Social Science Division
再次确认题
1.1.1. 股价与headquarters的关系[现象解释+implication/建议]
第一段:研究人员发现公司总部在一个地方的公司股票波动情况相似。他们解释说有可能是因为同一行业的公司都会把总部放在同一方。[解释 地域行业股价] [题:研究之前做了什么?]
第二段:但是新的研究表明,当一个公司从一个地方搬到另一个地方时,它的股票波动情况就变得不像原来地方的公司,而更像新地方的公司[排除 行业 解释]。他们发现从高股票价格的地区搬到底股票价格地区, 原来高价格的公司股票就掉价;而和本行业的股价的全国平均水平没有太大关系。
第三段:解释说个人投资者,尤其是散户,都喜欢买总部在当地的股票,并发现这种投资倾向是很不合理的,不与获利与否相联系。而机构投资者则不太受影响[不同点]
第四段:所以研究者认为,以前仅以行业来区分公司类别是不够的,公司总部所在地也会有影响[不仅要使持股的行业多样化, 还要地域的多样化]。
Question 1:主旨题, 还有说作者最同意哪个观点: 股票会随着新的location而变化
Question2 what you INFER作者: subwaygirl 时间: 2010-10-21 13:46
2.3.1. Dark宇宙[discuss the possible compositon of dark matter]
在宇宙中,人眼能看到的各种射线/光/palnet/comet等其实只占了5%,那剩下的是什么呢? 剩下的物质就被作者叫做dark matter.[考点--什么是暗物质?invisible?]
第二段:暗物质组成。P 不是暗物质。Nor can more than a few of Neutrino do sth. 即N也不是暗物质[很快/很轻]。实验[考察Neutrino的特征]--支持N不是暗物质。[问第二段提到p是什么作用/问实验的作用]
第三段:fit dark matter 的特性应该是怎样的--cold dark matter--比较前者重[与P和N比较--有考题;电性关系//mass关系//stability?]。但是在 cosmic中还没找到。But在standard假说中有一种叫neutralino[a hypothetical particle]--[尚未被发现]。
第四段:解释neutralino--为什么可能成为解释. 假如neutronilo存在,其可能具有的特性:不被electromagnetic电磁场XX, [massive,stable,sluggish]; [比其他cold dark matter]light/stable, 因为如果not lightest就会 not stable从而被分成俩个more lighter的粒子。
[ 问最后一段什么作用 ]: 详细介绍 neutralino可能的特性.
第一题:高亮的实验的作用:1,回答段首的问题.2,支持前面"nor more than". 3,为了第三段. 我选了第二个.
第二题:Neutrino 和 neutranilo的描述哪个正确(以下简称n1,n2)[电性关系//mass关系//stability关系]
1,n2在宇宙初期不被electromagnetic影响(?)
2,n2比n1重.(我选的这个)
3,n1不stable(文中没提)
4,n2在cosmic中实际上还没被发现作者: subwaygirl 时间: 2010-10-21 13:46
1.1.2. 日本企业模式*[描述+评价 两个观点; 或 提供explain]
按照(泰罗Taylorism/福特)的管理理论,日本的企业生产力通过详细分工的方法得以提高.(有考题) 说是因为日本制造strategy中更强调innovation和工人skills,corporation等方面,有别于传统的简单重复性生产线工作 模式,因此焕发了更高的效率,另一个反驳说日本的成功只不过是增加了工作的强度,不是什么创新,严格意义上讲还是强调分工、合作,是更有效率的流水线管 理。
作者提出他的观点:in fact, 其实两种理论都overlook/negelect[典型的评价词]. 小日本的管理要求工人更高skills, 给了工人更多的讨价余地(有题)。
[三个解释共同点: explain the high productivity;或作者解释] [discuss// discribe and evaluate]两个解释/theory/hypothesis about the high productivity of JAN.
可能的错误选项:evaluate phenomenon/evidence等。
2. 针对最后作者认为日本企业模式的细节题[作者观点/他人缺点]:
3. 注意区分: 观点1, 观点2;作者观点。作者: subwaygirl 时间: 2010-10-21 13:46
主旨题:discribe X and evaluate X; discuss N of X and N2[limitation] of X in certain stituation--N为评价词。
Q1:主旨题 好像是explain and evaluate(文章末尾对housing index 提出了看法 像wait and see)
主旨题:discribe X and evaluate X; discuss N of X--N为评价词。
Q2,关于house price future的一个problem是什么,特点// 2房地产FUTURE与Hotdog的不同点? 期货不是商品(commodity)
Q2,文章suggests哪项是制约house price future发挥作用的因素?(大约是这样)题目问得好像有点不同
ASW:比较确定,C,关于大都市和neighborhood的house price change没有连带关系,因为文章明确说,一个地方房价涨跌的因素可能在旁边地区就不被考虑了; [有一项是说不同metropolis的house price 不同,正确答案应该是同一个大都市neighborhood的house price change不同,大家注意区分]
Q3,作者明确建议哪个为改善house price future的方法?:不确定,选了建立monthly house pricing index ?作者: subwaygirl 时间: 2010-10-21 13:47
1.1.4. 墨西哥非洲裔
大意是说有个教授主要研究houston的mexico american;和别的学者不同,别人都着眼种族斗争等(这里有题)而这位仁把墨西哥社区的发展与整个社会的发展联系起来,再讲社区在面对歧视的时候还是会保持原有的文化认同,以团结起来。甚至美国历史的演变结合起来一起看和一起研究[贡献]。方法主要有两种,一种是对class的研究,一种是biculturilism。
第二段:[一个是重视the activst of middle class对墨西哥移民的影响,而这个通常是被XX理论忽略的]。这些中产阶级劝其他人接受某些host culture(还是外部环境)的观点
第三段:该社区文化、组织架构、意识形态也难免会受到外部世界影响,在该社区可以避免外部世界受到的歧视。[本段目的]
还有一个选项问别人研究的都着重在哪些方面// k跟其他研究的人不一样的地方是什么?[第一段/第二段]
一个说反映了他的书里的什么观点//另一个说是sumarry of his view--似乎 教授观点。
主旨题,问prime purpose我选的是介绍D的研究和他的观点??作者: subwaygirl 时间: 2010-10-21 13:47
1.1.5. MC*
第一段:(有题,问为什么提到intangible) 专家认为service company在MC上的投入小于non-service company。because of some intangible features, service company难以衡量其quality, service company have to communicate with its intangible features to its customers. service company难于控制MC,所以他们对MC的汇报预期较少(这句话出了两道题--预期回报比价). alternatively, service firms can apply MC more efficiently than non-service firms can。但是这个假设是正确的么?[预测--现实 比较]
第二段 通常情况下,对MC的衡量是从short term和long term的return进行衡量。大部分专家的观点是service company的return要低。Contrary to such assumption,一项有K et al所作的调查发现,根据对non-service和service公司在customer和industry两个market的short term和long term的统计,surprisingly found out that在customer市场上,service company的return要高于non-service company,而在industry market,两种都差不多。在long term的调查中,他们的结果是相似的。[**short/long--有不同?; cosumer/industry--有差异]。
第三段 那么是什么原因造成了service company的investment in MC少呢?一个可能的假设就是service company MC budget更有效率。service company是不是应该在MC上面多花点钱。[有题]
问题1. 第一段because of那句话功能。我选的可能是D,provide a possible explanation for 前一句话所说的现象
问题2. 为什么提到service company的intangible--支持第一段主题句。
问题3. 下面哪个有关于non-service company(firm with)的特征是什么[第一段取非]?
我选的是比service company对return具有更高的预期[是谁的预期?--跟第二段似乎符合]。
主题题。我选的B,对MC的应用发现了一个unexpected finding并对它的implication提出speculation。
1。文章主旨:应该选B。具体忘记了。(non-service company是肯定不对的)作者: subwaygirl 时间: 2010-10-21 13:47
1.1.6. social events
讲投资者对企业的印象与企业的社会责任感的关系的,有点印象狗里面提到过,但印象不深
1.1.8. guardian in Medieval[反驳观点]
文章主要是为了反对一个叫ND的史学家的观点。
第一段:ND的观点认为中世纪的女性往往都是由男性作为她们的法律上的监护人[guardian],出嫁前父亲监护,出嫁后丈夫监护。
第二段:但是作者认为ND是不对的,置疑证据1: 这个documentation的资料 用的都是支持他观点的XXX,XXX,XXX的著作,但是那些也很有名的XXX,XXX,XXX就被他忽略了. 质疑证据2:ND 描述的是古罗马法律的部分,但是古罗马法律对欧洲中世纪的影响是很小的(negligible)(有考题,-注意反驳对方的点)。原因之二:没有参考法律史学家的论述,比如XX和XX的论述。而在这些法律史学家的论述里我们没有看到ND提出的那种系统[即与法律史学家矛盾]。
第三段:作者认为如果事实真如ND所述,则必然会在法律文件中体现出来 (reflected in documents).而法律文件中没有体现这种做法,所以作者认为ND所说的那种做法至少是不成系统的。
版本2:
第三段: 让步转折It is true that .... (考高亮的作用 challange). 作者自己的观点是:guardian 不一定就是patriarchy 的体现
好像出了题问作者观点和最后一句话的内容
第三段整段被HIGHLIGHT了.问作用,有两个CHANLLENGE.我最后选了challenge … in the above content而非那个.想不起来了.[与主旨关系/与第二段 段尾关系]
问第三段的作用:challenge the lecture of a scholar about women in F[或support the postion in ther previous paragraph], 还有一个选项是assumes balaba underlies women history作者: subwaygirl 时间: 2010-10-21 13:48
V1:
第一段,说一个什么杂志拍到土星的一个卫星的照片和其他的不一样,他比较光,而且好像有水气笼罩之类的.然后科学家就开始研究为什么这个叫e的卫星和其他的不一样.
第二段第三段讲科学家猜测这些水气是什么造成的,就好像太阳和月亮造成地球的潮汐一样.然后说这个;e卫星的什么特征符合这个猜测而不符合另外一个猜测.
反正重点是最后一段: 说这个e卫星表面冰层的下面其实是sea.而这个sea的存在证实了猜测应该是对的.(不好意思,还是慎用吧). ,两到3个考题都出在最后一段.
About four years ago, Cassini's composite infrared spectrometer instrument detected a heat flow in the south polar region of at least 6 gigawatts, the equivalent of at least a dozen electric power plants. This is at least three times as much heat as an average region of Earth of similar area would produce, despite Enceladus' small size.
The surface ages of different regions of Enceladus also show great diversity. Heavily cratered plains in the northern part of the moon appear to be as old as 4.2 billion years, while a region near the equator known as Sarandib Planitia is between 170 million and 3.7 billion years old. The south polar area, however, appears to be less than 100 million years old, possibly as young as 500,000 years.
The region was also later found by Cassini's ion and neutral mass spectrometer instrument to be swiftly expelling argon, which comes from rocks decaying radioactively and has a well-known rate of decay. Calculations told scientists it would be impossible for Enceladus to have continually produced heat and gas at this rate.[可能解释1]
Tidal movement – the pull and push from Saturn as Enceladus moves around the planet – cannot explain the release of so much energy.[可能解释2]作者: subwaygirl 时间: 2010-10-21 13:48
2.1.1. 核污染影响了野生动物[现象解释型]
文章不长:第一段说先介绍某nuclear plant,然后发现有radiation的范围内竟然有某类动物出现,于是人们就开始质疑 放射物可能对动物造成的危害。为了检验真实性,scientists conduct a survery.
第二段就是讲那个survery,科学家研究的对象是这个区域内的鸟类,那些放射物其实是埋在地下的。发现果真有一些品种的鸟类存在,而且离plant中心越近,数量越少,与边缘的数量相比减少了三分之二(此处有细节题)--鸟分布不均。然后就是给出一些可能的解释[一个是核污染通常是对污染soil,鸟食物死光了,鸟就不去。是辐射使幼鸟的成活率低]。 最后总结--支持该study[鸟吃的虫减少]。
问题好像问到主旨题:findings and explaination
2)highlight题目,问the invertebrate on the layer of the solid 干什么用的--provide an explanation of reduce of bird。contaminated in the solid,然后那些吃 invertebrate on the layer of the solid 的鸟的数量就会变得比较少了
要让对鸟类研究also applies to animals mentioned in the first paragraph, 正确的是?[解决差异问题]
1)以下那个假设支持study的accuracy 选辐射确实会对动物造成影响[对虫]?
考主旨题:有考为什么后来的调查发现能推翻之前的忧虑/质疑。作者: subwaygirl 时间: 2010-10-21 13:49
V7
P1:natural 和 human activity 确实对coral reef 产生了damage, but they do not explain 越来越多的coral reef 不再recover from damage的事实[尽管人类的disturb少了], 也不explain 一个geographical distribution[与美国的关系]。[nature和人类的毁坏--的区别]
P2 [提出一个新解释]: 从亚非两地吹到美国的atmospheric dust里含有iron,对reef产生了不良影响。但是有个疑问,iron一般是不能被海水所吸收的,于是又说了这些dust不是一般的dust,是经过了穿过了什么什么,(总之就是在传播过程中有一些促进因素,包括solar eration, acidity等)最后这些iron可以被海水吸收从而对reef产生影响的。
What is the difference between natural disaster and human disaster? nature disaster,珊瑚可以恢复???
有个题问human对coral有啥影响。我选的human disturbance damage the coral。(挺不靠谱的,可是别的选项也不靠谱)不记得选啥了。
哪个对iron的描述正确?
选如果iron减少solar eration,就能降低危害(注意主语是iron)文章中用的是especiallty high exposure to solar eration之类的字眼,有一个选项也提到了
if less acidity, 但句子主语不是iron,而且原文是relative acidity,感觉差一些,我就没选这个
哪个削弱原文二段的观点?选含有iron的dust每年从到美洲,也有从美洲出去的。[似乎削弱变化]
大气中的iron也通过某个方式溶解?--错误. 这是加强。
有题问weaken
下列那个选项weaken第二段有关于atmospheric dust的内容
有个选项是atmospheric dust 来自america, 归陈于america(我没选); 还有选项是some iron不是sobu**(还是insobu**);还有选项是
还有个问怎么削弱dust cause disease的观点。
The passage is concerned with?
A. Support a hypotheses that……
B. Explain that the damage ***by human activity (我肯定没选这个)
C. Explain……
D. Explain……
E. ……作者: subwaygirl 时间: 2010-10-21 13:49
第二段:继续说black 受待遇更好了。多列举事实支持。说到Black contribute to NAAPC membership[注意 组织人数增加的原因]。 并且组成了工会。而没有加入公会的美国黑人受到civil rights提高的鼓舞加入了NAAPC.(有题目问有哪些关于NAAPC的说法是正确的)同时还提到美国黑人的工资在这一时间和白人的差距也减小了尤其在北方的工业城市[注意错误改写]。
第三段:However,这种civil rights提高的好时光在战争结束前就被打破了。因为黑人工资,住房等一系列问题和白人形成竞争。所以有了一些反对civil rights的活动。(有题目问在二战期间哪个选项关于civil rights conflicts的是正确的。我选的是和1945年的一个。。。什么什么一样,文中第三段有直接的定位)。 like end of 1960s一样。最后说黑人地位无法继续提高的原因就是黑人内部有了分歧和妥协。(这点没被考到)。
第三段:However,在战争还没结束前就依然存在conflicts and tensions,protest of civil right。。比如racial segragation。 但战争结束之后[1960年间],因为又要竞争职位 住房等, 黑人地位又下降。
主旨:discribe and explain change[increase and reduce]
题目有问1960年期间黑人怎么样了--推断题:地位下降
第一段说,结尾有个细节是一道题目的混淆选项,该细节说,北部黑人VOTE right 多了2倍,南部多了4倍。有一个选项说,全国多了4倍,是错的。
第二段 大概是详细讲了,黑人的一些提高,有道题,,是在句尾那个N打头的组织,题目问,为什么,该组织的人数一下子增多了,中间有混淆,大概是C和E特别像,我应该选的E,E是原文今本上,说是黑人对未来的hope,希望可以继续拿多点钱,有多点权,所以加入组织。这题选项生词多,要选绝对没有夸张的。
这段,主要还讲了工资,有题,混淆的是 说,黑人工资达到了全国水平,不选这个,因为原文说,黑人只是差距和白人小了。所以选意思接近这个的。
文学作品研究*
P1. Although not a common approach, study on the early works of writers can provide insights into the origin of their mature works.[ between juvenile and formative stage of literature]
P2. Use the works of a French writer as an example.
Q1. Which of the following would the author most likely to agree regarding the study on the early works of the writers?
--> It is uncommon. (A confusing but incorrect choice is: The study is often trivialized.[被矮化])
Q2. Which of the following would most seriously undermine the author’s argument in favor of the study on works produced by fledging writers?
-->Writers often make some radical change at some point of their career
半屏多. P1:讲的是文学研究往往对一个作家年轻时期的作品和风格有所忽略,或者在历史上分析这个作家的时候会最小化他年轻时期(juvenile)的作品,但是这些作品往往能够在美学和文学上对这个作家后期的作品产生影响。
P2:举例了一个人,名字叫D,是一个很有名的黑人作家和活动家,他之所以出产不激进的(subtle)带有政治立场的的作品,这个跟他早期在大学时代的某个报社里当记者的生涯很有关。
有一题是问哪一个weaken了上面说的早期对后期的影响, 我选了C, 说人后期和前期作品中有很大的break.
Q: 小D的年轻时候对他后来的成就的影响[记者的生涯subtle带有政治立场的作品]?
partially影响他的points of views on the blacks(一个partially一个mostly,我觉得是partially,因为毕竟以后的作品才是主要的)作者: subwaygirl 时间: 2010-10-21 13:51
1.3.3. Edison发明*
大家去看一下Thomas Edison的phonograph cylinder[留声机]和victor的phonograph G
在早期的发展中, 爱迪生的那种获得更大的商业成功。 原因:爱迪生在商业运做上的成功之外,更主要的是由于该产品上乘的声音质量[有题: Edison的phonograph cylinder有什么advantages--差异]。但是后来,后面的那种在商业上超过的爱迪生的。 主要原因是被卖给的了一家大公司。 该公司对该产品进行了一定的经营活动[差异1]。 另外一个原因是由于爱迪生的产品的市场定位是在一般的商业用户,而另外那种则面向广大的普通用户[差异2]。 [Edison不足:取非--Victor sells his products to all customers].
后者认为, 他们除了提供留声机之外, 更重要的是还要提供相关内容(唱片)[差异3]。 该公司后来请了当时著名的歌剧明星来灌制唱片,为的是提供democratic assess for the public a kind of cultured and privileged lifestyle,helping put the idea in the publicmind that that company's product was superior.
一道主体题型,primary purpose: explain a change.
一道题:about爱迪生的留声机的上乘的声音质量(superior quality)是正确的? 并没有导致在后来的竞争中取得商业上的胜利?
还有一道题:说后来取得胜利的victor得策略什么[3个]?
我选的是让这种东西大众化,另外一个选项说他的 target是privileged people之类的--显然错!作者: subwaygirl 时间: 2010-10-21 13:52
1.3.4. 百万富翁walker*
第一段:此人叫Madam C.J. Walker,是美国历史上第一位黑人女大款。通过做化妆品 提升 女性地位。她认为黑人妇女 应该在着装打扮上下下功夫,有助于得到更多的社会尊重//甚至工作机会。她努力让大家相信这一点:用了她的商品就能让人觉得是自己是有头有脸的上层人物。
A successful woman in beauty. Her business is to change the attitude of black women about themselves, to improve their career opportunity through becoming beautiful[目标]. 而且她还CULTIVATE那些黑人妇女中的LEADER用,因为她觉得LEADER用了,其它人也会跟着用.
二段: 做生意的根本目的是为提高黑人status/economic power. 理由:说mc认为黑女们造型好了,money和career都会有所好转(这有题目,说mc想咋帮她的客户)。而且mc不仅帮助她的顾客XXX,还打造她的 员工,提供很多training之累的[Not only for customers, but also for her own staffs. She trains them to become self independent. And also educate them to use their money for charities.]。她的员工不仅仅卖东西,而且还传授理念。做她的员工是当时黑女们不可多得的机会,然后等员工们 financially独立后,mc还鼓励她们去为community做charity[提高blace community和agent地位]。
题目:1. 本文主旨:选了说明MC business's methods and goals. [how to achieve her goal through business]
(另外有个选项是MC's life and belief,不太确定,但是原文中更多的关键词觉得还是MC biz比较好)
Q2:该妇女希望other business owners干嘛,提供一些改变style和appearance的护肤/发品[错]
D是provide opportunity to help black women improve social and financial status[合理概括]
Q3:大妈最可能会让自己的员工怎样 - 通过化妆打扮表现自己的social status
MC most likely encourage her agents to do ...?(选了“通过personal appearance to show a social status.”另外一个选项是匿名捐款,我斟酌了很久,觉得原文没说道匿名还是不要选比较好。(most likely)第二段中重点说了also encourage agents to have a social status,也提到encourage agents not only to sell products, but also to educate customers in personal appearance。)作者: subwaygirl 时间: 2010-10-21 13:52
1.3.5. 妇女M*[讨论一个方法/定义]
" Although Mrs blah blah blah Bethusia participated in many roles that would label her as a political activist today. On top of being involved in an educational institute which later became the first school of that time, She also was in every aspect of community, social clubs, and government functions[列举题]. However, since she was not officially appointed or didn’t hold any titles, political historians and politicians of that time did not view her as social reformer. Because of the traditional concept “spoke MAN”[目的题], a female did not fit into that description. As political activist should be part of an election process, with party affiliation etc. Even though she help found an institute which later became a sound University, participate …
However, with the rise of feminism and female studies into the concept of political activists, there has been a redefinition of the term ‘politicians’.
>>>>>>>>>>>> (引用一段,对’politicians’ 的新定义)>>>>>>>>
Hence nowadays, with any changes to the current regime will classify as a political act & recognize as a politician, even females that work in the local communities and volunteering services. Because females challenge the current status and brought about empowerment to the people through making them aware of the issues at hand and so bring changes to the society.
2,为什么说MC不是政治家,答案好像是没参加正式的选举吧
1. 问B没干过什么?选没参加过政治竞选,E
2. 超长主旨题:why not political why be politcal
“spoke MAN”: 答案是说明MC不是传统意义上的政治家。
Q1 作者最不可能支持什么[can not be ture]?
“有B女和新兴女权主义者在某些观点上不一样”
“B女曾经成立过政党,但现在不再了”我选了后者--反。 (I agree)
Q2 作者和2段中的女权主义者都认为什么?
我选:由于新的定义,使得为成功的政治家不用参与政府政治活动 (I agree)
Q3 B女没有干过什么?(except 题)E courts of laws
A) National clubs and organizations
B) Various editorial and prints
C) Educational institutes and resources
D) Communities and local groups
E) She is not involved in any laws (E is right)作者: subwaygirl 时间: 2010-10-21 13:52
1.3.8. 积极消极信息的影响
第一段:人们对广告的反应与广告表达的方式有关。例如,说一种牛肉有75%的瘦肉的效果要比说它只有25%肥肉的反响要好。而反之,在某些补品广告中,强调补品有多么不好的广告效果要胜于那些只说吃了这些补品有什么好处的广告。
第二段:研究表明,究竟正面广告效果好还是负面广告效果好取决于人们对广告中涉及的健康问题的关心程度如何:关心度高的,则负面广告效果好;关心度低的,则正面广告效果好。
但是上述研究结果仅仅是根据这些与健康有关的广告效果得出的,并不一定能够推而广之。
有一个infer,如果这个牛肉的广告,用第二段说的强调健康的方法做,受众的involvement会高还是低。
qualification//suggest further sthdy
1,主旨题support an point and suggest further sthdy
2,关于给病人的信息作者suggest哪一项:有三个都是积极地信息,一个没感情的信息,选最消极信息
3,高亮最后一句问需要进一步研究什么,选结论是否对非健康的领域也成立作者: subwaygirl 时间: 2010-10-21 13:55
1.3.9. 制造业转换策略[make建议--问题解决型]
V3--重点:原因+suggestion
第一段: 制造业以前那种单纯靠低价格高质量的政策已经不够了,现在要搞服务。
问削弱[服务不重要;quality重要],选D选项,说一项调查现实,批发商从制造商进货的时候high quality combined with attractive price over service.
第二段: handicrafter一个人承担了售前售后服务的所有工作[题--特点]。说1980年以前,人们喜欢标准化商品,于是大批量的机器制造业非常红火,那时候制造业的上下游是分开的,下游的人接触客户,了解客户的需求,但是商品确是上游的人设计制造的,所有中间有断层,沟通的手段主要是通过管理层的沟通,但是随着时间的发展,发现这种沟通方式是不够的,上游与下游活动之间的隔阂必须打破!
[1980以前的制造业是怎么样的--无服务或 只有 meet date的服务;与下游脱节?]
第三段: 现在的制造业要注重服务。虽然即使是最传统的制造也要提供一些服务,但是这些服务无非是meet the due date[问到了这个词意思,我选的是dealine--2.以前制造业对于service的定义是什么——有deadline的]。当今制造业服务概念要扩张,制造商要用更灵活的结构和方式满足客户多样化需求和小批量的生产。而且,制造商不但要参与制造上的服务,还是参与销售中的服务。比如说制造人员比销售人员更了解产品的某些性能,就可以在产品推销的阶段,负责展示产品etc. 最后一句话说要达到一个怎么样的终极目标。
[现在的制造品市场怎么样了? ---多样化需求和小批量的生产]作者: subwaygirl 时间: 2010-10-21 13:55
1.第二段高亮“增加停顿时间have no effect”作用是什么?[否定opportunity/time的原因--M2的第一个观点]
3.以下哪一项是第二个M的观点?[两个都可以]
support题:A:语速过快会增加观众理解的难度(对M第二个观点的同意改写,好像有一个cues这个单词)
有题目问以下哪个策略是作者可能推荐广告商使用的?/问你以下怎样的是最适合观众的
快语速 and 长停顿
Normal 语速 and 短停顿
Normal 语速 and normal 停顿
Normal 语速 and long 停顿
Slow 语速 and ***停顿
我选的E,因为停顿 has no effect[long 停顿--必错],BCD没法选,确定。作者: subwaygirl 时间: 2010-10-21 13:55
1.3.11. 美国capital allocation--[explain X and Y of capital allocation]
先讲美国的external capital market的作用。讲了美国投资人和德国投资人的区别。美国投资人不深入了解企业的运营情况,仅仅根据数据,比如利润率现金流,一类的东西决定投资。德国投资人正相 反,他们仅投资很少的公司,并且了解的企业的运营情况,根据自己掌握的情况来决定投资[做法差异]。然后讲美国投资人的那种做法不好,因为影响企业高层的决定,比如追 逐短期利润目标等[cause]. [第二题美德两国投资者差异?]
第二段讲美国的internal capital market。企业也只重短期盈利,忽视可以带来长期利益的intangible方面的投资。[后果: 第三题美国internal funding的后果,选不利于长期发展?]
1.3.12. 美国跨国公司
美国企业海外投资的原因,就一段(新老观点)
开始讲传统观念认为,美国海外投资都是看中了那些发展中国家的低成本,宽松的法规啊等等。然后话锋一转(However),美国75%的investment flows to 加拿大和英国。发现这些企业是看中这些发达国家的市场。最后又提到,其实啊这些美国投资者在发展中国家投资也是看中了这里的市场-- Market Access。
一个主题题: provide a new explanation--分析美国对外投资的动机。
目的题:问句加拿大和英国例子的原因,答案很容易看出来
一个逻辑加强题--有因有果//无因无果。作者: subwaygirl 时间: 2010-10-21 13:57
1.3.13. 公司投资批判[评价market share/RIO等方法 and make suggestion]
第一段:定义了ROI (return on investment)这种方法来评定performance ,大约就是比较注重短期,要有短期高的回报,所以为了争取高的ROI, 公司可能会减少/牺牲牲research and development(题:问如果公司采用ROI有什么缺点--都是);不敢投资各种回报慢的好项目,会损失好的投资项目,然后就是对公司的长期发展不利。
第二段:但作者认为在高度商业化社会,建议公司更关注最大化股价。要用提出另个策略以股价的长期走势为目的才行,公司不应该光追求短期利益,市场份额market share更重要。在现在这样的经济环境下,更有优势。作者认为企业要重视的应是市占率,市占率的变动可以真实反映市场需求了解顾客想法,利于企业作长期规划 。不重视市占率,即使有优势,也会渐渐被对手超过。因此,现在提倡用另外一个measure来衡量,新的方法更重视企业的健康发展,而不会使得企业因为只是追求短期的投入而失去的更广阔的发展空间。
问题1、有问主题的题。criticize前者,然后recommend an alternative solution。evaluate两种方法,并提出其分别适用的situation[无]
错误选项:两个strategy优缺点
问题2、用 ROI 来衡量企业performance 的话, 有什么缺点. 其中有一答案: 用 ROI 的企业不会投钱去研发 (research and development).
题目二:作者infer了什么?作者: subwaygirl 时间: 2010-10-21 13:57
金融的量化[没有recommendation]*
P1:介绍了共同基金[Mutualfunds],然后说了基金投资收益主要靠指数衡量(有题,指数是干什么的(这儿考了个indexes干什么用的),然而,这样的衡量后,发现基金投资收率要比指数低,如果扣除了管理费,就更低了。有一种指数基金[index fund],就是包括了所有的指数股票,管理费也少,所以收益率应该高。
p2: 这些收取高额管理费的共同基金往往还受到市场的青睐[人们主要按照基金经理的以前的业绩选择共同基金[Mutualfunds]时],号称具有很强的manager有很强的past investment performance. But以往的收益和未来的收益没有关系(有定位题),并且一旦赶上了经济危机大家都完蛋。 [人们为什么买Mutualfunds]
另外一种基金,是可以automatically参照别的基金经理成功的投资策略投资,并且管理费用低,但是由于缺少COMMISION TO THE INTERMEDIRA第,不能搞宣传,人们并不热衷。
考题,1,问这篇文章讲啥,就是介绍对比不同基金;
2,indexes啥作用,衡量业绩指标;有一道考了指数是什么: Indexes are group ofstocks that 答案是:representativeof a portfolio of stocks,类似的意思,原文就有representative这个词,带回去看就好。
3,最后种基金-- unmanaged mutual funds为啥不吃香,因为没多余钱搞渠道啊。几个答案都挺确定的。
还问了人们的普遍的误区是什么 答:人们认为以前很成功的manager以后也会很成功,这个说法是不成立的。作者: subwaygirl 时间: 2010-10-21 13:58
1.3.15. 影响Predator Pricing成功的因素
第一段先说什么predatory price 的战略的定义。这个策略对于使用者来说cost more 比起victims,因为需要四个因素:1要有很高市场份额,2要有能力降到很低价格,3要有很强的xx渠道什么的,4还有个什么 (出题,哪个因素是不必要的)。继续强调负面:比如一旦把对手挤出市场,要保证自己有足够的生产能力cover多余的order,还比如order多了,承担的损失也大了。(出题,这一段的论述结构是?)
第一段,有理论认为动物的body size 与 Home Range Size存在关系,后来有reaseacher 从一种叫M的鸟类(括号里解释说类似duck)身上发现,雌性的body size与Home Range Size之间有关系。说动物的这个range跟动物的体积和年龄有关,举例说一种鸭子,年轻的鸭子比年老的鸭子range大。但是这个证据不足以证明range是由年龄决定的,因为可能还有其他因素。比如,由于鸭子到很老都可以繁殖,所以这个range也很有可能是由breeding ability决定的。
由于younger female在和older female 进行competence的时候,往往会被older的赶到不太好的栖息地去,因而它们are allowed to have larger home range size作为一种compensation.(此处有推断题,问关于年轻的雌鸟来说,哪一项是正确的)
第三段:另一个观点说range的大小跟附近水塘或湿地的多少成反比。Range有可能跟生存压力有关。水塘越多,每对鸭子和其他鸭子之间的竞争就比较小,所以range也不要很大。
题目:
1.主题题:选分析决定鸭子的range的影响因素[多因素]
(1)问最近这些科学家的研究发现了什么?--age和range; 湿地和range?
(2)作者提到的breeding ability的作用是什么?--provide another possible explaination//年龄可能不是range的决定因素
3.为了水塘、竞争压力和range三者中两者的关系,忘了哪两者了,总之在第二段,想清楚就可以了作者: subwaygirl 时间: 2010-10-21 13:59
1.3.16. credit card*[反驳观点/评价观点]
第一段:大概就说有信用卡的人购物的时候有一些特点:willing to pay more for a certain product;more likely to forget the price;付更多tips;倾向于在同一家商店消费更高额。然后还说信用卡上的logo什么的也会影响消费者行为(反正和Logo有关,没考点的)
第二段:作者就直接跳出来说他这个有这这那那的不好,忽略的什么,最后一个是他只研究了信用卡,而不是这个支付方式[指出缺点]。
2主旨:discribe and evaluate…
3结构,第二段和第一段什么关系,这个有两个干扰选项,虽然第二段是反驳的第一段的,但是我那两个反驳的选项都有问题,最后应该选提供另外一个角度。3、第二段整个highlight,问作用:[支持缺点]//指出其他可能的解释。 provide different aspects to view the previous paragragh
题目:1、except题,问文章会同意信用卡消费比现金消费更?选purchase more frequently,确定,其它选项就是我上面提到的四个特点,都可以定位原文,我本来想选在同一家商店消费更多的,常识判断,结果扫了眼原文,连同意替换都没有,一个字不差照搬过来的ORZ。。。
2、现金消费more likely怎样[取非]?我选了recall the amount of price。[对三个取非]作者: subwaygirl 时间: 2010-10-21 14:00
1.3.17. 公司治理污染--问题解决型:method of opportunity cost
P1: 很多company认为控制环境污染会增加不必要的cost,然后作者反驳说环境污染会带来一些opportunity cost, 然后举例子[环境污染会在其他方面产生cost//可能导致的loss]--观点。
P2: 具说opportunity含义:类比说defect,以前公司认为defect是不可避免的,减少defect会增加公司的cost, 但是后来发现,通过改进流程可以减少defect也不会增加cost(有一道题问这段的作用,我选得是类比那个)
P3: like defect, pollution也可以用opportunity cost理论来eliminate。
问了这个例子的作用(就是整个第二段高亮),
机会成本(opportunity cost),我选的是Possible loss blahblah的
V1--问题解决型: method of opportunity cost
传统的corporate 是以identify, examine, clean up pullution waste 为主轴, 是用被动的处理方式来对待pollution 的问题; 但是近几年的新公司是采用prevention-method. 比如说增加new equipment 来减少排放或是采取close monitor的主动方式来处理pollution问题.
但是作者指出了一个新的观点(有题) 说公司可以view pollution problems as opportunity cost-pollution problem indicates inefficiency in resource allocation 和company 的运行模式[有题]. 公司可以把pollution 问题进一步的看成是公司运作方式出了问题的警讯.
给了一些prospect, companies can be more efficient blahblahblah等等 其中的 "Can","Will" 都给了作者对于这个新方法的期望. [论据]
这个题目有:
Q1- main purpose, 我选的是类似 introduce a new concept on the pollution-prevention method
Q2- 请问Opportunity Cost 指的是为何? possible losses if not prevent pollution作者: subwaygirl 时间: 2010-10-21 14:00
1.4.1. 博物馆保存画的温度和湿度控制[问题解决型--评价题]
P1:为了妥善博物馆里的画,必须把温度和湿度控制在一定水平(温度是21度)。这就需要使用一种技术(好像是HVC).但随着博物馆预算的缩减和HVC技术运作成本的上升,有人开始怀疑是否使用该种技术。
P2:一般需要特殊HVC技术控制湿度和温度的都是一些敏感的画(wood paint)。但是有很多画,其实对温度/湿度并不是太敏感,所以可以考虑不使用HVC技术。
P3:作者反驳---很多画其实是多种颜料混合,包括WOOD PAINT还有其他一些颜料,所以很难决然地把敏感地画和不敏感地画分开。此外,21度对于参观者来说也是最适宜地温度。
P4:那么如何控制湿度和温度呢?当然,HVC还是要用于那些比较敏感地画。另外,在博物馆建设的时候,可以考虑采光等条件。然后如果天气很湿呢,就关闭博物馆,不对外开放。
(1)有道主旨题?我选的是propose a solution to a main problem.....
(2)according to passage,怎样比较好地控制温度和湿度呢?我选的是:把博物馆建在COOLER/DRY的地方
(3)关于HVC说法哪个是正确地?我选的是:它的operations cost上升了。
V4【by luke0305】[问题解决型--提出/评价 解决方法]
讲之前大多数的博物馆都遵循一个21度和适度湿度的原则,HVC。但现在很馆想改进一下,因为cost[这点原因重要,后文有题]。
第二段,说藏品很多都涉及到国际运输。好多在运输时发生损坏。部分原因是因为湿度的问题,部分原因是因为 有一种C打头的旧方法,这种处理方法在19实际的有用;但cradling的导致导致了wood paint后来的问题--例子作用题。[问这个cradling能INFER什么]第二段的后半部分说,这种方法是用来使木头更薄,更有利于保存。
第三段:没什么题,
第四段:有其他的保存方法,提到了上面说的表面加东西,还有说在雨天让游客把雨衣脱下来,以保证湿度[两种方法--有题;新方法与旧方法的关系].
3、说最后一段中那个 方式 是 和HIV 一起使用最有效的。
问什么micro 什么技术的(就是文章最后一段介绍的方法) 最适用于以下哪种情况?
我记得有 paintings which are sensitive to 湿度, 还有 paintings which need long time to adjust the temperature changes 还有经常被internationally transported的paintings 我不太确定。。作者: subwaygirl 时间: 2010-10-21 14:01
原文(狗主人已确认)
The first installment of Testimony was published in 1934 by the Objectivist Press, which had been started several years earlier to promote the views of poets including William Carlos Williams, Louis Zukofsky, George Oppen, and Reznikoff himself. They were believers in Objectivism, a short-lived but still influential offshoot of poetic Modernism, the early 20th-century assault by T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and others on the Enlightenment-influenced poetics of their predecessors. For the Objectivists, the poem was an object, not a report by the poet of what he or she thought or felt. They rejected the emphasis by 19th-century Romantic poets like Wordsworth and Shelley on the poet's subjective experience of transcendent meaning as depicted through metaphor and symbol. (The title and opening line of Wordsworth's well-known poem about daffodils, "I wandered lonely as a cloud," is a good example of the tendencies that the Objectivists judged artificial and misleading.) The Objectivists believed that feeling and emotion should come through the choice of details and the sound and appearance of words on the page.
Reznikoff continued to work on Testimony throughout his life. In the 1960s, he published two new volumes (the first drawn from judicial opinions of 1885-1890, the second from opinions of 1891-1900); two additional volumes (1901-1910 and 1911-1915) were published after his death. In each of the later volumes, Reznikoff revised his art, reshaping the documentary material into syncopated lines of poetry.
The Negro was dead/when the doctors examined him," a characteristic poem begins:
They found upon his belly bruises:
he died, the doctors said, of peritonitis.
While the shift in form draws even more attention to the language (as in the isolation of "bruises" in the lines just quoted), the later editions employ the same third-person perspective, looking to the objective language of a judicial opinion, the words as words, rather than subjective experience or metaphor, for the emotional intensity of the poem. With its use of judicial opinions as the raw material of poetry, Testimony radically undercuts the traditional assumption that the poet works in a private sphere that is somehow separate from the pressures and pulls of the public domain. Not only is the poem an object, but it is an object taken from the workaday world that poets traditionally have viewed as unsuitable for poetry. Testimony never lets us forget that it is judicial opinions the poet is expounding.
Reznikoff's most important innovation and chief legacy to subsequent poets was this use of social speech, the public language of lawyers, to further the Modernist project of drawing attention to the linguistic qualities of a poem. By juxtaposing the descriptions of fact—the underlying story—of one case after another, he created an emotionally powerful collage from the apparently impersonal language of judicial opinions, a collage that chronicles America's struggle with slavery and its emergence as a commercial and industrial power.
是呀!!就是这篇!!!牛!!!题里有一道那个人和人的比较就是这个Shelly和Reznikoff(貌似就是写这个的人)的比较!
考古
【by clumsyorange】790分主人的回忆:
问题1:本文作者最可能同意以下什么观点?
答案:我选了通过客观的语言,无需描述emotional reaction也可以从诗歌中体现感情,另外一个选项E中有一个词prose,是散文的意思,当初做题的时候不知道,但是猜测应该是一种无关的文体,所以就没选它。
问题2:关于testimony的论述,下面哪个是正确的?我参考了wiki和阅读文章。
答案:发现testimony第一卷出版与1930年代,最后2卷在他死后才出版,long term project。
1.4.4. 美国非洲裔工人*
V4【by wonderfulwq 700】
考古一(狗主人说:应该就是我考的这篇,题目应该也差不多)
In the 1930’s and 1940’s, African American industrialworkers in the southern United States, who constituted 80 percent of theunskilled factory labor force there, strongly supported unionization. While theAmerican Federation of Labor (AFL) either excluded African Americans ormaintained racially segregated unions, the Congress of Industrial Organizations(CIO) organized integrated unions nationwide on the basis of a stated policy ofequal rights for all, and African American unionists provided the CIO’sbackbone. Yet it can be argued that through contracts negotiated and enforcedby White union members, unions—CIO unions not excluded—were often instrumentalin maintaining the occupational segregation and other forms of racialdiscrimination that kept African Americans socially and economically oppressedduring this period. However, recognizing employers’ power over workers as acentral factor in African Americans’ economic marginal unionization, AfricanAmerican workers saw the need to join with White workers in seeking change despite White unionists’ toleration of or support for racial discrimination.The persistent efforts of African American unionists eventually paid off: manybecame highly effective organizers, gaining the respect of even racist Whiteunionists by winning victories for White as well as African American workers.African American unionists thus succeeded in strengthening the unions whileusing them as instruments of African Americans’ economic empowerment.
The passage is primarily concerned with
A. demonstrating that unions failed to addressthe concerns of African American workers during a particular period
B. arguing that African Americanworkers’ participation in unions during a particular period was ultimatelybeneficial to them
C. contrasting the treatment of AfricanAmerican workers by two different labor organizations during a particularperiod
D. giving reasons for the success of AfricanAmerican unionists in winning victories for both African American and Whiteworkers during a particular period
E. questioning one explanation for theattitudes of African American workers toward unionization during a particularperiod
According to the passage, which of the following wastrue of many racist White unionists during the period discussed in the passage?
A. Their attitudes toward AfricanAmerican union organizers changed once they recognized that the activities ofthese organizers were serving workers’ interests.
B. They were a powerful element in the southernlabor movement because they constituted the majority of the unskilled factorylabor force in the southern United States.
C. They persisted in opposing the CIO’sadoption of a stated policy of equal rights for all.
D. Their primary goal was to strengthen thenegotiating power of the unions through increasing White union membership.
E. Their advocacy of racial discriminationhampered unions in their efforts to gain more power for workers.
The author of the passage suggests which of thefollowing about African American workers who participated in union activitiesin the 1930’s and 1940’s?
A. They believed that the elimination ofdiscrimination within unions was a necessary first step toward the achievementof economic advancement for African Americans.
B. They belonged exclusively to CIO unionsbecause they were excluded from AFL unions.
C. They believed that the economicadvancement of African American workers depended on organized efforts toempower all workers.
D. Some of them advocated the organization ofseparate African American unions because of discriminatory practices in the AFLand the CIO.
E. Many of them did not believe that Whiteunionists in CIO unions would tolerate or support racial discrimination againstAfrican American workers.作者: subwaygirl 时间: 2010-10-21 14:03
2.1.1. ❤ 鸟类飞翔
V1【By rikkina(650)】
有一篇阅读是说鸟类飞翔起源的两种假设。一种假设是说先爬到树上滑翔,另一种是跳起来捕食或躲避敌人。作者觉得两种都不靠谱。还有一个博物馆保存油画的。这两个都似乎见过。
GWD原文:【BY ozymendias】
wo opposing scenarios, 两种解释鸟飞的假设:树栖和疾走。
the “arboreal” hypothesis and
the “cursorial” hypothesis, have
Line traditionally been put forward con-
(5) cerning the origins of bird flight.
The “arboreal” hypothesis holds 树栖论说鸟祖先爬上树滑行下来,随
that bird ancestors began to fly 着羽毛越来越大,最终飞了起来。
by climbing frees and gliding
down from branches with the
(10) help of incipient feathers: the
height of trees provides a good
starting place for launching flight,
especially through gliding. As
feathers became larger over time,
(15) flapping flight evolved and birds
finally became fully air-borne.
This hypothesis makes intuitive 树栖论的问题:始祖鸟和M恐龙没有
Sense, but certain aspects are 明显的栖树适应性,如合适的脚。
Troubling. Archaeopteryx (the
(20) earliest known bird) and its
maniraptoran dinosaur cousins
have no obviously arboreal
adaptations, such as feet fully
adapted for perching. Perhaps 没分析显示始祖鸟曾用前肢爬树和飞,
(25) some of them could climb trees,
but no convincing analysis has
demonstrated how Archaeopteryx
would have both climbed and
flown with its forelimbs, and there
(30) were no plants taller than a few 始祖鸟化石发现的地方也没有发现高
meters in the environments where 树。
Archaeopteryx fossils have been
found. Even if the animals could 即使它会爬树也不表明会滑翔。
climb trees, this ability is not
(35) synonymous with gliding ability.
(Many small animals, and even
some goats and kangaroos,
are capable of climbing trees
but are not gliders.) Besides,
(40) Archaeopteryx shows no obvi-
ous features of gliders, such as 它没明显的滑翔特征。
a broad membrane connecting
forelimbs and hind limbs.
The “cursorial”(running)
(45) hypothesis holds that small 疾走论认为鸟为了躲避猎食者,奔跑
dinosaurs ran along the ground 并张开双臂平行
and stretched out their arms for
balance as they leaped into the
air after insect prey or, perhaps,
(50) to avoid predators. Even rudi- 前肢的原始特征能帮助身体稍微升高
mentary feathers on forelimbs
could have expanded the arm’s
surface area to enhance lift
slightly. Larger feathers could 然后鸟慢慢就飞起来了。
(55) have increased lift incrementally,
until sustained flight was gradu-
ally achieved. Of course, a leap
into the air does not provide the
acceleration produced by drop-
(60) ping out of a tree; an animal
would have to run quite fast
to take off. Still, some small
terrestrial animals can achieve
high speeds. The cursorial
(65) hypothesis is strengthened by
the fact that the immediate the- 兽脚亚目恐龙祖先拥有各种疾走的
ropod dinosaur ancestors of 特点。
birds were terrestrial, and they
had the traits needed for high
(70) lift off speeds: they were small,
agile, lightly built, long-legged, 另外,
and good runners. And because 它们用两足走,双臂有空用来拍打。
they were bipedal, their arms
were free to evolve flapping flight,
(75) which cannot be said for other
reptiles of their time.
---------------------------------------------------------
Q 3:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. present counterevidence to two hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight
B. propose and alternative to two hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight
correct certain misconceptions about hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight
C. (missing)
D. refute a challenge to a hypothesis concerning the origins of bird flight
E. evaluate competing hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight
---------------------------------------------------
Q 4:
The passage presents which of the following facts as evidence that tends to undermine the arboreal hypothesis?
A. Feathers tend to become larger over time
B. Flapping flight is thought to have evolved gradually over time
C. Many small animals are capable of climbing trees.
D. Plants in Archaeopteryx’s known habitats were relatively small
E. Leaping into the air does not provide as much acceleration as gliding out of a tree
------------------------------------------------
Q 5:
Which of the following is included in the discussion of the cursorial hypothesis but not in the discussion of the arboreal hypothesis?
A. A discussion of some of the features of Archaeopteryx
B. A description of the environment known to have been inhabited by bird ancestors
C. A possible reason why bird ancestors might have been engaging in activities that eventually evolved into flight
D. A description of the obvious features of animals with gliding ability
E. An estimate of the amount of time it took for bird ancestors to evolve the kind of flapping flight that allowed them to become completely airborne
-------------------------------------------------
Q 6:
The passage suggests which of the following regarding the climbing ability of Archaeopteryx?
A. Its ability to climb trees was likely hindered by the presence of incipient feathers on its forelimbs.
B. It was probably better at climbing trees than were its maniraptoran dinosaur cousins.
C. It had certain physical adaptations that suggest it was skilled at climbing trees.
D. Scientists have recently discovered fossil evidence suggesting it could not climb trees.
E. Scientists are uncertain whether it was capable of climbing trees
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