第三段：
反对A的观点二（两个counterargument）：
counterargument①：fossil
论据：P时代人类主要靠collect植物什么的过活，化石没有反映出人类hunting，
反对-反对A的观点二-①：提出一句话：if hunting evidences are "small", then the collecting evidence are nonexistent.（注：比较法如果人类狩猎的证据很小，那么相对采集活动的证据就笑的可以忽略不计）
记得一篇阅读： 第一段： native species declines, 有人认为是因为nonnative species invade了，也有人认为是本地的一些环境改变，像污染之类的才是造成这个原因。这段作者没有给出他的point
第二段： 说2个研究的人说，如果是nonnative species造成的，那如果把nonnative species拿掉的话，native species 就不会减少了； 如果是本地环境变化造成的，那就算拿掉nonnative species 的话也会减少native species。 然后就分析了一个实验还是研究
V3 【by: wyolanda】
阅读关键字
habitat degradation causes change in an area's biodiversity, nonnative species作者: Golin 时间: 2010-10-27 15:32
2.1.4 lepidoptera★
A small number of the forest species of Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies, which exist as caterpillars during most of their life cycle) exhibit显示, 显出 regularly recurring pattern图形[谱, 表]of population growth and decline—such fluctuations in population are known as population cycles.
自然现象:毛毛虫都有自己的生命周期曲线，数量增减
Although many different variables influence population levels, a regular pattern such as a population cycle seems to imply a dominant, driving force. Identification of that driving force, however, has proved surprisingly elusive despite considerable research.
科学家想要找一个决定因素，但却很难
The common approach of studying causes of population cycles by measuring the mortality caused by different agents, such as predatory birds or parasites, has been unproductive in the case of Lepidoptera. Moreover, population ecologists’ attempts to alter cycles by changing the caterpillars’ habitat and by reducing caterpillar populations have not succeeded.
一般的变量因素都试过了：捕食鸟，寄生虫，栖息地都不是决定因素
In short, the evidence implies that these insect populations, if not self-regulating自动调节, may at least be regulated by an agent动因 more intimately密切地 connected with the insect than are predatory birds or parasites.
如果不是毛毛虫自我调节，就应该有他因了
Recent work suggests that this agent maybe a virus.
这个因素可能为病毒
For many years, viral disease had been reported in declining populations of caterpillars, but population ecologists had usually considered viral disease to have contributed to the decline once it was underway在进行中的 rather than to have initiated it.
传统观念虽然看到病毒这个因素，但只把它作为过程中变量，而不是起始时的变量
The recent work has been made possible by new techniques of molecular biology that allow viral DNA to be detected at low concentrations in the environment.
分子生物学的技术改进，此病毒的DNA在低浓度条件下也能被观察
（细节内容：生命循环机理） Nuclear polyhedrons viruses are hypothesized to be the driving force behind population cycles in Lepidoptera in part在某种程度上, 部分地 because the viruses themselves follow an infectious cycle in which, if protected from direct sun light, they may remain virulent for many years in the environment, embedded in durable crystals of polyhedron protein. Once ingested by a caterpillar, the crystals dissolve, releasing the virus to infect the insect’s cells. Late in the course of在…期间, 在…过程中the infection, millions of new virus particles are formed and enclosed in polyhedron crystals. These crystals reenter the environment after the insect dies and decomposes, thus becoming available to infect other caterpillars.
此病毒的生命循环和毛毛虫的生命循环是配合的（他有点像初中学的猪肉绦虫，在自然环境和寄主之间循环）
One of the attractions of this hypothesis is its broad applicability.
先小让步：此理论的广泛适用性还有待商榷
Remarkably, despite significant differences in habitat and behavior, many species of Lepidoptera have population cycles of similar length, between eight and eleven years. Nuclear polyhedrosis viral infection is one factor these disparate species share.
作者观点还是个人委婉支持的，病毒因素可能还是很重要的作者: Golin 时间: 2010-10-27 15:32
BACD题挺难
T-9-20:GWD-13-34:
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s conclusion in lines 25-30?
A. New research reveals that the number of species of birds and parasites that prey on Lepidoptera has dropped significantly in recent years.根本就无关
B. New experiments（ in which the habitats （of Lepidoptera） are altered in previously untried未曾尝试的 ways result in the shortening of Lepidoptera population cycles. 改变栖息地的实验导致毛毛虫生命周期缩短——>C—>B否，说明栖息地还是很重要的因素
C. Recent experiments have revealed that the nuclear polyhedrosis virus is present in a number of predators and parasites of Lepidoptera.支持，说明果然有很重要的它因——病毒
D. Differences among the habitats of Lepidoptera species make it difficult to assess the effects of weather on Lepidoptera population cycles.应该是作用不确定，栖息地改变，气候变化。但有两种结果：生命周期变动，削弱；生命周期不变，加强 所以此项无作用
E. Viral disease is typically observed in a large proportion of the Lepidoptera population.支持，说明它因——病毒的普遍性
T-9-21:GWD-13-35:
It can be inferred from the passage that the mortality caused by agents such as predatory birds or parasites was measured in an attempt to
A. develop an explanation for the existence of Lepidoptera population cycles想给解释，又否定
B. identify认出, 识别 behavioral factors in Lepidoptera that affect survival rates可能是此虫的自我行为，同D项，作者是确认没有self-regulating的
C. identify possible methods for controlling Lepidoptera population growth无相关内容支持
D. provide evidence that Lepidoptera populations are self-regulating与文意相反，排
E. determine the life stages of Lepidoptera at which mortality rates are highest 新信息，无相关内容支持
T-9-22:GWD-13-36:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. describe the development of new techniques that may help to determine the driving force behind population cycles in Lepidoptera部分内容
B. present evidence that refutes a particular theory about the driving force behind population cycles in Lepidoptera态度不对，作者支持病毒这个可能的主因的
C. present a hypothesis about the driving force behind population cycles in Lepidoptera
D. describe the fluctuating patterns of population cycles in Lepidoptera部分内容
E. question the idea that a single driving force is behind population cycles in Lepidoptera态度不对，作者支持病毒这个可能的主因的
T-9-23:GWD-13-37:
According to the passage, before the discovery of new techniques for detecting viral DNA, population ecologists believed that viral diseases
A. were not widely prevalent among insect populations generally无相关内容支持，文中只说旨在过程中重视，而不是在开端处重视
B. affected only the caterpillar life stage of Lepidoptera无相关内容支持，可能还有别的虫或动物啊，不能确定
C. were the driving force behind Lepidoptera population cycle 有研究，这些生态学家还没有重视和确定
D. attacked already declining caterpillar populations 对，确认此病毒有影响
E. infected birds and parasites that prey on various species of Lepidoptera无相关内容支持作者: Golin 时间: 2010-10-27 15:35
第三段：catastrophe灾难论新解释1——食物链
路人甲的观点：提出了一种假设，即陨石的撞击的确带来天气的变化影响食物链。导致大批恐龙灭绝。
论据：因为气候变暖导致海平面上升，导致陆生植物减少，使得恐龙灭亡。而small animals 和水里的动物群对陆地环境。依赖程度小而活了下来(animal in small form and freshwater creatures are less dependent on the terrestrial plant than are the animals on land.)（可能是小动物吃得少，水生动物吃水中的动植物，所以挺下来了）
反对路人甲观点及论据：化石显示显示此观点是错误——大型的动物比小型的动物存活的多，而且化石标本中发现某个地区的植物是最后才灭绝
第三段：catastrophe灾难论新解释1——食物链
路人甲的观点：提出了一种假设，即陨石的撞击的确带来天气的变化影响食物链。导致大批恐龙灭绝。
论据：因为气候变暖导致海平面上升，导致陆生植物减少，使得恐龙灭亡。而small animals 和水里的动物群对陆地环境。依赖程度小而活了下来(animal in small form and freshwater creatures are less dependent on the terrestrial plant than are the animals on land.)（可能是小动物吃得少，水生动物吃水中的动植物，所以挺下来了）
反对路人甲观点及论据：化石显示显示此观点是错误——大型的动物比小型的动物存活的多，而且化石标本中发现某个地区的植物是最后才灭绝
2.1.11 beetle 甲虫△三段，四分之三屏
beetle（甲虫）的化石可以用来判断过去1.5 Million year的气候变化。食肉beetle和食草beetle用作判断气候变化的标准时候的不同，主要是食肉beetle对气候变化的反应更加直接。用这个beetle怎样用诸实践——用beetle化石来判断气候变化作者: Golin 时间: 2010-10-27 15:39
2.2.Geography & Geology
2.2.1中国人测量喜马拉雅山 ★
In 1975 Chinese survey teams remeasured Mount Everest, the highest of the Himalayan mountains. Like the British in 1852, they used the age-old technique of “carrying in” sea level: surveyors marched inland from the coast for thousands of miles, stopping at increments of as little as a few feet to measure their elevation, and marking each increment with two poles.
英国人测量方法：步进法
To measure the difference in elevation between poles, surveyors used an optical level—a telescope on a level base—placed halfway between the poles.
测量工具：光学望眼镜
They sighted each pole, reading off measurements that were then used to calculate the change in elevation over each increment. In sight of the peaks the used theodolites telescopes for measuring vertical and horizontal angles—to determine the elevation of the summit.
测量过程：水平和垂直距离
The Chinese, however, made efforts to correct for the errors that had plagued the British.
中国人改进了测量方法，尽量消除可能的误差源
One source of error is refraction, the bending of light beams as they pass through air layers of different temperature and pressure. Because light traveling down from a summit passes through many such layers, a surveyor could sight a mirage rather than the peak itself.
误差一：光的折射率产生了幻像
To reduce refraction errors, the Chinese team carried in sea level to within five to twelve miles of Everest’s summit, decreasing the amount of air that light passed through on its way to their theodolites. The Chinese also launched weather balloons near their theodolites to measure atmospheric temperature and pressure changes to better estimate refraction errors.
改进方法一：减小步进量，气球测温度压力差
Another hurdle is the peak’s shape. When surveyors sight the summit, there is a risk they might not all measure the same point.
误差二：测得不是同一点
In 1975 the Chinese installed the first survey beacon on Everest, a red reflector visible through a theodolite for ten miles, as a reference point.
改进方法二：建立一个灯标，以后就测通一点了
One more source of error is the unevenness of sea level. The British assumed that carrying in sea level would extend an imaginary line from the shore along Earth’s curve to a point beneath the Himalaya. In reality, sea level varies according to the irregular interior of the planet.
误差三：海平面不平
The Chinese used a gravity meter to correct for local deviations in sea level.
改进方法三：使用重力计
Q32: It can be inferred from the passage that refraction would be most likely to cause errors in measurements of a mountain’s elevation under which of the following conditions?
A. When there are local variations in sea level
B. When light passes through humid air
C. When theodolites are used relatively far from the mountain peak.(由旧版答案D改为新版答案C)
长度一长，经过的路程长，空气层多，就有各种压力温度变化
D. When weather balloons indicate low air temperature and pressure.
E. When sea level has been carried in to within five to twelve miles of the summit.
------------------------------------------------------------------
Q33: Which of the following best describes the purpose of the sentence in lines 23-25 (“The Chinese…the British”)?
A. Introduce a definition无相关内容支持
B. Signal a transition in focus
C. Summarize the preceding paragraph总结也是总结第二段
D. Draw a contrast between two different theories.无相关内容支持
E. Present information that contradicts the preceding paragraph.态度太激进，只是说英国人测得还不完善
Q34: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a possible source of error in surveying mountain elevation?
A. Mirages
B. Refraction
C. Inaccurate instruments
D. Variations in sea level
E. Uncertainty about the exact point to be measured
---------------------------------------------------------------
Q35: The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. provide details about improvements to a process
B. challenge the assumptions underlying a new method态度太激进
C. criticize the way in which a failed project was carried out态度太激进
D. call for new methods to solve an existing problem只是在改进
E. explain the theory behind a new technique无相关内容支持
1主旨题 main purpose，我选的explain a scientific puzzle
2细节题 earthquake里面有考到第二段里说到的两种方法共同点是什么，我貌似选的内部change crystalline structure改变了
3 ？结构题 第二段是什么作用：我选的是提供exception例外of the theory mentioned in the first passage作者: Golin 时间: 2010-10-27 15:40
主题：引出机械钟+表述其精准性+精准性实验+继续描述精准性
第一段：
The Shortt肖特(姓氏) clock had two pendulums摆, 钟摆. The first, known as the master主人, swung freely in an evacuated抽空 case. Its only job was to synchronize 校准 the swing of the second pendulum, called the slave奴隶, which was housed in让(某人)居住在… a neighboring cabinet橱, 陈列柜. Every 30 seconds the slave sent an electrical signal to give a nudge用肘轻推 to the master. In return, via an elaborate electromechanical电动机械的,机电的,电机的 link, the master ensured that the slave never got out of避免,使说出 step.
肖特钟两个钟摆，一个真空环境的做校准用，一个正常摆，相互用电机协调
第二段
Shortt clocks were standard provision供应, 提供, 供给 in astronomical observatories天文台 of the 1920s and 1930s, and are credited with相信〔认为〕(某人)有(某种业绩、优点) keeping time to better than 2 milliseconds 毫秒a day. Many were on record as losing or gaining no more than 1 second a year – a stability of one part in 30 million. The first indications of seasonal variations季节性变动,季节性波动 in the Earth’s rotation旋转; 转动 were gleaned一点点地收集(资料、事实) by the use of Shortt clocks.
肖特钟还是很准的，人们还利用这个钟测出了日月引力对地环转速的影响
第三段：
In 1984 Pierre Boucheron carried out进行 a study of a Shortt clock which had survived in the basement of the US Naval海军的Observatory天文台; 气象台since 1932. Using the modern optical光学的, 光的 sensing equipment测定设备 instead of the electromechanical coupling连接器; (尤指列车等的)车钩, 挂钩, he measured its rate against the observatory’s atomic clocks for a month. He found that it was stable to 200 microseconds a day over this period, equivalent to two to three parts in a billion. What is more, the data also reveal that the clock was sensing感觉the distortion【无】(信号等的)失真;【物】(透镜成像产生的)畸变of the Earth due to tides from the Moon and the Sun.
PB的实验与原子钟进行比较，再次证明肖特钟误差极小，但地月的引力场还是对其准确度有影响
第四段：
主要讲日月引力怎么样对陆地也造成影响(好像没什么题)
考题：
1 What is truth about the first pendulum (in the first paragraph)?
基金主人选和真空有关的(我选了sealed so that no air can get in什么的)
2 What does this clock coincidentally巧合地 find?
我选了发现tide change作者: Golin 时间: 2010-10-27 15:48
第一段：
Yet the rubble-pile碎石, hypothesis is conceptually troublesome. The material strength物质力量 of an asteroid小行星 is nearly zero, and gravity is so low you are tempted to neglect that, too. What’s left? The truth is that neither strength nor gravity can be ignored. Paltry微小的; 不重要的 though it may be, gravity binds约束 a rubble pile together. And anyone who builds sand castles knows that even loose debris can cohere. Oft-ignored忽视 details of motion begin to matter要紧, 有关系: sliding friction滑动摩擦, chemical bonding, damping of kinetic energy, electrostatic attraction and so on. (In fact, charged particles带电粒子 from the sun can cause dust at the surface to levitate(使)升空, (使)漂浮.) We are just beginning to fathom理解…的真意, 搞懂, 弄清楚 the subtle细微的 interplay相互作用 of these minuscule forces.
第二段：
The size of an asteroid should determine which force dominates.
小行星的大小决定哪种力占优势
One indication指示, 象征 is the observed pattern of asteroidal rotation rates. Some collisions cause an asteroid to spin faster; others slow it down. If asteroids are monolithic rocks独块巨石 undergoing经历, 承受 random collisions, a graph曲线图 of their rotation rates should show a bell-shaped distribution with a statistical “tail” of very fast rotators.
独块巨石行星：大部分都集中在钟形分布速度中等的这一区域，少数（只有在尾巴 tail 会出现）过快或者过慢的
If nearly all asteroids are rubble piles碎石堆叠, however, this tail would be missing, because any rubble pile spinning faster than once every two or three hours (depending on its bulk density容积密度) would fly apart飞散,粉碎.
碎石堆叠行星：rubble（不是一整块而是很多碎片）的时候，这个转的很快的小尾巴会消失
Alan Harris of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., Petr Pravec of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic in Prague and their colleagues have discovered that all but几乎, 差不多 five observed asteroids obey a strict rotation limit. The exceptions are all smaller than about 150 meters in diameter, with an abrupt突然的cutoff停止for asteroids larger than about 200 meters.
科学家发现大部分小行星都遵守这样的旋转定律，只有少数例外
第三段：
The evident conclusion—that asteroids larger than 200 meters across are multicomponent多成分的,多组分的 structures or rubble piles—agrees with recent computer modeling of collisions, which also finds a transition过渡; 转变; 变迁 at that diameter.
科学家的猜想和计算机模拟结果不谋而合
A collision can blast炸, 炸掉 a large asteroid to bits, but those bits will usually be moving slower than their mutual 共同的, 共有的escape velocity逃逸速度 (which, as a rule of thumb凭感觉的方法; 单凭经验的方法, is about one meter per second, per kilometer of radius).
体积较大的行星（貌似是独块巨石行星）被撞后成为小片时，那些碎片的旋状速度慢于他自己的速度
Over several hours, gravity万有引力; 地心引力; 重力will reassemble重新组装all but the fastest pieces into a rubble pile.
形成的小碎片又再次聚拢成为碎石堆叠行星
Because collisions among asteroids are relatively frequent时常发生的, 常见的, most large bodies天体have already suffered this fate命运. Conversely相反地, 颠倒地, most small asteroids should be monolithic, because impact冲击(力), 碰撞fragments碎片; 片断easily escape their feeble虚弱的, 衰弱的 gravity万有引力; 地心引力; 重力.
许多大型星体都难逃相互撞击的命运。然而，大多数的行星应该为独块巨石行星，因为那些碎片很容易逃脱相互的引力（意思貌似是不是那么容易形成碎石堆叠行星）作者: Golin 时间: 2010-10-27 15:49
考题：
问"transition过渡; 转变; 变迁"指什么?原文是transition at the diameter, 看到diameter, 所以我选了C, Size。
