1.2. Analysis & Research
1.2.1. 农作物发明vaccine*
BY Dechu 讲为农作物发明vaccine，就好像人类的vaccine一样，能提高农作物的immunity。有4段，结构还算清楚，第一段是提出为什么要研究这个 问题，第二三段举例说科学家怎样研究，其间提到研究“植物遇到病毒时，本身是怎样产生抗体的”（有题，问according to the passage，科学家将采用怎样的办法来制造vaccine（大意如此））第四段开始是一个Unfortunately，大意是这种vaccine有缺点。不是很清楚，鉴于我V的分数，请选择性忽略我的回忆。。。作者: houri 时间: 2010-9-17 21:51
考古（狗主人说：应该就是我考的这篇，题目应该也差不多）
In the 1930’s and 1940’s, African American industrialworkers in the southern United States, who constituted 80 percent of theunskilled factory labor force there, strongly supported unionization. While theAmerican Federation of Labor (AFL) either excluded African Americans ormaintained racially segregated unions, the Congress of Industrial Organizations(CIO) organized integrated unions nationwide on the basis of a stated policy ofequal rights for all, and African American unionists provided the CIO’sbackbone. Yet it can be argued that through contracts negotiated and enforcedby White union members, unions—CIO unions not excluded—were often instrumentalin maintaining the occupational segregation and other forms of racialdiscrimination that kept African Americans socially and economically oppressedduring this period. However, recognizing employers’ power over workers as acentral factor in African Americans’ economic marginal unionization, AfricanAmerican workers saw the need to join with White workers in seeking changedespite White unionists’ toleration of or support for racial discrimination.The persistent efforts of African American unionists eventually paid off: manybecame highly effective organizers, gaining the respect of even racist Whiteunionists by winning victories for White as well as African American workers.African American unionists thus succeeded in strengthening the unions whileusing them as instruments of African Americans’ economic empowerment.
The passage is primarily concerned with
A. demonstrating that unions failed to addressthe concerns of African American workers during a particular period
B. arguing that African Americanworkers’ participation in unions during a particular period was ultimatelybeneficial to them
C. contrasting the treatment of AfricanAmerican workers by two different labor organizations during a particularperiod
D. giving reasons for the success of AfricanAmerican unionists in winning victories for both African American and Whiteworkers during a particular period
E. questioning one explanation for theattitudes of African American workers toward unionization during a particularperiod
According to the passage, which of the following wastrue of many racist White unionists during the period discussed in the passage?
A. Their attitudes toward AfricanAmerican union organizers changed once they recognized that the activities ofthese organizers were serving workers’ interests.
B. They were a powerful element in the southernlabor movement because they constituted the majority of the unskilled factorylabor force in the southern United States.
C. They persisted in opposing the CIO’sadoption of a stated policy of equal rights for all.
D. Their primary goal was to strengthen thenegotiating power of the unions through increasing White union membership.
E. Their advocacy of racial discriminationhampered unions in their efforts to gain more power for workers.
The author of the passage suggests which of thefollowing about African American workers who participated in union activitiesin the 1930’s and 1940’s?
A. They believed that the elimination ofdiscrimination within unions was a necessary first step toward the achievementof economic advancement for African Americans.
B. They belonged exclusively to CIO unionsbecause they were excluded from AFL unions.
C. They believed that the economicadvancement of African American workers depended on organized efforts toempower all workers.
D. Some of them advocated the organization ofseparate African American unions because of discriminatory practices in the AFLand the CIO.
E. Many of them did not believe that Whiteunionists in CIO unions would tolerate or support racial discrimination againstAfrican American workers.作者: houri 时间: 2010-9-17 21:59
1.4. Art & Culture
1.4.1. 博物馆保存画的温度和湿度控制
V1【by loverwy】
P1：为了妥善博物馆里的画，必须把温度和湿度控制在一定水平（温度是21度）。这就需要使用一种技术（好像是HVC).但随着博物馆预算的缩减和HVC技术运作成本的上升，有人开始怀疑是否使用该种技术。
P2：一般需要特殊HVC技术控制湿度和温度的都是一些敏感的画（wood paint）。但是有很多画，其实对温度/湿度并不是太敏感，所以可以考虑不使用HVC技术。
P3:作者反驳--- 很多画其实是多种颜料的混合，包括WOOD PAINT还有其他一些颜料，所以很难决然地把敏感地画和不敏感地画分开。此外，21度对于参观者来说也是最适宜地温度。
P4：那么如何控制湿度和温度呢？当然，HVC还是要用于那些比较敏感地画。另外，在博物馆建设的时候，可以考虑采光等条件。然后如果天气很湿呢，就关闭博物馆，不对外开放。
（1）有道主旨题？我选的是propose a solution to a main problem.....
(2)根据作者的意思，怎样比较好地控制温度和湿度呢？我选的是：把博物馆建在COOLER/DRY的地方
（3）关于HVC说法哪个是正确地？我选的是：它的operations cost上升了。
V2 【by loveumyangel】
博物馆油画。貌似就一屏。
我就记得题目
有一题：cradling的导致了什么。我选了那个导致了wood paint后来的问题。这个答案我觉得应该是确定的。因为文中有很明确的说wood panel很容易被折断，这是因为什么cradling。。。真的对不起，具体的记不得了。
还有主旨题，还有一题问你怎样比较好的控制温度和湿度作者: houri 时间: 2010-9-17 22:00
1.4.2. ❤流派诗人
【by yaoyao880529】
（看到心好凉，完全没时间。。）说一个作家写一个什么东西，里面超级多人名。说了这个人这个文章怎么着的，好像还有一批人一起是objevtism，支持 这个objective的什么东西的，然后又讲到另一批romantic poem的，里面有个人叫M（有题，问这个人和那个作家的关系就像是以下哪种？）我选了program 里的一个人反对另一个和他们观点相反的团队，（没时间了没仔细看），然后后一段说这个人花了好长时间，最后一段没看。 有题问他的文章可以infer出什么，我选了时间很长。还有说主题，不记得选项了。
原文（狗主人已确认）
The first installment of Testimony was published in 1934 by the Objectivist Press, which had been started several years earlier to promote the views of poets including William Carlos Williams, Louis Zukofsky, George Oppen, and Reznikoff himself. They were believers in Objectivism, a short-lived but still influential offshoot of poetic Modernism, the early 20th-century assault by T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and others on the Enlightenment-influenced poetics of their predecessors. For the Objectivists, the poem was an object, not a report by the poet of what he or she thought or felt. They rejected the emphasis by 19th-century Romantic poets like Wordsworth and Shelley on the poet's subjective experience of transcendent meaning as depicted through metaphor and symbol. (The title and opening line of Wordsworth's well-known poem about daffodils, "I wandered lonely as a cloud," is a good example of the tendencies that the Objectivists judged artificial and misleading.) The Objectivists believed that feeling and emotion should come through the choice of details and the sound and appearance of words on the page.
Reznikoff continued to work on Testimony throughout his life. In the 1960s, he published two new volumes (the first drawn from judicial opinions of 1885-1890, the second from opinions of 1891-1900); two additional volumes (1901-1910 and 1911-1915) were published after his death. In each of the later volumes, Reznikoff revised his art, reshaping the documentary material into syncopated lines of poetry.
The Negro was dead/when the doctors examined him," a characteristic poem begins:
They found upon his belly bruises:
he died, the doctors said, of peritonitis.
While the shift in form draws even more attention to the language (as in the isolation of "bruises" in the lines just quoted), the later editions employ the same third-person perspective, looking to the objective language of a judicial opinion, the words as words, rather than subjective experience or metaphor, for the emotional intensity of the poem. With its use of judicial opinions as the raw material of poetry, Testimony radically undercuts the traditional assumption that the poet works in a private sphere that is somehow separate from the pressures and pulls of the public domain. Not only is the poem an object, but it is an object taken from the workaday world that poets traditionally have viewed as unsuitable for poetry. Testimony never lets us forget that it is judicial opinions the poet is expounding.
Reznikoff's most important innovation and chief legacy to subsequent poets was this use of social speech, the public language of lawyers, to further the Modernist project of drawing attention to the linguistic qualities of a poem. By juxtaposing the descriptions of fact—the underlying story—of one case after another, he created an emotionally powerful collage from the apparently impersonal language of judicial opinions, a collage that chronicles America's struggle with slavery and its emergence as a commercial and industrial power.
是呀！！就是这篇！！！牛！！！题里有一道那个人和人的比较就是这个Shelly和Reznikoff（貌似就是写这个的人）的比较！作者: houri 时间: 2010-9-17 22:01
Natural Science Division
2.1. Biology
2.1.1. 鸭子
By panovation(640) 讲一种鸭子body size 与 home size 关系之类的，后面说实验结果跟两个之前预测的都相反了(这里有infer 考题）作者: houri 时间: 2010-9-17 22:01
【考古】
版本一、
决定一种动物的生活区域的因素。第一段先说同动物体积有关，而后说无关。二段说同一种地貌特征有reversely的关系。
版本二、
影响动物领地大小的因素。
很多科学家都认为动物个体的大小是影响其领地大小的关键因素。列举了一些原因，比如年轻的雌性动物可能因为体弱在竞争中被击败，只能去那些不太完美的地方安家，但是这些条件不太好的地方面积一般都比较大。
后 面就有人不同意这种说法，他们认为其实其他因素才是影响领地大小的关键。比如湿地站动物活动范围的百分比。举了一个例子，说在灌木地占多数的地方（也就是 湿地占少数），由于灌木会影响动物们的视线，因此动物间交流就不多，动物间的摩擦、不和谐就少，因此竞争就少。这些人的结论是随着湿地所占的百分比越大， 个体领地就越小。
版本三、
讨论一种野鸭的habitatrange size和哪些因素成比例关系。第一段科学家认为它和年龄成正比，继而被否定，举出相关例证；
第二段科学家认为它和一种地理条件成反比，被肯定。
版本四（狗主人说这篇考古和印象中差不多）
记得是有三段，但是抱歉实在是不敢确定了。。。但是其大意如下：
第一段先说有理论认为动物的body size 与 Home Range Size存在关系，后来有reaseacher 从一种叫M的鸟类（括号里解释说类似duck）身上发现，雌性的body size与Home Range Size之间有关系。
第二段给出解释：由于younger female在和older female 进行competence的时候，往往会被older的赶到不太好的栖息地去，因而它们are allowed to have larger home range size作为一种compensation.（此处有推断题，问关于年轻的雌鸟来说，哪一项是正确的）
第三段：讲研究人员发现有趣的现象：当湿地增多时，竞争会减少，后面说了可能的解释；当一个woodxxx 增多的时候，竞争也会减弱，并解释说大概是由于阻挡了视线，使彼此看不见了。（此处有细节题）
版本五、
影响母鹅大小的因素。一开始科学家以为是决定母鹅的home space，后来发现跟size没关系，提出可能跟body condition，生育能力有关系。
第二段又提出跟所生活的湿地面积有关，湿地面积越大，竞争越少，home space越大。
一道main idea题：选分析影响母鹅home space大小的因素
版本六、
以前的机经作者说是动物的生活区域，我感觉好像是家庭的人口有关，反正是个什么range，希望不要误导别人。
第一段，说动物的这个range跟动物的体积和年龄有关，举例说一种鸭子，年轻的鸭子比年老的鸭子range大。但是这个证据不足以证明range是由年龄决定的，因为可能还有其他因素。比如，由于鸭子到很老都可以繁殖，所以这个range也很有可能是由繁殖能力决定的。
第二段，另一个观点说range的大小跟附近水塘或湿地的多少成反比。Range有可能跟生存压力有关。水塘越多，每对鸭子和其他鸭子之间的竞争就比较小，所以range也不要很大（我当时理解就是孩子，打起来优势越明显，现在不用打架了，就不生那么多孩子）。
题目：
1.主题题：选分析决定鸭子的range的影响因素
2.提到鸭子很老都可以繁殖是为什么：选了为了说明年龄可能不是range的决定因素
3.为了水塘、竞争压力和range三者中两者的关系，忘了哪两者了，总之在第二段，想清楚就可以了。4.还有一题想不起来了。作者: houri 时间: 2010-9-17 22:02
【考古】
版本一、
决定一种动物的生活区域的因素。第一段先说同动物体积有关，而后说无关。二段说同一种地貌特征有reversely的关系。
版本二、
影响动物领地大小的因素。
很多科学家都认为动物个体的大小是影响其领地大小的关键因素。列举了一些原因，比如年轻的雌性动物可能因为体弱在竞争中被击败，只能去那些不太完美的地方安家，但是这些条件不太好的地方面积一般都比较大。
后 面就有人不同意这种说法，他们认为其实其他因素才是影响领地大小的关键。比如湿地站动物活动范围的百分比。举了一个例子，说在灌木地占多数的地方（也就是 湿地占少数），由于灌木会影响动物们的视线，因此动物间交流就不多，动物间的摩擦、不和谐就少，因此竞争就少。这些人的结论是随着湿地所占的百分比越大， 个体领地就越小。
版本三、
讨论一种野鸭的habitatrange size和哪些因素成比例关系。第一段科学家认为它和年龄成正比，继而被否定，举出相关例证；
第二段科学家认为它和一种地理条件成反比，被肯定。
版本四（狗主人说这篇考古和印象中差不多）
记得是有三段，但是抱歉实在是不敢确定了。。。但是其大意如下：
第一段先说有理论认为动物的body size 与 Home Range Size存在关系，后来有reaseacher 从一种叫M的鸟类（括号里解释说类似duck）身上发现，雌性的body size与Home Range Size之间有关系。
第二段给出解释：由于younger female在和older female 进行competence的时候，往往会被older的赶到不太好的栖息地去，因而它们are allowed to have larger home range size作为一种compensation.（此处有推断题，问关于年轻的雌鸟来说，哪一项是正确的）
第三段：讲研究人员发现有趣的现象：当湿地增多时，竞争会减少，后面说了可能的解释；当一个woodxxx 增多的时候，竞争也会减弱，并解释说大概是由于阻挡了视线，使彼此看不见了。（此处有细节题）
版本五、
影响母鹅大小的因素。一开始科学家以为是决定母鹅的home space，后来发现跟size没关系，提出可能跟body condition，生育能力有关系。
第二段又提出跟所生活的湿地面积有关，湿地面积越大，竞争越少，home space越大。
一道main idea题：选分析影响母鹅home space大小的因素
版本六、
以前的机经作者说是动物的生活区域，我感觉好像是家庭的人口有关，反正是个什么range，希望不要误导别人。
第一段，说动物的这个range跟动物的体积和年龄有关，举例说一种鸭子，年轻的鸭子比年老的鸭子range大。但是这个证据不足以证明range是由年龄决定的，因为可能还有其他因素。比如，由于鸭子到很老都可以繁殖，所以这个range也很有可能是由繁殖能力决定的。
第二段，另一个观点说range的大小跟附近水塘或湿地的多少成反比。Range有可能跟生存压力有关。水塘越多，每对鸭子和其他鸭子之间的竞争就比较小，所以range也不要很大（我当时理解就是孩子，打起来优势越明显，现在不用打架了，就不生那么多孩子）。
题目：
1.主题题：选分析决定鸭子的range的影响因素
2.提到鸭子很老都可以繁殖是为什么：选了为了说明年龄可能不是range的决定因素
3.为了水塘、竞争压力和range三者中两者的关系，忘了哪两者了，总之在第二段，想清楚就可以了。4.还有一题想不起来了。作者: houri 时间: 2010-9-17 22:02
2.1.3. ❤ 鸟类飞翔
【By rikkina(650)】
有一篇阅读是说鸟类飞翔起源的两种假设。一种假设是说先爬到树上滑翔，另一种是跳起来捕食或躲避敌人。作者觉得两种都不靠谱。还有一个博物馆保存油画的。这两个都似乎见过。
GWD原文：【BY ozymendias】
wo opposing scenarios, 两种解释鸟飞的假设：树栖和疾走。
the “arboreal” hypothesis and
the “cursorial” hypothesis, have
Line traditionally been put forward con-
(5) cerning the origins of bird flight.
The “arboreal” hypothesis holds 树栖论说鸟祖先爬上树滑行下来，随
that bird ancestors began to fly 着羽毛越来越大，最终飞了起来。
by climbing frees and gliding
down from branches with the
(10) help of incipient feathers: the
height of trees provides a good
starting place for launching flight,
especially through gliding. As
feathers became larger over time,
(15) flapping flight evolved and birds
finally became fully air-borne.
This hypothesis makes intuitive 树栖论的问题：始祖鸟和M恐龙没有
Sense, but certain aspects are 明显的栖树适应性，如合适的脚。
Troubling. Archaeopteryx (the
(20) earliest known bird) and its
maniraptoran dinosaur cousins
have no obviously arboreal
adaptations, such as feet fully
adapted for perching. Perhaps 没分析显示始祖鸟曾用前肢爬树和飞，
(25) some of them could climb trees,
but no convincing analysis has
demonstrated how Archaeopteryx
would have both climbed and
flown with its forelimbs, and there
(30) were no plants taller than a few 始祖鸟化石发现的地方也没有发现高
meters in the environments where 树。
Archaeopteryx fossils have been
found. Even if the animals could 即使它会爬树也不表明会滑翔。
climb trees, this ability is not
(35) synonymous with gliding ability.
(Many small animals, and even
some goats and kangaroos,
are capable of climbing trees
but are not gliders.) Besides,
(40) Archaeopteryx shows no obvi-
ous features of gliders, such as 它没明显的滑翔特征。
a broad membrane connecting
forelimbs and hind limbs.
The “cursorial”(running)
(45) hypothesis holds that small 疾走论认为鸟为了躲避猎食者，奔跑
dinosaurs ran along the ground 并张开双臂平行
and stretched out their arms for
balance as they leaped into the
air after insect prey or, perhaps,
(50) to avoid predators. Even rudi- 前肢的原始特征能帮助身体稍微升高
mentary feathers on forelimbs
could have expanded the arm’s
surface area to enhance lift
slightly. Larger feathers could 然后鸟慢慢就飞起来了。
(55) have increased lift incrementally,
until sustained flight was gradu-
ally achieved. Of course, a leap
into the air does not provide the
acceleration produced by drop-
(60) ping out of a tree; an animal
would have to run quite fast
to take off. Still, some small
terrestrial animals can achieve
high speeds. The cursorial
(65) hypothesis is strengthened by
the fact that the immediate the- 兽脚亚目恐龙祖先拥有各种疾走的
ropod dinosaur ancestors of 特点。
birds were terrestrial, and they
had the traits needed for high
(70) lift off speeds: they were small,
agile, lightly built, long-legged, 另外，
and good runners. And because 它们用两足走，双臂有空用来拍打。
they were bipedal, their arms
were free to evolve flapping flight,
(75) which cannot be said for other
reptiles of their time.
---------------------------------------------------------
Q 3:
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. present counterevidence to two hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight
B. propose and alternative to two hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight
correct certain misconceptions about hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight
C. (missing)
D. refute a challenge to a hypothesis concerning the origins of bird flight
E. evaluate competing hypotheses concerning the origins of bird flight
---------------------------------------------------
Q 4:
The passage presents which of the following facts as evidence that tends to undermine the arboreal hypothesis?
A. Feathers tend to become larger over time
B. Flapping flight is thought to have evolved gradually over time
C. Many small animals are capable of climbing trees.
D. Plants in Archaeopteryx’s known habitats were relatively small
E. Leaping into the air does not provide as much acceleration as gliding out of a tree
------------------------------------------------
Q 5:
Which of the following is included in the discussion of the cursorial hypothesis but not in the discussion of the arboreal hypothesis?
A. A discussion of some of the features of Archaeopteryx
B. A description of the environment known to have been inhabited by bird ancestors
C. A possible reason why bird ancestors might have been engaging in activities that eventually evolved into flight
D. A description of the obvious features of animals with gliding ability
E. An estimate of the amount of time it took for bird ancestors to evolve the kind of flapping flight that allowed them to become completely airborne
-------------------------------------------------
Q 6:
The passage suggests which of the following regarding the climbing ability of Archaeopteryx?
A. Its ability to climb trees was likely hindered by the presence of incipient feathers on its forelimbs.
B. It was probably better at climbing trees than were its maniraptoran dinosaur cousins.
C. It had certain physical adaptations that suggest it was skilled at climbing trees.
D. Scientists have recently discovered fossil evidence suggesting it could not climb trees.
E. Scientists are uncertain whether it was capable of climbing trees作者: houri 时间: 2010-9-17 22:03
