1.1.3 CEO★
第一段：
Although recent censure of corporate boards of directors as “passive” and “supine” may be excessive, those who criticize board performance have plenty of substantive ammunition.
现象：可能有些对董事会无所作为的职责有点过激，但批评者还是有许多批评方向的
Too many corporate boards fail in their two crucial responsibilities of overseeing long-term company strategy and of selecting, evaluating, and determining appropriate compensation of top management.
论据：董事会不能监督和矫正高级管理层薪酬制度
At times, despite disappointing corporate performance, compensation of chief executive officers reaches indefensibly high levels, nevertheless, suggestions that the government should legislate board reform are premature. There are ample opportunities for boards themselves to improve corporate performance.
观点：即使公司业绩不佳，高官的薪酬且没少。但这并不是说政府应该插手，有大量机会让董事会自我调整
第二段：
Most corporate boards’ compensation committees focus primarily on peer-group comparisons.
现象：大多数董事会成员只爱在同级别比较
They are content if the pay （of top executives）approximates接近 that （of the executives of competing firms with comparable short-term earnings ）or even that（ of executives of competing firms of comparable size）.
论据：如果他们拿的薪酬跟同级别，同样短期绩效目标的竞争对手的公司的高管差不多，他们就很心满意足了
However, mimicking the compensation policy of competitors for the sake of parity means neglecting the value of compensation as a means of stressing long-term performance.
作者观点：简单地寻求与竞争对手的高管平等的行为忽略了薪酬作为长期绩效的奖励手段这一功能
By tacitly detaching executive compensation policy from long-term performance, committees harm their companies and the economy as a whole.
延伸观点：薪酬制度和长期绩效评估分离最后还是会损害公司的总体利益的
The committees must develop incentive compensation policies to emphasize long-term performance.
作者建议措施：建立与长期绩效相关联的薪酬激励制度
For example a board’s compensation committee can, by carefully proportioning straight salary and such short-term and long-term incentives as stock options, encourage top management to pursue a responsible strategy.
论据：奖励高管股票，让他们的利益和公司联系到一块，逼着他们卖命，追求长期发展，因为公司不行，他们也血本无归了
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Q14
According to the passage, the majority of compensation committees put the greatest emphasis on which of the following when determining compensation for their executives? 二段开始
A. Long-term corporate performance
B. The threat of government regulation非本段内容
C. Salaries paid to executives of comparable corporations爱找同级别的比较，有点同义替换
D. The probable effect the determination will have on competitors
E. The probable effect the economic climate will have on the company未出现
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Q15
The passage suggests which of the following about government legislation requiring that corporate boards undergo经历, 承受reform?第一段末
A. Such legislation is likely to discourage candidates from joining corporate boards.没有相关内容支持
B. Such legislation is likely to lead to reduced competition among companies. 没有相关内容支持
C. The performance of individual companies would be affected by such legislation to a greater extent than would the economy as a whole.非就近内容，第二段内容
D. Such legislation would duplicate initiatives already being made by corporate boards to improve their own performance. 没有相关内容支持
E. Corporate boards themselves could act to make such legislation unnecessary. 同意替换premature,过早，不成熟那！
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Q16
Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
A. A problem is acknowledged, the causes are explored, and a solution is offered.提出-探讨-解决问题
B. A question is raised, opposing points of view are evaluated, and several alternative answers are discussed.
C. A means of dealing with a problem is proposed, and the manner in which a solution was reached is explained.
D. A plan of action is advanced, and the probable outcomes of that plan are discussed.
E. Two competing theories are described and then reconciled.作者: Golin 时间: 2010-10-27 15:20
1.1.8 Gray Market灰市,半黑市,半合法市场△两段话，3道题，挺简单
主题是销售中grey area不会影响到retail和manufacturer的利益
P1.
背景：（ gray market的定义）说游离与产品的分销渠道之外的一种市场。通常会通过另外渠道从制造厂商那里获取商品，然后以极低的价格销售。
Manufacturers and retailers（观点）： usually consider gray marketing detrimental有害的, 不利的to their margin and profit,
论据：since gray markets snatch抢; 夺; 攫取 market share by offering lower prices.（制造上认为会搅乱分销渠道，零售商认为会影响商品的价格水平并降低零售商利润）
P2
反对P1段的观点：Under certain market conditions, gray marketing can benefit manufacturers and retailers. （gray market在特定的条件下是有益处的）The favorable market condition is met when the customer base is distinctively区别地,特殊地segmented分段的-
论据：i.e. the presence of a significant number of both price sensitive and price insensitive customers. （绝大多数商品的顾客是价格非敏感）
P3.
作者观点：详细阐明为什么beneficial。谈到利于manufacture怎样，因此利于了retailers,再因此利于整个grey market.
In the presence of在面前market segmentation市场分割, manufacturers and retailers can increase profits by charging higher prices to price insensitive customers while improving the quality of the service. （零售商可以专心的服务于那些价格非敏感客户，提高服务水平）This measure will most likely offset抵消, 补偿the loss of revenue from price sensitive customers.
有些人看重价格因素，就会去灰色区购买，而有些人习惯在超市购买，自然也会继续自己的习惯。
题目：
1 推断题 如果gray market不存在，零售商如何处理可以达到gray market的效果， 我选可以开两个chain store, 一个关注于价格敏感客户，一个专注服务质量（我选的是区别定价，制定不同的销售链）（选分两种经销渠道, 一种是便宜实惠的吸引那些价格敏感的人, 另一种走高端路线吸引那些人傻钱多的）
2 主旨题 What is the primary purpose of the article? To explain how gray marketing can benefit the profit and margin of manufacturers and retailers.
3 结构题：第2.3段的关系: 我选:E.第二段提出了GRAY MARKET 对商家有利的CONDITION.第3段解释怎样对商家有利作者: Golin 时间: 2010-10-27 15:22
In her account of unmarried women’s experiences in colonial Philadelphia, Wulf argues that educated young women, particularly Quakers, engaged in resistance to patriarchal marriage by exchanging poetry critical of marriage, copying verse into their commonplace books.
Wulf观点：费城的工艺会的知识女性已经开始反抗包办婚姻了
论据：传播“反动”思潮的小诗
WUlf suggests that this critique circulated beyond the daughters of the Quaker elite and middle class, whose commonplace books she mines, proposing that Quaker schools brought it to many poor female students of diverse backgrounds.
过程：从上层阶级传到具有不同背景的下层阶级中
Here Wulf probably overstates Quaker schools’ impact.
作者观点（反对W观点）：W夸大公益会学校的作用
At least three years’ study would be necessary to achieve the literacy competence necessary to grapple with the material she analyzes.
洗脑或是熏陶是需要时间
In 1765, the year Wulf uses to demonstrate the diversity of Philadelphia’s Quaker schools, 128 students enrolled in these schools. Refining Wulf’s numbers by the information she provides on religious affiliation, gender, and length of study, it appears that only about 17 poor non-Quaker girls were educated in Philadelphia’s Quaker schools for three years or longer.
论据：128人中只有17个贫苦孩子在此地儿呆够了时间，所以想给他们灌输进步思想不现实
While Wulf is correct that a critique of patriarchal marriage circulated broadly, Quaker schools probably cannot be credited with instilling these ideas in the lower classes. Popular literary satires （on marriage） had already landed on fertile ground (in a multiethnic population( that embodied a wide range of marital beliefs and practices)). These ethnic- and class-based traditions themselves challenged the legitimacy of patriarchal marriage.
作者观点：真正的原因估计是当时多种族和阶层传统挑战了包办婚姻作者: Golin 时间: 2010-10-27 15:23
第二段
说一些获得自由的黑人开始帮助那些还生活在水深火热里的黑人奴隶，举了个例子，成立了个啥组织，专门帮助黑人获取自由。有自由的黑人就通过几种方式帮助其他黑人：直接的经济资助、hiring their time、给travel in and out of cities的黑人提供shelter，还有一个方式。。。作者: Golin 时间: 2010-10-27 15:24
1.4Art & Culture
1.4.1广告 △两段(短),考了3题
第一段:
议题：比较了两种类型的广告comparative advertisements and uncomparative advertisements 效果
K观点说:competitive类的广告(即在广告诉求中说我的产品比竞争对手的产品怎么怎么好)比noncompetitive类的广告更好（those ads which emphasize the difference between their competitive products are more sufficient than those which do not）。
研究观点（反对K的观点）：一个研究发现与k的观点不符，根据实验提不提及竞争者这两种广告的差别几乎没有。
论据（解释原因两点）： 1. 比较的讯息是消费者认为不重要或是比较的讯息是消费者虽认为重要却是消费者已知的（the diffrence the ads presents are not recognized by the consumers. Even these differences are recognized by the consumers, the consumers already know these）. 2. 对比实验（measure的方法）有问题
