原文搜索：chinamerica,(已确认)
GWD 26-Q14 to Q16
Although recent censure of corporate boards of directors as “passive” and “supine” may be excessive, those who criticize board performance have plenty of substantive ammunition. Too many corporate boards fail in their two crucial responsibilities of overseeing long-term company strategy and of selecting, evaluating, and determining appropriate compensation of top management. At times, despite disappointing corporate performance, compensation of chief executive officers reaches indefensibly high levels, nevertheless, suggestions that the government should legislate board reform are premature. There are ample opportunities for boards themselves to improve corporate performance.
Most corporate boards’ compensation committees focus primarily on peer-group comparisons. They are content if the pay of top executives approximates that of the executives of competing firms with comparable short-term earnings or even that of executives of competing firms of comparable size. However, mimicking the compensation policy of competitors for the sake of parity means neglecting the value of compensation as a means of stressing long-term performance. By tacitly detaching executive compensation policy from long-term performance, committees harm their companies and the economy as a whole. The committees must develop incentive compensation policies to emphasize long-term performance. For example a board’s compensation committee can, by carefully proportioning straight salary and such short-term and long-term incentives as stock options, encourage top management to pursue a responsible strategy.
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Q14
According to the passage, the majority of compensation committees put the greatest emphasis on which of the following when determining compensation for their executives?
A. Long-term corporate performance
B. The threat of government regulation
C. Salaries paid to executives of comparable corporations
D. The probable effect the determination will have on competitors
E. The probable effect the economic climate will have on the company
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Q15
The passage suggests which of the following about government legislation requiring that corporate boards undergo reform?
A. Such legislation is likely to discourage candidates from joining corporate boards.
B. Such legislation is likely to lead to reduced competition among companies.
C. The performance of individual companies would be affected by such legislation to a greater extent than would the economy as a whole.
D. Such legislation would duplicate initiatives already being made by corporate boards to improve their own performance.
E. Corporate boards themselves could act to make such legislation unnecessary.
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Q16
Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
A. A problem is acknowledged, the causes are explored, and a solution is offered.
B. A question is raised, opposing points of view are evaluated, and several alternative answers are discussed.
C. A means of dealing with a problem is proposed, and the manner in which a solution was reached is explained.
D. A plan of action is advanced, and the probable outcomes of that plan are discussed.
E. Two competing theories are described and then reconciled.作者: babyboy 时间: 2010-10-29 13:48
Despite the growing availability and acceptance of electronic payment instruments—such as credit cards, debit cards, and automated clearinghouse (ACH) payments—by far the most popular noncash payment instrument used in the United States is the paper check. In 1995, approximately 80 percent of all noncash transactions were made by check (Bank for International Settlements, forthcoming). Furthermore, although use of electronic instruments has grown in the past several years, check use has grown as well: between 1987 and 1993, the average annual number of payments per capita increased by 26 payments for electronic instruments, but by 31 payments for checks (Humphrey, Pulley, and Vesala, forthcoming). Clearly, individuals and businesses are not rapidly shifting away from checks to electronic instruments.
The popularity of checks persists even though checks cost society more to produce and process than do electronic instruments. According to standard economic theory, that may be a sign that the market for payment instruments is not working properly. In general, in an efficient market, when competing goods are available and one costs societymore, the prices of the goods will reflect the relative costs of the resources used to produce them, and the cheaper good will be substituted for the more expensive. In this way, society uses its resources to produce only the particular goods it wants in the particular amounts it wants. In other words, resources are used efficiently. When use does not shift to the cheaper good, either the goods are not close substitutes or the market has failed, and there is a potential role for a public authority to attempt to correct the failure.
Market failure is a commonly accepted view of what’s happened in the market for payment instruments. According to this view, the users of checks are the check writers. And for those individuals and businesses, the private cost, or price, of using checks has been distorted by the value of check float, or the time between the writing and clearing of a check. During that time, of course, the funds can earn interest for the check writer rather than for the check receiver. The size of this benefit is thought to have reduced the price of check use below the cost to society of producing and processing checks. Since individuals and businesses
don’t face that higher social cost, they continue to use checks despite the existence of other means of payment that are less costly to society. In short, checks are overused.作者: babyboy 时间: 2010-10-29 13:49
1.1.5 government regulation与crop出口量
V1 【by: nickshengmat】
阅读碰到一篇讲marketing的，第一段说什么研究purchase 比comsumer consumption重要，比如捆绑销售“buy one get one free”，如果消费者买了之后consumption quantity不增加，销售就会下降。
第2段讲了XXconvenience，比如说包装如果很方便拆开或者使用起来不需要做很多准备工作，大家就更加愿意购买。最后又说了但是不方便的包装有时候也会增加consumption,比如一大袋食物做一次很麻烦，消费者就会一次做很多省事。作者: babyboy 时间: 2010-10-29 13:50
一个说的是a wave of layoff in1993和二站后的layoff有什么不同，第一段给了个解释 说神马是由高科技引起的，导致工人效率的提高，所以layoff,第一段尾反驳了（有题），说科技是慢慢影响的，三十年什么的。第二段就提出了新理论，说由于为了labor cost 才是原因，说什么part time 的人,工资低，福利不好，还有就是layoff全职的人。最后又提到了二战德勤layoff后面忘了。
P1. Manufacturers and retailers usually consider gray marketing detrimental to their margin and profit, since gray markets snatch market share by offering lower prices.
P2 Under certain market conditions, gray marketing can benefit manufacturers and retailers. The favorable market condition is met when the customer base is distinctively segmented- i.e. the presence of a significant number of both price sensitive and price insensitive customers.
P3. In the presence of market segmentation, manufacturers and retailers can increase profits by charging higher prices to price insensitive customers while improving the quality of the service. This measure will most likely offset the loss of revenue from price sensitive customers.
考题：
1，问题里有一个是问根据这个研究, 对那些符合这些条件的市场应该采用怎样的策略, 我选了A, 分两种经销渠道, 一种是便宜实惠的吸引那些价格敏感的人, 另一种走高端路线吸引那些人傻钱多的.
2，What is the primary purpose of the article? To explain how gray marketing can benefit the profit and margin of manufacturers and retailers.
3，第2.3段的关系: 我选:E.第二段提出了GRAY MARKET 对商家有利的CONDITION.第3段解释怎样对商家有利
4，有个是逻辑的题目，问哪个可以削弱retailer revenue increase的结果。。
我选了个（1）越来越多顾客都变的price sensitive, and the trend will continue的选项。
（2）authorized retailer will stage a price war, because of the appearance of gray market。。。，and then the profit margin 就会下降了，
（3）讲为了提高服务，或增加广告投入因而增加了成本，导致PROFIT下降。
5，在Grey market中retailers可以怎样？关注他们该关注的客户群体，放弃Margin那部分客户群体。
6，细节题，grey marketing 起作用时应该是什么样一种情况? 定位于第二段作者: babyboy 时间: 2010-10-29 13:51
In her account of unmarried women’s experiences in colonial Philadelphia
, Wulf argues that educated young women, particularly Quakers, engaged in resistance to patriarchal marriage by exchanging poetry critical of marriage, copying verse into their commonplace books.Wulf suggests that this critique circulated beyond the daughters of the Quaker elite and middle class, whose commonplace books she mines, proposing that Quaker schools brought it to many poor female students of diverse backgrounds.
Here Wulf probably overstates Quaker schools’ impact.At least three years’ study would be necessary to achieve the literacy competence necessary to grapple with the material she analyzes. In 1765, the year Wulf uses to demonstrate the diversity of Philadelphia’s Quaker schools, 128 students enrolled in these schools.Refining Wulf’s numbers by the information she provides on religious affiliation, gender, and length of study, it appears that only about 17 poor non-Quaker girls were educated in Philadelphia
’s Quaker schools for three years or longer.While Wulf is correct that a critique of patriarchal marriage circulated broadly, Quaker schools probably cannot be credited with instilling these ideas in the lower classes.Popular literary satires on marriage had already landed on fertile ground in a multiethnic population that embodied a wide range of marital beliefs and practices.These ethnic- and class-based traditions themselves challenged the legitimacy of patriarchal marriage.作者: babyboy 时间: 2010-10-29 13:55
1.3.2 黑人奴隶自由
V1 【by: ruoruoiris】
一屏半。。。有点小长，但很好读。。。讲美国南北战争前黑人奴隶获取自由的。第一段简单介绍了一下，一些企业主和奴隶主对黑人的管制不是很紧之后，一些黑人奴隶就把自己平时赚到或者节省下来的food，产品之类拿到local market上去卖，然后赚到足够的钱来赎取自己的自由。
第二段说一些获得自由的黑人开始帮助那些还生活在水深火热里的黑人奴隶，举了个例子，成立了个啥组织，专门帮助黑人获取自由。（有题）有自由的黑人就通过几种方式帮助其他黑人：直接的经济资助、hiring their time、给travel in and out of cities的黑人提供shelter，还有一个方式。。。（sorry，我忘了。。。）（有题）。
考的基本是细节题：
1、那个组织成立为了说明啥？
2、获得自由的黑人帮助黑人奴隶除了以下的哪个方式：（except）
选项就是上面的，雇佣他们；经济上的资助；提供房子；在当地市场上买卖他们的产品；还有一个忘了，都是原文最后一句对应的，我选了在当地市场买卖他们的产品，能是文章中间提到的。
3、 主题：就是为了说明南北战争前获得自由的黑人通过一些方式帮助其他奴隶。
只记得大概内容是，在广告内对比自己产品和对手产品是否会使广告效果更好，说两个人W&F貌似，证明了有对比的广告效果更好。但是有研究显示有对比的广告只能影响一些方面（具体是啥我忘了……）然后后面做了一大堆研究……有很多很多的comparative, non-comparative，relative, not relative，看问题的时候一定要看清到底问了什么
V7
纲要: 全文只有一段, 45行左右. 脉络清晰, 朗朗上口.
A. K 提出一个观点说同其他竞争者比较的广告比较能达到效果, 陈述原因.
B. 有一个研究发现与k的观点不符. 根据实验提不提及竞争者这两种广告的差别几乎没有.
C. 作者开始批判这个研究而肯定k的观点. 指出实验之所以有这样的null的结果是因为他们所取的sample不对. Nonrelative 和relative的数据对postcommunication的作用不一样. 而上述研究因为只取了与结果一致的数据而早成了研究结果的局限性. 新的研究肯定了k的观点.
问题:
1. 主题: 对一个研究的品评
2. Nonrelative 和 relative 对 postcommunication 作用的区别: Specifically point out the reference
3. 为何研究的结果不对: 采样不完全
V8
首先提出一个观点： those ads which emphasize the difference between their competitive products are more sufficient than those which do not. 但是后来提出反对，原因有两点：1. the diffrence the ads presents are not recognized by the consumers. Even these differences are recognized by the consumers, the consumers already know these. 2. 对比实验有问题。 原先的实验是unrelative experiment. The attractiveness of the ads which show the difference and the ads which do not are equivalent. 但是更有效的实验应该是relative experiment. In this experiment, the consumer at first will show some preference of some products.
V2
讲advertising的effect，1P给出两个观点，不同学家对 advertising如何产生效果有不同的认识：一个认为advertising will be effective only if 它能对customer的demand stage产生影响;另一个认为对intermediate stage的影响同样会产生正面效果。2P是针对stage的hierarchical的划分进行详细描述。3道题，有主题题，我选了比较中性没有褒贬态度的discuss...的那个选项;剩下的想不起来了.
