V1 bySharonluo33
p1: what is the conventional wisdom.
p2:whether the aim should be focused on the small things.many small companies have done so to win a good share of market
p3: whether big companies should do the same
V2 by myclover（730）
简单，讲的是国内的竞争是否有利于企业参与国际竞争。
第一段：传统观点是说国内竞争不利于企业参与国际竞争，因为国内竞争容易造成国内企业互相战斗损耗实力。所以有人建议国家应该整合企业让其具有垄断优势，再去国际市场竞争。
第二段：但研究发现，这种国家大型企业反而并没有优势。相反，国内竞争是对企业有好处的，因为更容易筛选出优质的企业，而且由于国内企业面临的环境相似，不会有一个企业因为在劳动力便宜的国家而占优势(有出题点)，因此更能公平决出更优秀的企业来。
有主旨题，我选的”反驳一个传统的观点“
V3 by 恶意(M50V31 680)
公司的国内国际竞争到底好不好：（此篇非常容易，估计看见了就是掉进低分库了。。。我第一篇就是这个，看完心凉了都）
第一段：老观点说国家应该对大公司进行庇护，让他们不要因为国内竞争而内耗，从而能更专注地在国外竞争，为国家赚外汇从而牟利。任何竞争，国家都应该尽量调节。
第二段：反驳，说老观点错了。对这些公司的庇护等于溺爱。真正的强者应该是在国内竞争中脱颖而出的，经过国内市场历练，没有外国便宜劳动力影响的企业。这些企业若能在国内胜出，那么称霸国际也指日可待。
GWD 26-Q14 to Q16
Although recent censure of corporate boards of directors as “passive” and “supine” may be excessive, those who criticize board performance have plenty of substantive ammunition. Too many corporate boards fail in their two crucial responsibilities of overseeing long-term company strategy and of selecting, evaluating, and determining appropriate compensation of top management. At times, despite disappointing corporate performance, compensation of chief executive officers reaches indefensibly high levels, nevertheless, suggestions that the government should legislate board reform are premature. There are ample opportunities for boards themselves to improve corporate performance.
Most corporate boards’ compensation committees focus primarily on peer-group comparisons. They are content if the pay of top executives approximates that of the executives of competing firms with comparable short-term earnings or even that of executives of competing firms of comparable size. However, mimicking the compensation policy of competitors for the sake of parity means neglecting the value of compensation as a means of stressing long-term performance. By tacitly detaching executive compensation policy from long-term performance, committees harm their companies and the economy as a whole. The committees must develop incentive compensation policies to emphasize long-term performance. For example a board’s compensation committee can, by carefully proportioning straight salary and such short-term and long-term incentives as stock options, encourage top management to pursue a responsible strategy.
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Q14
According to the passage, the majority of compensation committees put the greatest emphasis on which of the following when determining compensation for their executives?
A. Long-term corporate performance
B. The threat of government regulation
C. Salaries paid to executives of comparable corporations
D. The probable effect the determination will have on competitors
E. The probable effect the economic climate will have on the company
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Q15
The passage suggests which of the following about government legislation requiring that corporate boards undergo reform?
A. Such legislation is likely to discourage candidates from joining corporate boards.
B. Such legislation is likely to lead to reduced competition among companies.
C. The performance of individual companies would be affected by such legislation to a greater extent than would the economy as a whole.
D. Such legislation would duplicate initiatives already being made by corporate boards to improve their own performance.
E. Corporate boards themselves could act to make such legislation unnecessary.
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Q16
Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
A. A problem is acknowledged, the causes are explored, and a solution is offered.
B. A question is raised, opposing points of view are evaluated, and several alternative answers are discussed.
C. A means of dealing with a problem is proposed, and the manner in which a solution was reached is explained.
D. A plan of action is advanced, and the probable outcomes of that plan are discussed.
E. Two competing theories are described and then reconciled.作者: babyboy 时间: 2010-10-25 14:34
In her account of unmarried women’s experiences in colonial Philadelphia
, Wulf argues that educated young women, particularly Quakers, engaged in resistance to patriarchal marriage by exchanging poetry critical of marriage, copying verse into their commonplace books.Wulf suggests that this critique circulated beyond the daughters of the Quaker elite and middle class, whose commonplace books she mines, proposing that Quaker schools brought it to many poor female students of diverse backgrounds.
Here Wulf probably overstates Quaker schools’ impact.At least three years’ study would be necessary to achieve the literacy competence necessary to grapple with the material she analyzes. In 1765, the year Wulf uses to demonstrate the diversity of Philadelphia’s Quaker schools, 128 students enrolled in these schools.Refining Wulf’s numbers by the information she provides on religious affiliation, gender, and length of study, it appears that only about 17 poor non-Quaker girls were educated in Philadelphia
’s Quaker schools for three years or longer.While Wulf is correct that a critique of patriarchal marriage circulated broadly, Quaker schools probably cannot be credited with instilling these ideas in the lower classes.Popular literary satires on marriage had already landed on fertile ground in a multiethnic population that embodied a wide range of marital beliefs and practices.These ethnic- and class-based traditions themselves challenged the legitimacy of patriarchal marriage.作者: babyboy 时间: 2010-10-25 14:36
1.3.2 黑人奴隶自由
V1 【by: ruoruoiris】
一屏半。。。有点小长，但很好读。。。讲美国南北战争前黑人奴隶获取自由的。第一段简单介绍了一下，一些企业主和奴隶主对黑人的管制不是很紧之后，一些黑人奴隶就把自己平时赚到或者节省下来的food，产品之类拿到local market上去卖，然后赚到足够的钱来赎取自己的自由。
第二段说一些获得自由的黑人开始帮助那些还生活在水深火热里的黑人奴隶，举了个例子，成立了个啥组织，专门帮助黑人获取自由。（有题）有自由的黑人就通过几种方式帮助其他黑人：直接的经济资助、hiring their time、给travel in and out of cities的黑人提供shelter，还有一个方式。。。（sorry，我忘了。。。）（有题）。
考的基本是细节题：
1、那个组织成立为了说明啥？
2、获得自由的黑人帮助黑人奴隶除了以下的哪个方式：（except）
选项就是上面的，雇佣他们；经济上的资助；提供房子；在当地市场上买卖他们的产品；还有一个忘了，都是原文最后一句对应的，我选了在当地市场买卖他们的产品，能是文章中间提到的。
3、 主题：就是为了说明南北战争前获得自由的黑人通过一些方式帮助其他奴隶。作者: babyboy 时间: 2010-10-25 14:37
1.4Art & Culture
1.4.1广告 △
V1 【by:arieslee0410】
只记得大概内容是，在广告内对比自己产品和对手产品是否会使广告效果更好，说两个人W&F貌似，证明了有对比的广告效果更好。但是有研究显示有对比的广告只能影响一些方面（具体是啥我忘了……）然后后面做了一大堆研究……有很多很多的comparative, non-comparative，relative, not relative，看问题的时候一定要看清到底问了什么
V7
纲要: 全文只有一段, 45行左右. 脉络清晰, 朗朗上口.
A. K 提出一个观点说同其他竞争者比较的广告比较能达到效果, 陈述原因.
B. 有一个研究发现与k的观点不符. 根据实验提不提及竞争者这两种广告的差别几乎没有.
C. 作者开始批判这个研究而肯定k的观点. 指出实验之所以有这样的null的结果是因为他们所取的sample不对. Nonrelative 和relative的数据对postcommunication的作用不一样. 而上述研究因为只取了与结果一致的数据而早成了研究结果的局限性. 新的研究肯定了k的观点.
问题:
1. 主题: 对一个研究的品评
2. Nonrelative 和 relative 对 postcommunication 作用的区别: Specifically point out the reference
3. 为何研究的结果不对: 采样不完全
V8
首先提出一个观点： those ads which emphasize the difference between their competitive products are more sufficient than those which do not. 但是后来提出反对，原因有两点：1. the diffrence the ads presents are not recognized by the consumers. Even these differences are recognized by the consumers, the consumers already know these. 2. 对比实验有问题。 原先的实验是unrelative experiment. The attractiveness of the ads which show the difference and the ads which do not are equivalent. 但是更有效的实验应该是relative experiment. In this experiment, the consumer at first will show some preference of some products.
v2
还有个阅读，讲M动物在P时代灭绝。跟JJ一样。很简单。题目基本都忘记了。但是大家都应该能把这阅读的题都作对。
问题：1.问「 If hunting evidence are small, then the collecting evidence is nonexistent.」这句话被作者拿来做什么用?
我选「不能用来作为反驳「人类活动造成m动物灭绝」这个理论的理由」
2.问作者对第二个counterargument(即人类狩猎技术不够好)的反驳暗指下列哪件事?
我选「更新世动物的防御能力较现存动物低」
＃第二个counterargument是说古时候人类狩猎技巧不高明，所以应该很难将ｍ动物的灭绝归因于人类。但是作者驳斥说，并不需要高超的狩猎用具（用于捕捉现在的大型动物，如大象）就可以捕捉到m动物，因为ｍ动物的防御能力并不如现在的大象等，所以自然也不需要高超的狩猎工具。
V5
史前（P开头的那个单词）大动物（M开头单词）灭绝理论 Quaternary extinction event
（1）P时期大动物灭绝很快，最早在亚非，接着到澳洲和美洲（都有具体年份说明的，比如15000年前），好奇怪。为什么呢？学者A说是因为人类活动。因为这些时间都对应着相应地区的人类频繁活动。为了进一步说明，A还说一：灭绝的都是那种又大又笨的，容易被人抓到，二：亚非的大动物灭绝的不如澳美的 drastically，是因为人类是突然到澳美洲的，大动物都来不及反应。（有题问道亚非动物灭绝的为什么比澳美缓慢）
（2）顺承上文，继续支持A（没有问道问题，没记得很多）不过有说道，历史上如果由CLIMATE造成的物种灭绝都是更大范围，而且大物种，小物种一起灭绝的，但这个P时段的灭绝只涉及大物种，所以还是认为还是人类干涉而不是气候。
（3）但是这个解释又两个counterargument，(但最后还是被作者反对掉了，说明作者是支持A的）counterargument一：根据fossil，P时代人类主要靠collect植物什么的过活，化石没有反映出人类hunting，作者反对，提出一句话：if hunting evidences are "small", then the collecting evidence are nonexistent. (这句话有考题，但有点忘了）；counterargument二：在那个时代人类捕猎水平不够，根本不可能造成那么多物种灭绝，说道要用rifle之类的才能造成，另外还说到，大动物如果被捕猎死的话，死相会有挣扎的痕迹，但是没有。最后作者还是把这个反对了下（没仔细看了）。720 （M50 V37）
相关文章， 背景知识
Pleistocene megafauna 更新世动物
In broad usage, the Holocene extinction event includes the notable disappearance of large mammals, known as megafauna, by the end of the last glacial period 9,000 to 13,000 years ago. Such disappearances have been considered as either a response to climate change, a result of the proliferation of modern humans, or both. These extinctions, occurring near the Pleistocene–Holocene boundary, are sometimes referred to as the Quaternary extinction event or Ice Age extinction event. However the Holocene extinction event continues through the events of the past several millennia and includes the present time.
These species appear to have died off as humans expanded out of Africa and Eurasia, the only continents that still retain a diversity of megafauna comparable to what was lost. Three theories have been given for these extinctions: hunting by the spreading humans, climatic change, and spreading disease. A combination of those explanations is also possible.
Human Hunting
This hypothesis was proposed 40 years ago by Paul S. Martin。This theory holds Pleistocene humans responsible for the megafaunal extinction. One variant, often referred to as overkill, portrays humans as hunting the megafauna to extinction within a relatively short period of time. Some of the direct evidence for this includes: fossils of megafauna found in conjunction with human remains, embedded arrows and tool cut marks found in megafaunal bones, and cave paintings that depict such hunting. Biogeographical evidence is also suggestive; the areas of the world where humans evolved currently have more of their Pleistocene megafaunal diversity (the elephants and rhinos of Asia and Africa) compared to other areas such as Australia, the Americas, Madagascar and New Zealand, areas where early humans were non-existent. Based on this evidence, a picture arises of the megafauna of Asia and Africa evolving with humans, learning to be wary of them, and in other parts of the world the wildlife appearing ecologically naive and easier to hunt. This is particularly true of island fauna, which display a dangerous lack of fear of humans.
The most convincing evidence of his theory is that 80% of the North American large mammal species disappeared within 1000 years of the arrival of humans on the Western Hemisphere continents. World wide extinctions seem to follow the migration of humans and to be most severe where humans arrived most recently and least severe where humans were originally – Africa (see figure at right). This suggests that in Africa, where humans evolved, prey animals and human hunting ability evolved together, so the animals evolved avoidance techniques. As humans migrated throughout the world and became more and more proficient at hunting, they encountered animals that had evolved without the presence of humans. Lacking the fear of humans that African animals had developed, animals outside of Africa were easy prey for human hunting techniques. It also suggests that this is independent of climate change
Circumstantially, the close correlation in time between the appearance of humans in an area and extinction there provides weight to this theory. This is perhaps the strongest evidence, as it is almost impossible that it could be coincidental when science has so many data points. For example, the woolly mammoth survived on islands despite worsening climatic conditions for thousands of years after the end of the last glaciation, but they died out when humans arrived around 1700 BC. The megafaunal extinctions covered a vast period of time and highly variable climatic situations. The earliest extinctions in Australia were complete approximately 30,000 BP, well before the last glacial maximum and before rises in temperature. The most recent extinction in New Zealand was complete no earlier than 500 BP and during a period of cooling. In between these extremes megafaunal extinctions have occurred progressively in such places as North America, South America and Madagascar with no climatic commonality. The only common factor that can be ascertained is the arrival of humans.
Climate Change
The size of a short faced bear compared with a human.An alternative explanation offered by many scientists is that the extinctions were caused by climatic change following the last Ice Age. Critics object that since there were multiple Ice Ages in the evolutionary history of many of the megafauna, it is rather implausible that only after the last glacial would there be such extinctions.
Some evidence weighs against this theory as applied to Australia. It has been shown that the prevailing climate at the time of extinction (40,000–50,000 BP) was similar to that of today, and that the extinct animals were strongly adapted to an arid climate. The evidence indicates that all of the extinctions took place in the same short time period, which was the time when humans entered the landscape. The main mechanism for extinction was likely fire (started by humans) in a then much less fire-adapted landscape. Isotopic evidence shows sudden changes in the diet of surviving species, which could correspond to the stress they experienced before extinction.作者: babyboy 时间: 2010-10-25 14:45
2.1.3 native species declines
V1 【by: 优里西斯】
记得一篇阅读： 第一段： native species declines, 有人认为是因为nonnative species invade了，也有人认为是本地的一些环境改变，像污染之类的才是造成这个原因。这段作者没有给出他的point
第二段： 说2个研究的人说，如果是nonnative species造成的，那如果把nonnative species拿掉的话，native species 就不会减少了； 如果是本地环境变化造成的，那就算拿掉nonnative species 的话也会减少native species。 然后就分析了一个实验还是研究
2.1.4 lepidoptera★更改答案（10/24日晚11点修改）
V1 【by: lamandel】
有一整篇gwd原题，四道题原封不动，确认（T-9-Q20-Q23：GWD-13-34~37）
新版答案为 BACD
原文搜索【by: XYXB】
A smallnumber of the forest species of lepidoptera (moths and butterflies, which existas caterpillars during most of their life cycle) exhibit regularly recurringpatterns of population growth and decline—such fluctuations in population areknown as population cycles. Althoughmany different variables influence population levels, a regular pattern such asa population cycle seems to imply a dominant, driving force. Identification of that driving force,however, has proved surprisingly elusive despite considerable research. The commonapproach of studying causes of population cycles by measuring the mortalitycaused by different agents, such as predatory birds or parasites, has beenunproductive in the case of lepidoptera. Moreover, population ecologists’ attempts to alter cycles by changingthe caterpillars’ habitat and by reducing caterpillar populations have notsucceeded. In short, theevidence implies that these insect populations, if not self-regulating, may atleast be regulated by an agent more intimately connected with the insect thanare predatory birds or parasites.
Recent work suggests that this agent maybe a virus. For many years, viraldisease had been reported in declining populations of caterpillars, butpopulation ecologists had usually considered viral disease to have contributedto the decline once it was underway rather than to have initiated it. Therecent work has been made possible by new techniques of molecular biology thatallow viral DNA to be detected at low concentrations in the environment. Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses are hypothesizedto be the driving force behind population cycles in lepidoptera in part becausethe viruses themselves follow an infectious cycle in which, if protected from directsun light, they may remain virulent for many years in the environment, embeddedin durable crystals of polyhedrin protein. Once ingested by a caterpillar, thecrystals dissolve, releasing the virus to infect the insect’s cells. Late inthe course of the infection, millions of new virus particles are formed andenclosed in polyhedron crystals. These crystals reenter the environment afterthe insect dies and decomposes, thus becoming available to infect othercaterpillars.
One of theattractions of this hypothesis is its broad applicability. Remarkably, despitesignificant differences in habitat and behavior, many species of lepidopterahave population cycles of similar length, between eight and eleven years. Nuclear polyhedrosis viral infection is onefactor these disparate species share.
T-9-20:GWD-13-34:
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken theauthor’s conclusion in lines 25-30?
A.New research reveals that the number ofspecies of birds and parasites that prey on lepidoptera has droppedsignificantly in recent years.
B.New experiments in which the habitats oflepidoptera are altered in previously untried ways result in the shortening oflepidoptera population cycles.
C.Recent experiments have revealed that thenuclear polyhedrosis virus is present in a number of predators and parasites oflepidoptera.
D.Differences among the habitats oflepidoptera species make it difficult to assess the effects of weather onlepidoptera population cycles.
E. Viral disease is typicallyobserved in a large proportion of the lepidoptera population.
T-9-21:GWD-13-35:
It can be inferred from the passage that the mortalitycaused by agents such as predatory birds or parasites was measured in anattempt to
A.develop an explanation for the existence oflepidoptera population cycles
B.identify behavioral factors in lepidopterathat affect survival rates
C.identify possible methods for controllinglepidoptera population growth
D.provide evidence that lepidopterapopulations are self-regulating
E. determine the life stagesof lepidoptera at which mortality rates are highest
T-9-22:GWD-13-36:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A.describe the development of new techniquesthat may help to determine the driving force behind population cycles in Lepidoptera
B. present evidence thatrefutes a particular theory about the driving force behind population cycles inLepidoptera
C.present a hypothesis about the driving forcebehind population cycles in Lepidoptera
D.describe the fluctuating patterns ofpopulation cycles in Lepidoptera
E. question the idea that asingle driving force is behind population cycles in Lepidoptera
T-9-23:GWD-13-37:
According to the passage, before the discovery of newtechniques for detecting viral DNA, population ecologists believed that viraldiseases
A.were not widely prevalent among insectpopulations generally
B.affected only the caterpillar life stage oflepidoptera
C.were the driving force behind lepidopterapopulation cycles
D.attacked already declining caterpillarpopulations
E. infected birds andparasites that prey on various species of lepidoptera作者: babyboy 时间: 2010-10-25 14:46
V20
就是陨石撞地球的影响。讲了温度变化，nature in the extinction，crisis in the plant kingdom，dust...
第一段:星体撞地球的影响很难估计.一个人提出了Ca(这个单词开头)的理论,650 million年前的生物灭绝是climate change影响的.(应该是catastrophe理论)
第二段:反驳temperature影响.举例:有些对温度敏感的化石没有表现出任何的变化.最后说了croconile(单词不准确)这个东西 (莫非是crocodile?)
(1.2段专门有个时期叫"cath开头的",一道题好象考到第一段和第二段都提到这个时期有什么作用) (莫非是Cretaceous 白垩纪?)
第三段:提出另一种理论.恐龙在好久的时候灭绝,但是animal in small form and freshwater生物 are less dependent on the terrestrial plant than are the animals on land. (这里有infer题).又说这些是由生物链的某一环节引起的,而这个环节就是最初一链:plant的减少: Crisis in the plant kingdom.
第四段:提出新理论,说是星体在撞击地球进入大气层的时候,产生的dust引起的.
3)好像有2个题都是关于谁更受食物链或气候的影响，有terrestrial plant, terrestrial animal, freshwater plant and animal
V22
总共有四题。
1 primary purpose of the first two paragraph
第一段提到了C提论，但质疑
第二段是说C理论has some difficulties in explaining the dinosaur extinction at the end of C世纪
这个就是答案，我觉得
2.作者对C理论的看法，我觉得这点有点tricky,希望朋友们注意下哦
作者是说C理论have some difficulties in explaining,但注意，作者在最后一段提到了impact hypotheses,说C理论虽然有弊端，但还是能说明了the survival of reptile animals,即selective survival. 所以选答案时，注意不是对C理论的全盘否定，要结合开头第一段和最后一段作答。
3.就是陆生动物比水生动物受到的影响大
4，还有一题，是问第三段的small animals, 因为恐龙是large terrestrial animals,而这一段提出了是plant crisis 导致了dinosaur的灭亡，问题是关于small animals 和dinosaur的比较的。选的是small animals are less dependent on ..(好像是食物吧)
V1 【by: arieslee0410】
关于中国人测量喜马拉雅山
做到了GWD的原题
我做的是TN24套的本版，Q32-35，一模一样！！连题也一样！31套的话应该是GWD27，题号一样
In 1975 Chinese survey teams remeasured Mount Everest, the highest of the Himalayan mountains. Like the Britishin 1852, they used the age-old technique of “carrying in” sea level: surveyorsmarched inland from the coast for thousands of miles, stopping at increments ofas little as a few feet to measure their elevation, and marking each incrementwith two poles. To measure the difference in elevation between poles, surveyorsused an optical level—a telescope on a level base—placed halfway between thepoles. They sighted each pole, reading off measurements that were then used tocalculate the change in elevation over each increment. In sight of the peaksthe used theodolites telescopes for measuring vertical and horizontal angles—todetermine the elevation of the summit.
TheChinese, however, made efforts to correct for the errors that had plagued theBritish. One source of error is refraction, the bendingof light beams as they pass through air layers of different temperature andpressure. Because light traveling down from a summit passes through many suchlayers, a surveyor could sight a mirage rather than the peak itself. To reducerefraction errors, the Chinese team carried in sea level to within five totwelve miles of Everest’s summit, decreasing the amount of air that lightpassed through on its way to their theodolites. The Chinese also launchedweather balloons near their theodolites to measure atmospheric temperature andpressure changes to better estimate refraction errors. Another hurdle is thepeak’s shape. When surveyors sight the summit, there is a risk they might notall measure the same point. In 1975 the Chinese installed the first surveybeacon on Everest, a red reflector visible through a theodolite for ten miles,as a reference point. One more source of error is the unevenness of sea level.The British assumed that carrying in sea level would extend an imaginary linefrom the shore along Earth’s curve to a point beneath the Himalaya.In reality, sea level varies according to the irregular interior of the planet.The Chinese used a gravity meter to correct for local deviations in sea level.
Q32: It can be inferred from the passage that refraction would be most likely to cause errors in measurements of a mountain’s elevation under which of the following conditions?
A. When there are local variations in sea level
B. When light passes through humid air
C. When theodolites are used relatively far from the mountain peak.(由旧版答案D改为新版答案C)
D. When weather balloons indicate low air temperature and pressure.
E. When sea level has been carried in to within five to twelve miles of the summit.
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Q33: Which of the following best describes the purpose of the sentence in lines 23-25 (“The Chinese…the British”)?
A. Introduce a definition
B. Signal a transition in focus
C. Summarize the p‘，receding paragraph
D. Draw a contrast between two different theories.
E. Present information that contradicts the preceding paragraph.
Q34: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a possible source of error in surveying mountain elevation?
A. Mirages
B. Refraction
C. Inaccurate instruments
D. Variations in sea level
E. Uncertainty about the exact point to be measured
---------------------------------------------------------------
Q35: The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. provide details about improvements to a process
B. challenge the assumptions underlying a new method
C. criticize the way in which a failed project was carried out
D. call for new methods to solve an existing problem
E. explain the theory behind a new technique
官方答案是CBCA作者: babyboy 时间: 2010-10-25 14:54
2.2.2 地震 △
V1 【by: lewisray820 690】
说地震的，就2段。 第一段，说传统中广大淫民认为地震发生在浅层靠近地幔30mile的地方，然后具体说了下是怎么样发生的，是个神马样子的。第二段，就Yet开头鸟，说有地震时400mile以下的鸟，提供2个概念的对比，一个是上面的那种什么mechanism，另外一种是新的一种mechanism。第一种慢，由热力和压力共同作用于石头结构，最后引起crystal structure的崩裂；第二种快，不仅仅限于low pressure，可以一下子就搞定它的crystal structure。
问题有：1。。。。忘记鸟。
2， 第二段是什么作用：我选的是提供exception of the theory mentioned in the first passage。3，那2个mechanism的相关比较：选他们都摧残了crystal structure。
黑物质叫Black Matter。文章还提到一个东西很重要，是“Neutralino”，好像有题。黑物质还分hot 和cold。我找来的Neutralino和black Matter的关系，也就这个还跟原文沾点儿边：
As a heavy, stable particle, the lightest neutralino is an excellent candidate to comprise the universe's cold dark matter. In many models the lightest neutralino can be produced thermally in the hot early universe and leave approximately the right relic abundance to account for the observed dark matter. A lightest neutralino of roughly 10–10000 GeV is the leading weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter candidate.
Neutralino dark matter could be observed experimentally in nature either indirectly or directly. In the former case, gamma ray and neutrino telescopes look for evidence of neutralino annihilation in regions of high dark matter density such as the galactic or solar center. In the latter case, special purpose experiments such as the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) seek to detect the rare impacts of WIMPs in terrestrial detectors. These experiments have begun to probe interesting supersymmetric parameter space, excluding some models for neutralino dark matter, and upgraded experiments with greater sensitivity are under development.
第一段讲:宇宙中大家知道的物质只占了5%,剩下的都是暗物质.剩下的不记得了.第一段没什么出题点
第二段:提问,暗物质是由什么组成的?P和N不是,接下来是"Nor can more than a few of Neutrino怎么怎么的,意思是Neutrino也不是暗物质. 接下来高亮"一个关于newtrino的实验,说它很轻啦,速度很快啦,因此很hot "总之也不是dark matter.
第三段: 记得个fit的词(我理解是根据以上neutrino特征的反面推出的dark matter的特征), 能fit dark matter的物质具有的特点是cold, sluggish等等. 貌似在现在的cosmatic中不存在,但是在standard的假说中有一种neutranilo的物质符合
第四段: 主要讲neutronilo的,这里提到它不被electromagnetic怎么着(在比较俩个N不同的选项里出现),同时它又是最轻的,它又很stable, 因为如果不够轻的话就会不stable从而被分成俩个更轻的(很绕的逻辑),
第二段和第四段非常长,而且有很多细节题.
第一题:高亮的实验的作用
记得的选项是:1,回答段首的问题.2,支持前面那句话"nor more than".3,为了第三段什么的.我选了第二个.
第二题:Neutrino 和 neutranilo的描述哪个正确(以下简称n1,n2)
1,n2在宇宙初期不被electromagnetic影响(我犹豫了下,文中是提到有,但是没有前面的宇宙初期的限定,我没选)
2,n2比n1重.(我选的这个)
3,n1不stable(文中没提)
4,n2在cosmic中实际上还没被发现?(我排除了)
V9 BY lupin 700
狗狗里面考古的V8说的很准确，感谢作者，感谢~~
第三段结尾说，这个物质宇宙中没有发现，但是有一个什么什么的模型吧可以推测好像，然后进入第四段开始推测这种物质的特点。(这个模型有题，其实就是在第四段的内容里面找)
第四段说了symmetric的观点，好像是说宇宙中的物质都有其对称的物质，然后开始根据N推测(哪个N记不得了)，最后结果是这个物质是massive,stable,sluggish的
有一题说下列哪个是正确的，选了一个说Neutrilino比other super**的要stable，不确定
还有一题说关于mass of universe正确的是，好像这么问的，我选的是dark matter的质量那些看的见得gas啊，还什么东东的要重，也不确定
V10 BY 粉红—台灯
dark matters暗物质 （1）开头是暗物质的定义：Stars, loose gas,..........5% visual（第一句话有考题 第三题 我的答案就是把这句话同意改写 答案用词invisual） （2）问Neutralino的特点：选项有两个numerous..., mass, not stable,sluggish.作者: babyboy 时间: 2010-10-25 14:55
搜索：伍月 （待确认）
In the 1980's, astronomer BohdanPaczynski proposed a way of determining whether the enormous dark haloconstituting the outermost part of the Milky Way galaxy is composed of MACHO's(massive compact halo objects), which are astronomical objects too dim to bevisible. Paczynski reasoned that ifMACHO's make up this halo, a MACHO would occasionally drift in front of a starin the Large Magellanic Cloud, a bright galaxy near the Milky Way. The gravity of a MACHO that had so drifted,astronomers agree, would cause the star's light rays, which would otherwisediverge, to bend together so that, as observed from Earth, the star wouldtemporarily appear to brighten, a process known as microlensing. Because many individual stars are ofintrinsically variable brightness, some astronomers have contended that the brighteningof intrinsically variable stars can be mistaken for microlensing. However, whereas the different colors oflight emitted by an intrinsically variable star are affected differently whenthe star brightens, all of a star's colors are equally affected bymicrolensing. Thus, if a MACHO magnifiesa star's red light tenfold, it will do the same to the star's blue light andyellow light. Moreover, it is highlyunlikely that a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud will undergo microlensingmore than once, because the chance that a second MACHO would pass in front ofexactly the same star is minuscule.
Question #55. 639-01 (23881-!-item-!-188;#058&000639-01)
It can be inferred from the passagethat which of the following would constitute the strongest evidence of themicrolensing of a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud?
(A) The brightness of such a staris observed to vary at irregular intervals.
(B) The brightening of such a staris observed to be of shorter duration than the brightening of neighboringstars.
(C) The red light of such a star isobserved to be brighter than its yellow light and its blue light.
(D) The red light, yellow light,and blue light of such a star are observed to be magnified temporarily by thesame factor.
(E) The red light of such a star isobserved to have increased tenfold.
Question #56. 639-04 (23927-!-item-!-188;#058&000639-04)
According to the passage,Paczynski's theory presumes that if MACHO's constituted the Milky Way's darkhalo, occasionally a MACHO would
(A) drift so as to lie in a directline between two stars in the outer Milky Way
(B) affect the light rays of a starin the Large Magellanic Cloud with the result that the star would seem for atime to brighten
(C) become obscured as a result ofthe microlensing of a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud
(D) temporarily increase theapparent brightness of a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud by increasing thegravity of the star
(E) magnify each color in thespectrum of a star in the Large Magellanic Cloud by a different amount
Question #57. 639-06 (23973-!-item-!-188;#058&000639-06)
The passage is primarily concernedwith
(A) outlining reasons why aparticular theory is no longer credited by some astronomers
(B) presenting data collected by aresearcher in response to some astronomers' criticism of a particular line ofreasoning
(C) explaining why a researcherproposed a particular theory and illustrating how influential that theory hasbeen
(D) showing how a researcher'stheory has been used to settle a dispute between the researcher and someastronomers
(E) describing a line of reasoningput forth by a researcher and addressing a contention concerning that line ofreasoning
V2 By 大个钊(710)
还有一个是超长的，讲clock 它的design 还有在某个阶段是作为衡量时间标准的，然后又讲了一哥们做了个实验发现了一个自然现象(太长了没必要全读)有问到主旨
V3 by ephemeral00
关于pendulum clock的，说这个东东如何如何的巨准无比，以至于能用它来发现tide change on earth什么的。然后提到了一个人，好像对这个钟做了啥深入的研究，发现了些啥东东(洋洋洒洒写了2段，我都没太仔细看)。。。
2.1) 问这个钟导致了什么发现。我选了发现tide change。
2.2 ) 问其中一个pendulum(这个钟有2个pendulum)所在的chamber有何特点。文中提到chamber是vacuum的，所以我选了sealed so that no air can get in什么的。
2.3) 问这片文章用意何在。我选的好像是衡量一个东东(就是钟)功能准确不准确什么的。
V4我爱忽然MM~~~~
一种异常准确的机械钟。(难，高分区)
第一段：说这种钟可以说是世界上最后的机械钟了，而且有两个，一个在爱丁堡，一个在某observing station.(记不清了，但此处无题)。这种钟就两个钟摆(pendulum), the first 在一个真空(vacuum)的容器中(此处对真空有题)，另一个来管钟的各指针(大概是这个意思)。第一个钟摆会适时第第二个钟摆信号，来进行适度调整。这个钟就是靠这个运行的
考题：
1)What is truth about the first pendulum (in the first paragraph)?
基金主人选和真空有关的
2)Which of the following can NOT be experimented in 1984?
基金主人选了一个更准确的钟。
3)What does this clock coincidentally find?
基金主人选地球转速因引力而不同。(有人说这个选项有问题)
因为原文说的是seasonal rotation. 但是答案里面是year one year 的rotation。所以没选这个，那个人选的是对大陆，海洋的tidal都有影响。(请大家确认)
网上找到的，据说仿真度较高，请大家仔细阅读
The Shortt clock had two pendulums. The first, known as the master, swung freely in an evacuated case. Its only job was to synchronize the swing of the second pendulum, called the slave, which was housed in a neighboring cabinet. Every 30 seconds the slave sent an electrical signal to give a nudge to the master. In return, via an elaborate electromechanical link, the master ensured that the slave never got out of step.
Shortt clocks were standard provision in astronomical observatories of the 1920s and 1930s, and are credited with keeping time to better than 2 milliseconds a day. Many were on record as losing or gaining no more than 1 second a year – a stability of one part in 30 million. The first indications of seasonal variations in the Earth’s rotation were gleaned by the use of Shortt clocks.
In 1984 Pierre Boucheron carried out a study of a Shortt clock which had survived in the basement of the US Naval Observatory since 1932. Using the modern optical sensing equipment instead of the electromechanical coupling, he measured its rate against the observatory’s atomic clocks for a month. He found that it was stable to 200 microseconds a day over this period, equivalent to two to three parts in a billion. What is more, the data also reveal that the clock was sensing the distortion of the Earth due to tides from the Moon and the Sun.作者: babyboy 时间: 2010-10-25 14:58
讲月球形成的，一开始提出3个假说，分裂说，捕获说，共生说，第二段说这三种都不对，如果是分裂，成份应该跟地球相似，如果是捕获，应该整个系统速度更快，否则不可能让月球减速到可以捕获的程度，如果是共生，月球的铁内核应该跟地球相似，所以应该比现在的更大。第三段提出新假说，撞击说，说月球是地球根行星级天体碰撞产生的，这个假说可以解释月球成分铁核和运行速度，同时还强调是有角度的撞击不是直接的对撞(not head to head)
V1
LUNA 还不是LUNA上面的凹凸，形成的原因。全文架构很清楚：
P1 说LUNA 上的那个形成，是什么造成的，（有和地球的扯上点关系）
说有三个理论 A B C。 A is ... B is ....C is ....
P2 A ,被推翻
P3 B，被推翻
P4 C,被推翻
P5，现在第四个，说可能是原因。（不确定。。。）
有道这样的全文结构。
补充一下： 结论就是那个第四个假设论好像支持是月球上的那个东西和地球的mantle 有关
补充一些与本篇狗狗相关的背景知识：
Formation
Several mechanisms have been suggested for the Moon's formation. Early speculation proposed that the Moon broke off from the Earth's crust because of centrifugal forces, leaving a basin (presumed to be the Pacific Ocean) behind as a scar.[30] This fission concept, however, requires too great an initial spin of the Earth. Others speculated that the Moon formed elsewhere and was captured into Earth's orbit.[31] However, the conditions required for this capture mechanism to work (such as an extended atmosphere of the Earth for dissipating energy) are improbable. The coformation hypothesis posits that the Earth and the Moon formed together at the same time and place from the primordial accretion disk. In this hypothesis, the Moon formed from material surrounding the proto-Earth, similar to the formation of the planets around the Sun. Some suggest that this hypothesis fails to adequately explain the depletion of metallic iron in the Moon. A major deficiency with all of these hypotheses is that they cannot easily account for the high angular momentum of the Earth–Moon system.[32]
Today, the giant impact hypothesis for forming the Earth–Moon system is widely accepted by the scientific community. In this hypothesis, the impact of a Mars-sized body on the proto-Earth is postulated to have put enough material into circumterrestrial orbit to form the Moon.[1] Given that planetary bodies are believed to have formed by the hierarchical accretion of smaller bodies to larger ones, giant impact events such as this are thought to have affected most planets. Computer simulations modelling this impact are consistent with measurements of the angular momentum of the Earth–Moon system, as well as the small size of the lunar core.[33] Unresolved questions regarding this theory have to do with determining the relative sizes of the proto-Earth and impactor, and with determining how the material from the proto-Earth and the impactor was distributed when it formed the Moon. The formation of the Moon is believed to have occurred 4.527 ± 0.01 billion years ago, about 30–50 million years after the origin of the solar system.[34]
V7 by afei0128
月球是怎么形成的.首先提出了三个解释,都被否定了. 最后提出一个可行的解释.有一个题是主题题.这篇比较长.
V8 by clergy1989
还有就是月球形成之谜，貌似之前的狗狗上说得很清楚了，文章确实特别长，有三段，开始提出三个观点，一个是与地球同时形成，一个是被地球俘获，一个是从地球分离，否定之后提出新观点，否定的理由集中在转速和月球的成分上面，新观点没有考点，全是针对错误解释的改善题，还有一道逻辑，说是如果被俘获成立，那么怎么样加强，就是找到第二段中的反对意见，改写成否定就好了。。。
V9 by mickleon
二篇月球形成的起源说：融合说，甩出去的，捕获的，撞出去的。 前三种说法在第一段，解释三种说法怎么不好第二段，第三段提出的撞出去的说法。一道主旨，两道细节，一道推断。
时期M动物的灭绝