (高亮结束),但是目前观察到的没法证明,有说原因,这个时候作者提出了说一个理论还是标准的(词是一个standard)说这个可以用来推测。
第四段 主要讲neutronilo的,这里提到它不被electromagnetic怎么着(在比较俩个N不同的选项里出现),特性是(有题)mass,stability,电中性。说n假如存在的话,它是最轻的,而且很stable的,如果不stable的话,就会分裂成两个什么东西。。。
题目:
1、就是那个理论(standard)是用来解决什么问题的
2、Neutrino 和 neutranilo的描述哪个正确(以下简称n1,n2)
(1)n2在宇宙初期不被electromagnetic影响(我犹豫了下,文中是提到有,但是没有前面的宇宙初期的限定,我没选)
(2)n2比n1重.(我选的这个)
(3)n1不stable(文中没提)
(4)n2在cosmic中实际上还没被发现?(我排除了)
3、新提到的n特性是:
mass,stability,电中性。
4、主题题。。。
5、高亮的实验的作用
记得的选项是:(1)回答段首的问题。(2)支持前面那句话"nor more than"。(3)为了第三段什么的。我选了第二个
[我选的解释前面的假设什么的好像]
最后一段什么作用
As a heavy, stable particle, the lightest neutralino is an excellent candidate to comprise the universe's cold dark matter. In many models the lightest neutralino can be produced thermally in the hot early universe and leave approximately the right relic abundance to account for the observed dark matter. A lightest neutralino of roughly 10–10000 GeV is the leading weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter candidate. Neutralino dark matter could be observed experimentally in nature either indirectly or directly. In the former case, gamma ray and neutrino telescopes look for evidence of neutralino annihilation in regions of high dark matter density such as the galactic or solar center. In the latter case, special purpose experiments such as the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) seek to detect the rare impacts of WIMPs in terrestrial detectors. These experiments have begun to probe interesting supersymmetric parameter space, excluding some models for neutralino dark matter, and upgraded experiments with greater sensitivity are under development.]
第一段说,天文学家们最近开始观察某东西MACHO(massive compact halo objects),然后介绍它一堆特性。密度跟行星差不多,但是是太阳的1/10 占宇宙重量的90% 。
第二段说,传统的探测g物质的方法不能用了,得用新方法,是通过暗黑物质对其他星球的光造成的折射这种原理进行的,如果天文学家正在看某星星,这个MACHO物质如果刚好穿过了,产生的一种类似于日食(及光亮度下降)的现象,定义现象A,这时候这个物质就能被观测到。
第三段说,天文学家发现说,MACHO物质在galaxy之内的数量比想象中多[观测到的A明显比预计的要多],但是没有更多的更深入的研究,天文学家不会冒昧的猜测它的数量之类的,他们的方法还待改进,而且在改进之前他们不会公开他们的研究成果。[看到过暗黑物质,但不如设想能看到的多。而且其实它们主要在我们的星系,而不在outer space, where orginally expected to have more黑物质(此处有题)]
题目:
1、考到说,天文学家之前没有预料到啥?
选那个galaxy之下数量比想象中多。作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 13:41
In the 1980's, astronomer Bohdan Paczynski proposed a way of determining whether the enormous dark halo constituting the outermost part of the Milky Way galaxy is composed of MACHO's(massive compact halo objects), which are astronomical objects too dim(昏暗的,模糊的) to be visible. Paczynski reasoned that if MACHO's make up this halo, a MACHO would occasionally drift(漂流,漂移) in front of a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a bright galaxy near the Milky Way. The gravity of a MACHO that had so drifted, astronomers agree, would cause the star's light rays, which would otherwise diverge, to bend together so that, as observed from Earth, the star would temporarily appear to brighten, a process known as micro lensing. Because many individual stars are of intrinsically(本质地,内在地,固有地) variable brightness, some astronomers have contended that the brightening of intrinsically variable stars can be mistaken for micro lensing. However, whereas the different colors of light emitted by an intrinsically variable star are affected differently when the star brightens, all of a star's colors are equally affected by micro lensing. Thus, if a MACHO magnifies a star's red light tenfold, it will do the same to the star's blue light and yellow light. Moreover, it is highly unlikely that a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud will undergo micro lensing more than once, because the chance that a second MACHO would pass in front of exactly the same star is minuscule(极小的).
Question #55. 639-01 (23881-!-item-!-188;#058&000639-01)
It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following would constitute the strongest evidence of the micro lensing of a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud?
(A) The brightness of such a star is observed to vary at irregular intervals.
(B) The brightening of such a star is observed to be of shorter duration than the brightening of neighboring stars.
(C) The red light of such a star is observed to be brighter than its yellow light and its blue light.
(D) The red light, yellow light, and blue light of such a star are observed to be magnified temporarily by the same factor.
(E) The red light of such a star is observed to have increased tenfold.
Question #56. 639-04 (23927-!-item-!-188;#058&000639-04)
According to the passage, Paczynski's theory presumes that if MACHO's constituted the Milky Way's dark halo, occasionally a MACHO would
(A) drift so as to lie in a direct line between two stars in the outer Milky Way
(B) affect the light rays of a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud with the result that the star would seem for a time to brighten
(C) become obscured as a result of the micro lensing of a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud
(D) temporarily increase the apparent brightness of a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud by increasing the gravity of the star
(E) magnify each color in the spectrum of a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud by a different amount
Question #57. 639-06 (23973-!-item-!-188;#058&000639-06)
The passage is primarily concerned with
(A) outlining reasons why a particular theory is no longer credited by some astronomers
(B) presenting data collected by a researcher in response to some astronomers' criticism of a particular line of reasoning
(C) explaining why a researcher proposed a particular theory and illustrating how influential that theory has been
(D) showing how a researcher's theory has been used to settle a dispute between the researcher and some astronomers
(E) describing a line of reasoning put forth by a researcher and addressing a contention concerning that line of reasoning作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 13:41
2.3.3 clock一种异常准确的机械钟
第一段:说这种钟可以说是世界上最后的机械钟了,而且有两个,一个在爱丁堡,一个在某observing station(记不清了,但此处无题)。这种钟就两个钟摆(pendulum), the first 在一个真空(vacuum)的容器中(此处对真空有题),另一个来管钟的各指针(大概是这个意思)。第一个钟摆会适时第第二个钟摆信号,来进行适度调整。这个钟就是靠这个运行的
第二段:主要讲这种钟如何准确,有一些数字。最后一句说,利用这个钟测出了日月引力对地环转速的影响(这有一题)[发现地球季节性变化]
第三段:讲在1984年做的一个试验,将这种机械种与automatic clock做比较,结果发现(一堆数字比较)。后又说日月引力,不但能影响海潮,还能影响陆地。而这种引力会使机械种有一定的误差。
第四段:主要讲日月引力怎么样对陆地也造成影响(好像没什么题)。
问题:
1、主旨题:
我选的是某样clock的发明和组成。
[我觉得应该选讨论一种设备的准确性]
[我选的好像是衡量一个东东(就是钟)功能准确不准确什么的。]
2、通过运用这个东西在XX学,发现了什么?
我选的是发现地球的季节性的什么什么变化。
3、这个东东里面有个chamber(内膛)是干神马的?
我选的是有个什么mechanism与second什么鬼东东相连,相互影响。
4、作者最有可能同意什么:
乱选的,不记得了。貌似是选1921年以前没这种类似的东东存在。
5、得有一道题问的是那个神钟导致了什么伟大发现
我选的seasonal rotation的改写的那个
[我选发现地球地面(ground)和ocean一样会有tide的变化(具体记不清了。。。反正有关键词 ground,tide,change甚么的)。是文中一句话的改写,那句话后面还说了是如何变化的。
迷惑选项:发现地球rotation yearly change,文中说的是seasonal,不是from year to year。(或者相反,反正大家考的时候留心!)]
6、primary pendulum(钟摆)哪个true
答案我选:它是被firmly sealed(密封)的,因为文中说是真空。
7、有一道题很阴说作者文中直接的说这个钟为什么现象提供了证据
千万记得不是土地的tidal movement,而应该选地转速度一年里的速度不一样(seasonal对应答案的one time in the year from another)
8、Which of the following can NOT be experimented in 1984?
基金主人选了一个更准确的钟。作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 13:42
网上找到的,据说仿真度较高,请大家仔细阅读
The Shortt clock had two pendulums. The first, known as the master, swung freely in an evacuated case. Its only job was to synchronize(协调,使同步发生) the swing of the second pendulum, called the slave, which was housed in a neighboring cabinet. Every 30 seconds the slave sent an electrical signal to give a nudge(轻推) to the master. In return, via an elaborate(复杂的) electromechanical(机电的) link, the master ensured that the slave never got out of step.
Shortt clocks were standard provision in astronomical observatories of the 1920s and 1930s, and are credited with keeping time to better than 2 milliseconds a day. Many were on record as losing or gaining no more than 1 second a year – a stability of one part in 30 million. The first indications of seasonal variations in the Earth’s rotation were gleaned(收集) by the use of Shortt clocks.
In 1984 Pierre Boucheron carried out a study of a Shortt clock which had survived in the basement of the US Naval Observatory since 1932. Using the modern optical(视力的,光学的) sensing equipment instead of the electromechanical coupling, he measured its rate against the observatory’s atomic clocks for a month. He found that it was stable to 200 microseconds a day over this period, equivalent to two to three parts in a billion. What is more, the data also reveal that the clock was sensing the distortion of the Earth due to tides from the Moon and the Sun.作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 13:42
2.3.4月亮的形成
第一段讲月球形成的,一开始提出3个假说:分裂说Fission(从地球spin甩出去的),捕获说capture(被地球引力吸住的),共生说commensalism(跟地球一起形成的)。
第二段说这三种都不对,如果是分裂,成份应该跟地球相似,应该月球和地球整个系统转速更快;如果是捕获,那么月亮这个独立的星速度应该更慢,以至于能落入地球的系统中[应该整个系统速度更快,因为不可能让月球减速到可以捕获的程度];如果是共生,月球缺少某些足够的星球形成具备的元素。并且,如果是抛出去的,月球应该具备和地球类似的一些物质Volatile mental,如锌zinc。如果是同期形成的,月球的铁内核应该跟地球相似,所以应该比现在的更大,可是现在月球的铁核太小。
第三段提出新假说,撞击说collision,说月球是地球根行星级天体碰撞产生的,这个假说可以解释月球成分铁核和运行速度。说以前有一个星体和地球撞了一下,撞出去的地球的物质就那个星体一起形成了月亮,易挥发金属少是因为擦肩而过时的温度使得这些金属灰发了,同时还强调是成一定角度的撞击不是直接的对撞(not head to head),所以形体的速度变慢了[core小了]。
题目:
1、有问题问第三段的作用
就是介绍这个好的理论咯,它解释了很多之前的理论无法解释的点。
2、如果俘获论是正确的话,月球对地球而应该体现出什么样的特性。
我选了好像是spin faster 还是slower 大家做的时候自己关注
3、问作者对collision这个理论的态度
4、问这篇文章的结构
我选了提出了几个存在问题的理论最后提出了一个较完美的理论。
5、一下哪个点成立可以削弱the objection to the 3者之一的一个理论
选项无非就是根据第二段内容,改了些月球当前的特性。记得有科学家对月球表面元素的分析有错误,月球crater的厚度被低估还是什么的
6、主旨题
应该是提供证据否认前三个,并在此基础上证明第四个说法
[分别有3个题,都是细节题针对三种理论。
答案应该是:
1、月亮与地球spin的关系看出分裂理论不成立
2、由月亮的core的构成可以判断共生理论
3、由月亮的size]作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 13:43
题目:
1、一个问文章的主要目的
2、一个问文章的结构
3、一个问削弱最后一段的第一句里的evident的
4、还有一个,绕了一大圈,问那些旋转的速度快得足以让行星fly apart的小行星一定是以下哪一种(囧,表达不能)。LZ的思路是这样的:If nearly all asteroids are rubble piles, however, this tail would be missing, because any rubble pile spinning faster than once every two or three hours (depending on its bulk density) would fly apart.因为行星们都不能旋转太快,否则他们会fly apart,又Alan Harris of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., Petr Pravec of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic in Prague and their colleagues have discovered that all but five observed asteroids obey a strict rotation limit。 The exceptions are all smaller than about 150 meters in diameter, with an abrupt cutoff for asteroids larger than about 200 meters.
所以,那些旋转得那么快,又不会fly apart的,就是那些BUT FIVE,既那些exceptions了,所以选smaller than about 150 meters in diameter
[smaller than 200(有选项是more than 200)]
5、小行星撞击第二段, 高亮escape velocity(速率,周转率)问用处
我好像选了一个比较抽象得选项, 为了说明行星得某种变化状态
6、高亮了一大段“all exceptions are small stars with diameter smaller than 200”,问什么不记得了,sorry…
好像答它们都是monolithic(巨大的,庞大的,整体的)
7、问对于那些会fly appart的行星下面哪个是对的
只记得两个选项:一个说他们小于200,一个说他们大于200
8、问下面那个可以weaken第二段第三个单词的conclusion(高亮的)
5个选项的格式都是这样的:发现了一个多少多少米的小行星的转速是多少多少
这个要把文章逻辑搞清楚再选就行了 文章逻辑是这样的
monolithic 钟型分布(无limit) <200的(考试的文章中好像不是150,直接搞了个200)
rubble pies 有limit 转速不能超过once every two or three hours >200
关键是红字的地方 然后选违背这个逻辑的就行了
9、问"transition"指什么?
原文是transition at the diameter, 看到diameter, 所以我选了C, Size。
10、大部分行星可以推出什么:
选项有(1)都是monolithic[选这个](2) 转的既不过快也不过慢 (3)引力很小什么的作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 13:43
Yet the rubble-pile hypothesis is conceptually troublesome. The material strength of an asteroid is nearly zero, and gravity is so low you are tempted to neglect that, too. What’s left? The truth is that neither strength nor gravity can be ignored. Paltry though it may be, gravity binds a rubble pile together. And anyone who builds sand castles knows that even loose debris can cohere. Oft-ignored details of motion begin to matter: sliding friction, chemical bonding, damping of kinetic energy, electrostatic attraction and so on. (In fact, charged particles from the sun can cause dust at the surface to levitate.) We are just beginning to fathom the subtle interplay
of these minuscule forces.
(考过的狗主人说第二段重点考,请大家注意!)
The size of an asteroid should determine which force dominates. One indication is the observed pattern of asteroidal rotation rates. Some collisions cause an asteroid to spin faster; others slow it down. If asteroids are monolithic rocks undergoing random collisions, a graph of their rotation rates should show a bell-shaped distribution with a statistical “tail” of very fast rotators. If nearly all asteroids are rubble piles, however, this tail would be missing, because any rubble pile spinning faster than once every two or three hours (depending on its bulk density) would fly apart. Alan Harris of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., Petr
Pravec of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic in Prague and their colleagues have discovered that all but five observed asteroids obey a strict rotation limit [see illustration on page 48]. The exceptions are all smaller than about 150 meters in diameter, with an abrupt cutoff for asteroids larger than about 200 meters.
The evident conclusion—that asteroids larger than 200 meters across are multicomponent structures or rubble piles—agrees with recent computer
modeling of collisions, which also finds a transition at that diameter. A collision can blast a large asteroid to bits, but those bits will usually be moving slower than their mutual escape velocity (which, as a rule of thumb, is about one meter per second, per kilometer of radius). Over several hours, gravity will reassemble all but the fastest pieces into a rubble pile [see illustration above]. Because collisions among asteroids are relatively frequent, most large bodies have already
suffered this fate. Conversely, most small asteroids should be monolithic, because impact fragments easily escape their feeble gravity.
2.3.6 Moon-earth 生命体
是讲Moon-earth的,说是很多学者认为在宇宙中存在和地球类似的星球,所以一定有有智生命体的存在。[本文作者很固执的认为由于地月系统的形成是极具偶然性的,尽管其他星体也有可能形成卫星系统,但是没有一个能像地月系统这么特殊,所以作者否定了外星生物的存在性。]
第一段说以前很多的学者认为外星系有生命存在,因为太阳系和很多其他星系一样,有很多planet云云,但是为什么外星系至今没有发现呢?说地球与月球两者之间的联系和对地球生命出现的作用,说生命体出现是需要Moon-Earth这种条件的星球的。
第二段是到底是地月系的什么不同导致地球有生物呢?是地球和月球的质量比。说地月系的特殊性,文章承认有可能存在这种双球体系的星球,但月球轨道很特殊,其他类似的双球体会相撞。好像是说,地月系的质量对比非常好所以有生命体,与太阳系的另外一个有卫星的是木星(还是土星?)比较,对比的那个星系因为卫星太小(只能当作asteroid来看)没有办法使得生命存在。(这个地方有个题是问,那月球对于地球而言有好处是为什么,我选的是因为它的质量相对够大。(分析是,对比对象因为卫星太小没办法有生命体,那么月球的质量相对够大所以才能有生命体))同时这个比例还使得月亮量对地球的引力产生了潮汐作用,从而为地球生物进化创造了条件。
第三段大概说了什么地球和月球是“capture”还是。。好像一个是吸引,一个是分离出来的,还有一个什么的。。。怎样怎样。。。真的忘了;
第四段反正最后是又一次强调正是这个质量比例导致了地球有生物;而这种比例关系在千千万万个其他类似系统中比较难得,所以也就至今还没有发现其他星球上有生物,云云。(最后这段高亮全段,问作者用什么方法来写这段:举个例子来说明?这种类型的问题,具体真的忘了)[说到叻月球形成原因]
题目:
1、文章最后一句highlight,问证明了什么
2、全文最后一段高亮,问论证手法。
举个例子来说明?
[因为缺少观察到的数据,所以一个generation 的可能性几乎没有]
3、有问文章结构题:
作者第一段提出问题,为什么别的地方没有生命呢?第二段和第三段都是解释月球对我们多么重要。
4、好像是说为什么地月系统很特殊
A. 因为地球上有水
B. 因为月亮的shape
C. 。。。
D。。。
E。因为月球的size(我选的这个)作者: Riff 时间: 2010-11-16 13:44
2.3.6 black hole
讲galaxy和black hole的,说最近的新技术发现galaxy中有大量的black hole存在,这是被天文学家广泛接受的,然后提出了两个理论,一个是“inside-out”理论,一个是“outside-in”理论,两者区别在于,前者认为现有star产生,然后又black hole 产生,后者正好相反,一个T学者更支持后者,因为他认为galaxy怎么样怎么样balabala(此处有题说问下面紧接着的一句话的作用,答案就是in order to证明他自己的关于galaxy的假设是正确的)
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