2.同位结构的形式
1)名词性同位语：名词解释名词。（以下三种，第二个n.后可以跟修饰词）
a) N., n.;
b) n., a/an + n.或a/an + n., n.;
c) the + n., n.（前面的the + n 为同位结构）
2)内容具体化同位结构：抽象名词（theory/evidence/belief/principle）+that 从句，that从句对抽象名词进行具体化解释（注意与of 结构的区别），that从句部分才是同位语。(that是小品词，连词，和一般的名词性that分句中的that一样)
3)概括性同位语：用一个概括性的名词去概括前面的修饰对象：短语/句子，n. + that / doing / done...
4)名词重复性同位结构：n,n（重复所修饰的名词）+that 定语从句
5)代词代替性同位结构：n,one/ones+that 定语从句作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:21
3.同位语从句
有很多名词后可以跟that引起的从句，说明其内容，可以称作同位语从句。
He referred to Copernicus’s statement that the earth moves round the sun.
有时同位语从句可以和同位的名词分开。 （其实是同位语从句太长后置）
The rumour spread that a new school would be built here.
在少数情况下也可用连接副词（代词）引起的从句作同位语。
He had no idea why she left.作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:21
4. 关于同位语用法中的the和逗号（如B选项中的TM, the jazz pianist and composer）
1)if you preface someone's name with a noun describing their occupation (or other word describing what that person does), WITHOUT AN ARTICLE, OR WITH THE DEFINITE ARTICLE "THE", you DO NOT use a comma. 如果把职位、称号放在人名前面，如果没有冠词，或者有定冠词，就不用逗号（本题的情况）。
example:
Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk ... --> correct
注意：
(1) if you are using "THE (description) (name)" to introduce someone for the first time, then you DON'T use a comma.但有要注意：当职位、称号前是定冠词时，如果是第一次提到某人，是不必用逗号的
example:
The author Ernest Hemingway was known for his drunken and violent escapades.
--> here we are introducing hemingway, so we don't use a comma.
(2) if you have already introduced two or more people, but you are using "THE (description) to single out one of them, then you DO use a comma.
example：
Among her friends were an author and a painter; the author, Ernest Hemingway, went on to become an icon of American literature.
--> we've already introduced "the author"; this time we use a comma to single him out.
2)if there's an indefinite article (a/an), you DO use a comma. 如果前面有不定冠词，就要用逗号。
example
A jazz pianist and composer, Thelonious Monk ... --> correct
3)if it's an adjective, you DO use a comma. 如果前面不是职位、称号，而是一个形容词，那就要用逗号。
example:
Creative and original, Thelonious Monk ... --> correct作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:22
二、时态问题
1.过去时：originally, from 1978 to 1985,previously
2.完成时态：since; within/during/over/in+the past/last/recent+时间短语(注意in the last year用完成时,last year用过去时)
3.将来时：
条件从句/时间从句/方式从句/让步从句不能用将来时或过去将来时，常用一般现在时代替一般将来时，一般过去时代替过去将来时。（对比状从省略的几种是：转折，时间，条件。）
possibility that…/likelihood that…/expect that…中,that从句后用一般将来时
标准书面语中,优先使用一般将来时,主观将来时用be supposed to do,较少用be going to do,不用be to be doing/be to be done
4.一般现在时：common: the most common reasons, the common procedure
5.过去完成时：必须在语义上有时间的对照(不一定会有一般过去时的出现)，来反映出发生在过去的过去。作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:22
三、V-ing(present participle)修饰
V-ing结构在句子中可以做定语，状语。
1.放在句子末尾时，如果前面是主谓宾结构，如果同时时态上与主句搭配合理，V-ing结构作状语，作为：
1)伴随动作，表与主句动词同时发生的动作
2)伴随结果，表主句动作带来的结果。
此时注意其逻辑主语的判断：其所修饰分句的动作发出者。
2.放在句子末尾时，如果前面是主谓宾结构，如果同时时态上与主句搭配不合理(如本题D,E选项)，V-ing结构作定语修饰前面名词。
3.如果前面是主系表结构，由于系动词是一个状态不存在“被伴随”，但是V-ing结构依然修饰的是整个主系表结构，所以后面的V-ing结构也可以被解读为修饰前面的名词成分—主语（如果宾语是名词，也一同修饰，因为主系表结构中主语和宾语所指是同一事物--见OG10-39, OG11-24中对正确选项C的解释）。
For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, a method to protect warriors against enemy arrows and spears.
A. a method to protect
B. as a method protecting
C. protecting
D. as a protection of
E. to protect作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:22
OG10-39的解释（注意C选项的解释）：
Choice C is best because the participle protecting begins a phrase that explains what the shields did. Choices A and B awkwardly use the singular word method to refer to items of military equipment rather than to the use of such items. Also, a method of protecting would be more idiomatic than a method to protect in A or a method protecting in B. In B and D, as is incorrect; also, a protection in D has no noun for which it can logically substitute. Choice E is incomplete; used to protect would have been acceptable.
OG11-24的解释（注意C和E选项的解释）
Logical predication + rhetorical construction
The underlined part of the sentence begins a phrase describing items of military equipment. It is awkward and inaccurate to describe items as a method. Replacing the underlined phrase with the participle protecting creates a modifying phrase that clearly explains the purpose of the items of military equipment.
A A method to protect is an awkward reference to items
B The singular a method should not refer to the plural items, as a method protecting is not idiomatic
C Correct. In this sentence, protecting properly introduces a modifying phrase revealing the purpose of the items.
D Beginning the phrase with as is incorrect; using the noun form protection creates wordiness
E The infinitive to protect cannot act as an adjective modifying items; the participial form of the verb, protecting, is required
The correct answer is C.作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:22
四、Having done
1.不能作为名词结构，因此不能用该结构作主语。
我对定语、状语的理解是这样的：有的时候同一个成分、结构可以做定语，也可以做状语，只要区分被修饰对象与结合时态等分析逻辑上能不能合理修饰就够了，没必要太在意是做定语还是做状语。也就是说，区不区分定语、状语都可以，关键是要明白定语和状语的功能都是“修饰”(有点像废话，不过我的意思是平时我统一把他们记为“修饰语”，只有在做题目解释的时候才区分一下)。
prep1-188中，A选项"having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood"，你可以把这个成分理解成状语，也可以理解为定语，修饰的都是Neuroscientists这个主体或这个主体发出的动作，只要你把having看做定语和状语时，句意理解起来是一样的，那么就没有歧义问题。
而prep1-97：Industrialization and modern methods of insect control have improved the standard of living around the globe while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, having gone virtually unregulated since they were developed more than 50 years ago.这里面having可能修饰pollutants，也可能修饰they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants整个分句，所以having产生了修饰歧义
2.having done可以做非限定性修饰，不能做限定性修饰。
夸克的语法大全里面明确写出having done做限定性修饰是错误的：
The perfective aspect cannot usually be expressed in the nonfinite clause:
wrong: The man having won the race is my brother.
correct: The man who has won the race is my brother.
也就是说.完成时的ing分词形式(having done)作为限制性的修饰是不可以的，但是可以作为非限制性的修饰。
2.having done短语中所表达的内容发生在主句动作之前
3.When having done 结构一定错错，因为不应该有 when。单是 Having done 就够了。Have 有很多地方与正牌动词不同，When 后就不能用 having 了。原因是 having done 是过去，而 when 是当时，所以有冲突。作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:23
五、run-on sentence 连写句：
连写句指错误将两个独立分句合写在一个句子里面没有正确地用标点分离。
连写句有两种类型：
溶合句(fused sentence)：根本不使用标点把两个独立分句合写在一个句子里
逗号错误(comma splice):使用逗号但没有并列连词将两个独立分句写在一个句子里。
BTW: 所谓的独立分句即"主句"，其对应的是"从句"，都属于"分句"。
而run-on sentence的重点在于其改正方法：
1） 分为两个句子
2） 用一个逗号加上and, but, or或者其他并列连词
3） 两个句子中间使用分号
This sentence compares the success J experienced after moving to New York to the success she had previously experienced in Germany. The phrase less successful anticipates the conclusion of the comparison with the phrase than… . The main subject of the sentence is photographer LJ , and the main verb is earned . The opening clause She was less successful…. Therefore creates a comma splice if the comma is not followed by a conjunction. The most efficient way to incorporate the information about J’s comparative successes in Germany and in New York is to turn the clause into an adjectival phase describing J. (FROM OG12)作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:23
六、Which指代小结
1.尽管A of B的结构，which没有就近修饰。
One pervasive theory explains the introduction of breakfast cereals in the early 1900s as a result of the growing number of automobiles, which led to a decline in horse ownership and a subsequent grain glut; by persuading people to eat what had previously been horse feed, market equilibrium was restored.
2.which不一定跳过插入语指代：
Judge Lois Forer’s study asks why some litigants have a preferred status over others in the use of a public resource, the courts, which in theory are available to all but in fact are unequally distributed between rich and poor.
3.通过单复数判断which的所指：
Changes in sea level result not only from changes in water temperature, which affect water density, but also from the melting of glaciers.
The survival of coral colonies, which are composed of innumerable tiny polyps living in a symbiotic relationship with brilliantly colored algae, is being threatened, experts say, not only by pollutants such as agricultural runoff, oil slicks, and trash, but also by dropped anchors, probing divers, and global warming.
(GWD-10-Q18) In analyzing campaign expenditures, the media have focused on the high costs and low ethics of campaign finance, but they have generally overlooked the cost of actually administering elections, which includes facilities, transport, printing, staffing, and technology.
(GWD-9-Q17) Unlike most other mergers in the utility industry, which have been driven by the need to save money and extend companies’ service areas, the merger of the nation’s leading gas company and leading electric company is intended to create a huge network for marketing the utilities in question as states open their utility markets to competition.
(GWD-13-1) Although she had been known as an effective legislator first in the Texas Senate and later in the United States House of Representatives, Barbara Jordan did not become a nationally recognized figure until 1974, when she participated in the hearings on the impeachment of President Richard Nixon, which were televised nationwide.
4.通过时态区别which的所指：
Like the government that came before it, which set new records for growth, the new government has made laissez-faire capitalism its cornerstone.
Stoneren关于which指代的一个观点：
OG10-114: From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage yet was so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids.
当which的潜在指代对象是一个独立的主语结构或独立的宾语结构时，且其指代对象的修饰成分比较简单，那么定语侧重于指代核心名词（在没有语法和逻辑问题的前提下）。作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:23
七、关于嵌入式关系分句
OG12-118. The world wildlife fund has declared that global warming, a phenomenon most scientsts agree to be caused by human begings in burning fossil fuels, will create havoc among migratory birds by altering the enviroment in ways harmful to their habitats.
a) A phenomenon most scientists agree to be caused by human beings in burning fossil fuels,
b) a phenomenon most scientists agree that is caused by fossil fuels burned by human beings,
c) a phenomenon that most scientists agree is caused by human beings' burning of fossil fuels
d) which most scientists agree on as phenomenon caused by human beings who burn fossil fuels,
e) which most scientsts agree to be a phenomenon caused by fossil fuels burned by human beings
查了很多贴（国内和国外），对C选项的解释都是半斤八两，看得我一头雾水！（为什么一个定语从句里有两个动词agree和is）
一个普遍的误读是：说most scientists agree 是插入语，虽然是没加逗号！（此解释绝对是误人子弟！！！）
今天我翻遍章振邦的《新编英语语法》（Topway上有下载），在1193—1395页赫然发现一个语法词条——嵌入式关系分句，详解如下：
“有一种关系分句（即定语从句），它既是先行项的后置修饰语（即定语），同时又是另外一个分句结构的宾语（即宾语从句）”此分句结构就被嵌入在定语从句中，即嵌入式关系分句。
该书举例：In his breast-pocket he had a patch of scarlet, which i suppose was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief.
注意两点：
1）从句which was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief 首先是 patch of scarlet的定语从句。
2）从句which（patch of scarlet） was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief 也是i suppose 的宾语从句，即I suppose （that）the patch of scarlet was the paper cap serving as a handkerchief 。
综上所述，但一个定语从句同时是另一个主谓结构的宾语从句是，就可以写为嵌入式关系分句。作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:23
八、比较-主语比较
1.对主谓宾全的句型主语比较
A do sth than B do.（AB为对等名词，加do是为了显示这是一个可以发出动作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比）。时态要据后定。There be 句型等同于一般的主谓宾俱全的句型。
主语若相同，可省，但助动词不能省。如：
As a result of the continuing decline in the birth rate, [fewer people] will enter the labor force [in the 1980’s] than (few people省略)did [in the 1960’s and 1970’s], a twenty-year period during which people born after the war swelled the ranks of workers.
1)主语比较： A do sth than B do.（AB为对等名词，加do是为了显示这是一个可以发出动作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比）
2)介宾比较 A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2.（C1C2，D1D2对等名词）
3)宾语比较 A do C1 than C2.(C1C2为对等名词）
4)状语比较 A do sth than usual/everbefore/people expected(直接加状语）
ETS就这几下子，原则就是清楚地指示什么跟什么比。
There be 句型等同于一般的主谓宾俱全的句型
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as there were four years ago(主语比较)
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as DVD player(宾语比较)
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as for school teachers.(介宾比较)
There is one PC for every 32 pupils in American four time as many as in china(介宾比较)
以上的纲领代入EST的OG几乎都成立，在我这次实战中也成立，但GWD中有一题是例外的，也就是说并没有放之四海而皆准的真理，清楚，简洁，合理才是ETS的最高宗旨。作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:24
2.对只有主谓（如果主语有定语成分，必须要that/those来指代），没有宾语的句子，因为没有宾语，只可能有主语比较，因而不需要重复do来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语，所以其比较形式如下：
I eat faster than you.注意与下句区别 I eat apple faster than you do 如果写成 I eat apple faster than you 按GMAC的理解，从语法上就变成我吃苹果比吃你快，成了宾语比较。逻辑上显然不通。
按照这个原理，对下一种句型只有主谓，没有宾语的句子，因为没有宾语，只可能有主语比较，因而不需要重复do来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语，所以其比较形式如下：
I eat faster than you.注意与下句区别
I eat apple faster than you do
如果写成 I eat apple faster than you 按ETS的理解，从语法上就变成我吃苹果比吃你快，成了宾语比较。逻辑上显然不通。
AS族的比较大同小异，as 可单独引导比较，也可以复合成as many as, as hard as 等形式，但ETS宗旨不变，如
Sand road costs twice as many to build as to manintain(类似于介宾比较）
Sand road costs twice as many to build as stone road do(主语比较,）
Sand road costs the govement twice as many to build as the residents.(宾语比较）
ETS考过AS比较的习惯用法（不受上述限制，如下）
AS poor as they are, they can ont afford a car.
They have 800million students, as many as have enrolled in our school.
(注意以上都是用逗号隔开的句子，AS在这里的作用更类似连词，连接一个主句和一个从句）
注意AS有时不表比较的如as you word hard, you will pass the exam.表原因了。
3.主系表结构的比较与主谓结构相同。如果时态不一致，则需补出助词，如：
The economy of Florida is more diversified than it was ten years ago作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:24
九、倍数表达法
1.twice的用法：
twice as many…as; twice as much…as;
twice + n.(可以是代词，比如that); twice + what从句;
（twice只能用在数量上的双倍，例如 twice as much as , 但是不可以用在其它形容词或是副词的翻倍，例如twice as rapidly as是错的。）
The farm has more than twice as many cows as it has pigs.: 农场有多于猪两倍多的牛的数量。Twice是修饰as it has pigs的，所以把as many as分开看，应该是as many + as. 前面的as many是
2.用动词表达倍数：
double/triple/quadruple/quintuple/sextuple ----》这些动词可以做形容词(double还能做adv, predeterminer)
sth. double sth.; sth. is doubled; sth. double(adj.);
几个永远错误的形式：
(1)produce double； a doubling of; produce a doubling
(2)as much as twice the apples(much与apples矛盾)（要改为twice as many apples as; sth. double sth.）
*：这几个动词可以用主动也可以用被动，但是不能和as搭配;（差不多记住这句话就可以）
3.…times(或数字) as + 形容词或副词+as;
4.sb. be + 百分数 + more likely (to do sth.) than to do sth.(前面的to do 能省，后面的不能省)
如：at least fifty percent less likely than those who are sedentary to die of a heart attack
5.表达倍数用“… times + more +adj.+than，… time as +adj.+than”都正确
6.三类表示倍数的形容词为：twofold, threefold, fourfold, tenfold等。
以twofold为例，其意思为two times as much or as many of something。该类词为形容词，多用于构成形容词＋名词的词组，如：a threefold increase in revenue，少用于比较两个事物之间的倍数关系。作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:24
章振邦语法中介绍的倍数表达法：
i. x times(twice) + the + n. (twice还能做determiner)
ii. x times adj. (比较形式) than
iii. x times as adj. as 注意里面的adj.要和前面的名词匹配
A do x times as adj. … x as B do
iv. x times + what 分句 (名词性从句相当于名词)
v. x-fold
vi. double, triple, quadruple, quintuple, sextuple作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:24
十、虚拟语气
1.虚拟条件句的四种形式：
But for N, S + should/would/cold/might + V / (have Vpp.) 若不是N, S应该….
= If it were not / (had not been) for N
= Were it not for N / (Had it not been for N)
= Without N（介词只有without可表虚拟语气）
2.虚拟语气的时态：
时间 从句谓语形式 主句谓语形式
将来 动词过去式(be用were)
should + 动词原形
were to + 动词原形
would / should / might / could + 动词原形
现在 动词过去式(be 用 were) would / should / might / could + 动词原形
过去 had +动词过去分词 would / should / might / could have + 动词过去分词
（From Manhattan）if a possessive pronoun PRECEDES a possessive noun, then the assumption is that it DOESN'T stand for that noun.
simple example: his mother talked with joe's father.
in this sentence, the implication is that someone else's mother - i.e., NOT joe's mother - talked to joe's father. if it were joe's mother, then the sentence would be written, much more naturally, as joe's mother talked with his father.作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:24
十一、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
1.限制性定语从句：
限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、修饰的作用，关系代词有that, which, whom, who, whose以及关系副词when, where等，没有明显的逗号把从句与主语分开，表达的意思为被修饰词的一个定语。
例句：
Do you know the professor who is speaking at the meeting?
Where is the book which I bought this morning?
2.非限制性定语从句：
作用相当于一种插入语或者对先行词的一种解释，和先行词之间只有比较松散的关系，文字中常常用逗号将其与主句分开，用法其实与限制性定语从句极为相似，只是不能用that做修饰词。
例句：
This letter is from his parents, who are working in Tibet.
Englishi is an important subject, which every students should study well.
The building, in front of which sat a boy, was a school.作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:25
十二、高级【倒装结构】大总结
1.完全倒装
(1)表语在句首要倒装
介词短语/分词短语/形容词短语+系动词+主语（主语与前面的动词主谓一致）
1)介词短语在句首
Among the people was a man named Brown. 在这些人中有一个叫布朗的人。
On the top of the hill stands an old temple. 这山顶上有一座庙。
From the valley came a frightening sound with some cries.
North of the city lies/is a new airport.
2)分词作表语
•过去分词（有时构成被动结构的过去分词）提前到句首，引起倒装
•构成进行时态的现在分词也可以提到前面来----张道真(正常语序看是进行时态)
Helping them raise their artistic level are various professorial organizations.
Visiting the Great Wall were 200 American college students.
Coinciding with the development of jazz in New Orleans in the 1920's was one of the greatest periods in blues music. (toefl原句）【coinciding with…显然不是动名词而是现在分词倒装】
•现在分词提前到句首引起倒装要和动名词作主语区别开来
•下面例句是动名词作主语：Teaching English is my job. / Visiting the Great wall is worthwhile.
(2)形容词短语放句首
Present at the meeting is our English teacher. (Present出席的，在场的)
Gone are the days when we had a good time at the mountain village. (Gone 离去的)
(3)为了保持句子平行或上下文的连接更紧密，也可以采用倒装.
They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.
•主语有过多修饰语亦可采用完全倒装
Noteworthy is the fact that he has talent for music.作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:25
2.部分倒装
(1)一些表示频率的副词(如many a time, often等)位于句首时 ,句子部分倒装.
Often did we go for walks together.
Many a time have I told him about it.
(2)用于“no sooner…than…, hardly…when…和not until等结构中”
No sooner had he arrived than someone called him.他一到就有人给他打电话
(3)用于省略if的虚拟条件状语从句(把were, had, should放在主语前构成倒装)
Were I you ( = If I were you ), I would not accept his present.
Had you ( = If you had ) studied hard, you might have passed the exam this time.
(4)用于“形容词/名词/动词+as (though)”引导的让步状语从句，例如：
•形容词：Pretty as she is（=As pretty as she is=though she is pretty）, she is not clever at all.
•动词：Try as he could, he might fail again.
•名词：Child as he was, he had to sell newspapers in the streets.
(5)否定副词（never, not…, seldom, hardly, neither, nor, scarcely, rarely, no longer, barely, little）
Barely did he have time to catch the bus.
Never have I been to Beijing.
(6)So / Such 引导的倒装句
So kind is she that she deserves all my respect.(全倒装)
So loudly did he speak that everyone could hear him.
(7)Only在句首强调状语
Only when the meeting is over can we know the decision.作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:25
十三、现在分词伴随状语的正反向考法
GMAT语法中常常考查前一个分句的整体对后面一个对象的作用结果，一般认可的正确答案是使用现在分词做伴随状语。另外还有一种应用情况是，两个动作同时发生。在平时的语法中，我们常常使用连词and来连接两个动作，可是在GMAT语法中常常使用伴随状语。老鱼在它的讲座里举的一个例子就是：
She is sitting on the tree and reading a book. (一般语法)
She is sitting on the tree, reading a book.(GMAT语法)
所以我们在以下两个情况下要使用伴随状语
(1)前一个分句的整体对后面某一个对象的作用
(2)两个同时发生的动作 ，补充主语的动作
1.正向考法
正向考法就是要你识别出前一个分句是从整体上对后一个分句的宾语发生作用。例如：
He scored 100, making him the best student.
这里的making动作的逻辑主语就是前一个分句的整体。既不是前分句的主语也不是前分句的宾语，所以只可以使用伴随状语。
2.反向考法
既然一个考点可以正向考，如果不反向也考一考就没有难度了。反向的考法是，当前一个分句本来没有对后一个分句的宾语造成任何作用，题目却不断地引诱你去这样做。例如：
He went into the classroom and sit on the chair.(逻辑上很合理，只有进了教室才可以坐在椅子上)
ETS的干扰选项：He went into the classroom, sitting on the chair.(逻辑上就很荒谬了，在进教室这个动作发生的时候，他一直坐在椅子上)
He scored 100 in the 1st test and scored 99 in the 2nd test.(逻辑上很合理)
ETS的干扰选项：He scored 100 in the 1st test, scoring 99 in the 2nd test.(逻辑上很荒谬，第一次考了100导致第二次考99)
来一个实际中的例子，新东方补充教材新版本204题：
Nuclear fusion is the force that powers the Sun, the stars, and hydrogen bombs, merging the nuclei of atoms and not splitting them apart, as in nuclear reactors.
(A)merging the nuclei of atoms and not splitting them apart, as in nuclear reactors
(B)merging the nuclei of atoms instead of splitting them apart, like nuclear reactors
(C)merging the nuclei of atoms rather than splitting them apart, as nuclear reactors do
(D)and merges the nuclei of atoms but does not split them apart, as is done in unclear reactors
(E)and merges the nuclei of atoms, unlike atomic reactors that split them apart
很明显，is这个动作和merge这个动作不可能是同时发生的，也不可能是前一个句子的整体导致后面动作的发生，所以使用merge就错了。大家可以注意到，ABC三个选项都在引诱你使用伴随状语，这就是ETS的险恶用心。所以答案必须在DE中筛选。答案是D。作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:25
十三、现在分词伴随状语的正反向考法
GMAT语法中常常考查前一个分句的整体对后面一个对象的作用结果，一般认可的正确答案是使用现在分词做伴随状语。另外还有一种应用情况是，两个动作同时发生。在平时的语法中，我们常常使用连词and来连接两个动作，可是在GMAT语法中常常使用伴随状语。老鱼在它的讲座里举的一个例子就是：
She is sitting on the tree and reading a book. (一般语法)
She is sitting on the tree, reading a book.(GMAT语法)
所以我们在以下两个情况下要使用伴随状语
(1)前一个分句的整体对后面某一个对象的作用
(2)两个同时发生的动作 ，补充主语的动作
1.正向考法
正向考法就是要你识别出前一个分句是从整体上对后一个分句的宾语发生作用。例如：
He scored 100, making him the best student.
这里的making动作的逻辑主语就是前一个分句的整体。既不是前分句的主语也不是前分句的宾语，所以只可以使用伴随状语。
2.反向考法
既然一个考点可以正向考，如果不反向也考一考就没有难度了。反向的考法是，当前一个分句本来没有对后一个分句的宾语造成任何作用，题目却不断地引诱你去这样做。例如：
He went into the classroom and sit on the chair.(逻辑上很合理，只有进了教室才可以坐在椅子上)
ETS的干扰选项：He went into the classroom, sitting on the chair.(逻辑上就很荒谬了，在进教室这个动作发生的时候，他一直坐在椅子上)
He scored 100 in the 1st test and scored 99 in the 2nd test.(逻辑上很合理)
ETS的干扰选项：He scored 100 in the 1st test, scoring 99 in the 2nd test.(逻辑上很荒谬，第一次考了100导致第二次考99)
来一个实际中的例子，新东方补充教材新版本204题：
Nuclear fusion is the force that powers the Sun, the stars, and hydrogen bombs, merging the nuclei of atoms and not splitting them apart, as in nuclear reactors.
(A)merging the nuclei of atoms and not splitting them apart, as in nuclear reactors
(B)merging the nuclei of atoms instead of splitting them apart, like nuclear reactors
(C)merging the nuclei of atoms rather than splitting them apart, as nuclear reactors do
(D)and merges the nuclei of atoms but does not split them apart, as is done in unclear reactors
(E)and merges the nuclei of atoms, unlike atomic reactors that split them apart
很明显，is这个动作和merge这个动作不可能是同时发生的，也不可能是前一个句子的整体导致后面动作的发生，所以使用merge就错了。大家可以注意到，ABC三个选项都在引诱你使用伴随状语，这就是ETS的险恶用心。所以答案必须在DE中筛选。答案是D。作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:25
十五、不定式做状语的含义
1.不定式常常作目的状语、原因状语、结果状语等。
2.不定式作状语时，要注意不定式的逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致。
3.不定式做定语的含义：
(1) 不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如：
The next train to arrive is from Washington.
Have you anything to be taken to your sister?
Do you have anything to say on the question?
Would you please give me some paper to write on?
My wish to visit France has come true at last.
(2) 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系：
1)表示将来的动作（例①）。
2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例④）。
与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍用主动语态（例③）；如只有动宾关系，而与句中其它词无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例②）作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:27
十六、目的状语从句和结果状语从句
1) so/such...that...表示结果，可以用在单一主谓结构中，也可以用在复杂主谓结构中，不用考虑逻辑主语。such 后一般不加抽象名词.
特别说明：so/such...as to...表示结果，用于单一主谓结构中，逻辑主语等于句子主语，即句子主语可以执行as to 后动词的动作。such后一般不加抽象名词.
2) so that状语从句: 从句中出现情态动词, so that表示目的；从句中没有出现情态动词，so that表示结果。such that状语从句；表示结果。so / such that 从句不用考虑逻辑主语. So that 不能修饰名词短语
Such...that such 后加被修饰的名次
特别说明：so as to 可以表示目的也可以表示结果，用于单一主谓结构中，逻辑主语等于句子主语，即句子主语可以执行as to后动词的动作。so as to 修饰动词
so...as的搭配只用在否定句中, So…as to 后一般不加被动语态作者: myice 时间: 2010-11-2 16:27
