时地全等:
1. The argument is based on the current situation, but present conditions need not continue in the future if they can be improved. What if oil tankers can be redesigned so that they pose less risk of an oil spill? In that case, the argument is weakened because…作者: reaming 时间: 2010-10-18 16:55
忽略他因:
2. A conclusion may be weakened when another explanation at least as compelling as the original is offered. Coffee consumption may have decreased over the decade for some reason other than consumers’ awareness of the adverse health effects of caffeine. If the price of coffee has increased in the same period that consumption has decreased, then the decrease may well be the result of consumers’ attention to price rather than their attention to health. Higher prices would offer a good alternative explantion that would weaken the original explanation.作者: reaming 时间: 2010-10-18 16:55
3. If a factor other than the economy could account for the differences in agricultural production, then the argument is weakened. If the two countries grow different kinds of crops that may react differently to the same climatic conditions, then the types of crops, rather than economy, could be responsible for the differences in production.作者: reaming 时间: 2010-10-18 16:55
4. The argument directly attributes increased productivity to the existence of PRP contracts. Any information that other factors might have contributed to the increase in productivity would weaken the argument.
If production equipment was modernized during the same period that the new contracts took effect, then it is possible that the modernized equipment was responsible for the higher level of productivity.作者: reaming 时间: 2010-10-18 16:56
5. The journalists assumes that the researchers’ lack of access to the accelerators is responsible for the decline in the number of articles. What else could explain fewer articles? What if the decline is due, not to the availability of the accelerators for experiments, but to policies regarding publishing articles related to such experiments? An alternate explanation is that changes in the editorial policies of physics journals, rather than the effect of the out-of-service accelerators, could well re responsible for the lower number of published articles about particle-accelerator research.作者: reaming 时间: 2010-10-18 16:56
错误类比:
6. Since the company reporting the greater number of job-related accidents also considers more types of accidents to be job-related, the basis of the comparison is weakened and so is the argument.作者: reaming 时间: 2010-10-18 16:56
无理假设:
7. The argument assumes that any problem with a product would cause a bottleneck or a delay in production. It is entirely possible that there might be flaws that might not cause such problems; thus the assumption is questionable.
8. The conclusion relies upon the supposition that lawyers who currently advertise charge the consumer less than other lawyers for the same legal services. What if this does not continue to hold true? If more lawyers begin to advertise, they may not charge any less for their services than they did previously, and they are, given the supposition, likely to be more expensive than those who currently advertise. In this case, increasing the number of lawyers who advertise would not lower overall consumer legal costs.作者: reaming 时间: 2010-10-18 16:57
9. What assumption does Sharon make in putting together her argument? Sharon
makes an equalizing statement about people and their acquaintance when she points that, if an average person knows 50 workers, at least one of them is likely to be unemployed. Sharon’s generalization must assume that this is the case equally throughout the country and that unemployment is not concentrated in some geographically isolated areas.作者: reaming 时间: 2010-10-18 16:57
样本不足:
10. The conclusion is based on an upward trend that is derived from data for two years. Data from only two years provide rather weak evidence of a trend. Additional evidence that provides a context for the annual inflation rates during the most recent two-year period will promote a more solid evaluation of this prediction of next year’s inflation rate.
If inflation has recently been stable at 4 percent, and the temporary drop the previous year is accounted for by lower oil prices, then the basis for the prediction seems quite weak.作者: reaming 时间: 2010-10-18 16:57
11. The argument is weak because it makes a generalization on the basis of only one example. Any example of a volcanic eruption that was not followed by a cooling of the asmosphere weakens this argument. The example of the eruption of El in 1982, which resulted in higher than normal air temperatures, contradicts the generalization of cooler temperatures following volcanic eruptions.作者: reaming 时间: 2010-10-18 16:57
12. The argument generalize from the number of last year’s job-related accidents at the two companies to a continuing reduced likelihood of such accidents at the one company. Specific information that suggests that the one company is inherently a safer place than the other would support the generalized argument.作者: reaming 时间: 2010-10-18 16:58
13. The argument moves from a particular sample, that is, the percentage of vehicles ticketed for exceeding the speed limit that were equipped with radar detectors, to a generalization about the regular driving behaviors of all drivers who have radar detectors in their vehicles. Between the example and the generalization must stand an assumption. What can the assumption be? Only if the drivers ticketed in this instance are assumed to make a regular habit of exceeding the speed limit can the conclusion be drawn that drivers with radar detectors are more likely to do so regularly than drivers who are not ticketed.作者: reaming 时间: 2010-10-18 16:58
其它:
14. The conclusion concerns the broad category of “use” while the evidence is related to a specific activity.
15. Whenever a word such as “immediate” is part of an argument, it is wise to be alert. Given the comparison with the standard keyboard, it is logical that over the longer term the EFCO keyboard will save money. What problems might there be initially that would counteract the possibility of immediate savings? Personnel must first be retrained on the new EFCO keyboard, and it is possible that the costs of the training could offset any short-term savings. If the more experience employees have had with the standard keyboard, the more costly the initial training, then adopting the new keyboard could have high short-term costs that preclude immediate savings.作者: reaming 时间: 2010-10-18 16:58
16. Consider how the environmentalist structures the argument. The environmentalist describes the commissioner’s argument as specious, or deceptive, and then uses an analogy to rain forests to demonstrate that the commissioner’s argument is built on false premises.
17. Any financial plan is based on estimates of costs and revenues, and any factor that significantly increases costs or lowers revenues threatens the effectiveness of that plan.作者: reaming 时间: 2010-10-18 16:58
范文词组
政府与企业管理
interference from the government
impede the development of
the power of independently making decisions
less active economy
disturb the natual order of market, unfair competition, monopoly…
unqualifies products, environmental pollution, high prices, waste of natural resources…
Enron cheat on the financial condition
The lack of authoritive and uniform regulations will ultimately harm both the businesses and entirely society.
serve the povital goal of maximizing profits
moderate regulation, adequate freedom作者: reaming 时间: 2010-10-18 16:59
learning society/measuring nation’s value
society culture changes
work does not vary too much
in a comprehensive interpretation of a society
The time that people spend on work amount to the greatest fraction of of total life.
reflect the civilization from one perspective
interpret the citizen’s spirit world
entertainment activities
leisure time is tied to the economic root of a society作者: reaming 时间: 2010-10-18 17:00
Management and business
recruitment:
demonstrate the character and capability of the candidates thoroughly
advertising: creativity and originality, auditing: preciseness
cooperate, communicate with others
handle the specific task
solid resource of information
Personal interview can supplement the subjective information in judging a potential employee.
develop exact perception of problems
Outside experts add a wide spectrum of judgement, outlook, and state-of-the-art to problems confronting companies.
one’s competence to do…
judge from an objective angle/from a more objective sight
evaluate the operating conditions
conduct periodic review
decisions regarding promotion and pay
increase overall efficiency by assessing employee performance
the authority can be compromised
improve areas of weakness
prevent worker alienation and subsequent lowered productivity
Recent study shows that people who feel more invested in their jobs tend to work more cooperatively and productively作者: reaming 时间: 2010-10-18 17:00
become less committed to one’s work and less productive
work against organizational values
Unproductive employee can be replaced, but replacement is costly; and highly employee turnover is bad for organizational morale.
pride in accomplishment
diversify jobs and increase worker participation
the experience of large manufacturing corporations like General Motors shows just the opposite. When GM facilities implemented these and other strategies to improve work-place quality, they reported that productivity increased.
organizing work into discrete tasks will compromise important organizational values like creativity, self-motivation, commitment and pride in accomplishment
play an important role in a worker’s comfort, phychological well-being, concentration and efficiency作者: reaming 时间: 2010-10-18 17:00
products liability
basic requirement/extremely strict standard
honesty, reliability, self-motivation, creativity and the capacity to get along and work well with others
funds for artistic works
cultural diversity作者: reaming 时间: 2010-10-18 17:01
automation and technology
computer nerd
use emails or surf Internet
the technology has brought people with common interest together
a great source of information and amusement as well
progress in technology and business
considerable improvement in material life
unprecedented diversity of products and service
overlook the necessary communication in family
alienation among family members
suffer more pressure and anxiety
diminish/compromise our quality of life in some respects
job obsolescence
assume/bear/take the chief responsibility of the job obsolescence
negative impact on the development of society
provide insurance for unemployment, advice for occupational choice, necessary information of the new trend of business
obligation
observe and record trends in worker displacement and in job opportunities作者: reaming 时间: 2010-10-18 17:02
leader and leadership
high ethical standard can win reputation and trust, maintain stable share of the market, keep employees loyal to company.
Bayer, one of the largest pharmaceutic companies in the world, announced that the company would cease production of one of its major products, because of the hazardous ingredients it contained. By doing so, the company suffers great loss on profitability, but gains strong public support and understanding, which can contribute to the long-term success of the company.作者: reaming 时间: 2010-10-18 17:02
historical sites and archeological treasures
culture ownership is only one consideration
relocation
cultural recognition, historical integrity作者: reaming 时间: 2010-10-18 17:02
education
a little competition will produce desired results, in the long run, too much competition will be destructive
competitiveness is an important aspect of human nature
properly direct
exchange programs, shared research projects
discover the common goals and find the best way to achieve them
cooperative settings foster greater creativity and productivity
improved cooperation, mutual altruism, and finally harmonious humanity
improve understanding and respect between nations作者: reaming 时间: 2010-10-18 17:03
success
fresh meaning for every new social situation
Growth and change are the law for all life. Yesterday’s answer are inadequate for today’s problem—just as the solutions of today will not fill the needs of tomorrow. ------Franklin Roosevelt, American president
innovation, product differentiation, and creativity are crutial to lasting success
consumer-driven industry(retail and media), traditional service industry(finance, accounting, insurance, legal service and health care)作者: reaming 时间: 2010-10-18 17:03
about human beings
human motivation is far more complex
oversimplification
altruistic/selfish
charitable work, voluntary work,
the intention of gaining reputation
racial and sexial discrimination and prejudice still remains servere despite of the legislation
anti-discriminitary law and practices
public-interest advertisement
contribute a insignificant percentage of all advertisements
identical ideas
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