Social Science Division
1.1 Business and Economics
1.1.1 计算机的发展
结构：
P1：计算能力制约计算机行业的发展；
P2：计算机的应用制约计算机行业的发展；
P3：计算机行业的发展趋势是填补计算能力和应用之间的缺口；
P4：举两个例子支持作者观点，第二个公司改进措施。
内容：
第一段，(1)观点：掠夺性定价对发起者的伤害实际要比它的对手的伤害要大。(2)分析公司成功进行掠夺性定价的条件，A) 是首先要足够大的市场份额，这样才能有实力depress the price in the market. B)要有能力满足因为竞争者退出而生成的additional market share. C) 大的渠道，D) 能够以低于成本的价格。负面作用是订单越多，承担的损失也越大。(3)说公司的掠夺性定价行为给公司造成一种"asymmetry"，对公司有害。
第二段，(1)提出有两种克服"asymmetry"的办法，接着来了一个负评价，注意它说的是the relevance(实用性) of the argument has been limited (2)分别列举了两种办法的局限之处。
第三段，(1)提出观点说在公司实行掠夺性定价后，相应的成本必要被未来巨大的收益弥补才行。(2)提到如果向未来产生巨大的收益的一个条件是行业有高的进入壁垒，但是有接着说对于进入壁垒高的行业，其退出壁垒也高，而退出壁垒高的话掠夺性定价将竞争对手赶尽杀绝的难度就大了。因此掠夺性定价陷入了这样一个困境很难成功。
题目：
主旨题 Q:主旨，
我选 explain the challenge that a firm who practice this strategy would face
Q: 第二段可以infer出人们tend to做什么？
V1: “有很多选择的时候人们总是会就每个选择进行比较have multiple decisons when have lots of thing to compare”
V2: actively seeking comparison with other xxx when purchaseing xxx。
最后我选前一个，感觉后面一个是说主动去寻找比较的，不是很像
(注意文章是说主动比较还是被动比较！)
捕鱼份额（quota）
主旨题
Q1.主旨题
V1. elucidate （解释）一个概念（很多人选这个） V41
V2. impartially evaluate some solutions to a phenomenon（迷惑选项！）V35
归纳题 Q：问作者同意以下哪个关于政府的观点。
我选的是政府和个人一样，也是为了自己的利益；
逻辑题 Q：问下面那个情况和题目描述的fish的情况类似？
1）A particular crop
2）Solar energy used in solar panel(阳光)
3）Music through broadcast
4）Air through North America北美上空的气流，有地域限制？
5）a particular corporation's coal
Q: 第一人与第二个人理论的区别在/ K认为怎样？
V1: 第一个人focus在观众对commercial的recall程度上，第二个人 focus在观众的attitude上。
V2: 选项有focus on viewers attitude towards ad sponsors rather than their recall of ads, 这题要仔细看一下，我忘了，挺有干扰性的。
第一段说人道救助很难同时顾及救援的efficiency与评量
第二段说紧急救援常遇到三个困境
(1) too many parties involved
(2) how to allocate skilled workers who usually are temporary workers
(3) 培训要花很多钱
还有很多媒体
注意：文章的很多问题都是围绕mass media对搜救工作产生的negativeeffect 产生的，媒体关注多的对象会得到更多的援助，作者觉得这样不好。
In a set of experiments, Libet asked his subjects to flex弯曲 their wrists at random intervals of their own choosing. He also asked them to note the position of a spot on a revolving dial at the precise moment they decided to make each flexing movement. Meanwhile, he was monitoring their brain activity with an electroencephalograph (EEG). He then compared the time at which they reported making the decision (calculated from the position of the spot on the revolving dial) with the time that their EEG indicated the “instruction” to flex the muscles of the wrist had been sent. His results consistently showed that a small but perceptible time before the subjects made the conscious decision to act, their brain had already begun the physical processes that would culminate in the action. Libet and his colleagues found that volitional意志的 acts were preceded by an electrical readiness potential (RP) that arose in the brain some 350 milliseconds before the conscious decision to act was experienced. In other words, our conscious decision to act follows the nonconscious initiation of the action. On the face of it, this sequence of events appears to be a straightforward experimental refutation of conscious free will.
Libet’s experiment does not preclude a role for free will in shaping and modifying the nature of the action. He draws a parallel with the case of the concert pianist, whose fingers are programmed by practice to hit certain notes “unconsciously” but who nevertheless concentrates intensely so as to convey his conscious feeling at the instant of performance.
ABSTRACT—A seminal experiment by Libet and colleagues found that the reported time of a decision to perform a simple action was at least 300 ms after the onset of brain activity that normally preceded the action(实施行动的决定至少比脑子里的决定晚300 MS， 这个脑子的决定通常早于行动---思想慢于行动). In Experiment 1, we present deceptive（欺骗性的） feedback (an auditory beep) 5 to 60 ms after the action to signify a movement time later than the actual movement. The reported time of decision moved forward in time linearly with the delay in feedback, and came after the muscular initiation of the response at all but the 5 ms delay. In Experiment 2, participants viewed their hand with and without a 120-ms video delay, and gave a time of decision 44 ms later with than without the delay. We conclude that the participants’ report of their decision time is largely inferred from the apparent time of response. The perception of a hypothetical brain event prior to the response could have, at most, a small influence. The question of free will has been debated since antiquity. The debate has traditionally been conducted only in theoretical or logical terms, but has recently been given empirical content by the research of Libet et al. (1983). They made the question of volition a neurophysiological one, and thus opened it to scientific investigation.
Whatever influence such binding might have had, the report of W would still be inferred from events that must have taken place after the supposed moment of decision. The effect of apparent shifts in the moment of response on W is consistent with the idea that conscious perception is a construction that lags action by approximately 100 ms作者: Ava120 时间: 2010-9-15 22:56
Q: planner of this program 起初是怎样的？
V1: they don’t adhere to the separate proficiency.
V2: 有一道题是问通过文章能够infor出这个program的组织者什么来，自己应该选了组织者不认同那个不同语言在脑袋中分块的理论（选项是直接说这个理论的专有名词的，应该在第一段，用引号引着）（这个和其他狗狗不太一样，大家审视着看，我不敢确定理解的对不对）。作者: Ava120 时间: 2010-9-15 22:56
1.3.3 测Mount Everest的高度
[GWD]
In 1975 Chinese survey teams 1975年中国人量度珠峰，使用的
remeasured Mount Everest, the highest 技术和1852年英国人的相同。
of the Himalayan mountains. Like the 他们从海岸线开始行进，每隔几
Line British in 1852, they used the age-old 步量度一次上升高度。
(5) technique of “carrying in” sea level:
surveyors marched inland from the
coast for thousands of miles, stopping
at increments of as little as a few feet
to measure their elevation, and mark-
(10) ing each increment with two poles.
To measure the difference in elevation 使用工具：置于两根杆中间的望
between poles, surveyors used an 远镜。
optical level—a telescope on a level
base—placed halfway between the
(15) poles. They sighted each pole, read-
ing off measurements that were then
used to calculate the change in eleva-
tion over each increment. In sight of 看到峰顶时，他们使用经纬仪
the peaks they used theodolites— 探定顶点的上升。
(20) telescopes for measuring vertical and
horizontal angles—to determine the
elevation of the summit.
The Chinese, however, made 但中国人努力改正英国人的误
efforts to correct for the errors that 差。
(25) had plagued the British. One source 误差1：由于不同温度压力造成
of error is refraction, the bending of 的光折射。这会产生峰顶幻象。
light beams as they pass through air
layers of different temperature and
pressure. Because light traveling.
(30) down from a summit passes through
many such layers, a surveyor could
sight a mirage rather than the peak
itself. To reduce refraction errors, the 解决：1，减少通过经纬仪的光，
Chinese team carried in sea level to 2，使用天气气球测量温度压力。
(35) within five to twelve miles of Everest’s
summit, decreasing the amount of air
that light passed through on its way to
their theodolites. The Chinese also
launched weather balloons near their
(40) theodolites to measure atmospheric
temperature and pressure changes
to better estimate refraction errors.
Another hurdle is the peak’s shape. 误差2：测量者们的测量点不同。
When surveyors sight the summit.
(45) there is a risk they might not all
measure the same point. In 1975
the Chinese installed the first survey 解决：安装一个红色灯塔。
beacon on Everest, a red reflector
visible through a theodolite for ten
(50) miles, as a reference point. One 误差3：海平面不平。
more source of error is the uneven-
ness of sea level. The British
assumed that carrying in sea level
would extend an imaginary line from
(55) the shore along Earth’s curve to a
point beneath the Himalaya. In
reality, sea level varies according
to the irregular interior of the planet.
The Chinese used a gravity meter to 解决：用重力计改正误差。
correct for local deviations in sea level.
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Q32:It can be inferred from the passage that refraction would be most likely to cause errors in measurements of a mountain’selevation under which of the followingconditions?
A.When there are local variations in sealevel
B.When light passes through humid air
C.When theodolites are used relatively farfrom the mountain peak.
D.When weather balloons indicate low airtemperature and pressure.
E.When sea level has been carried in to within five to twelve miles of the summit.
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Q33: Which of the following best describes the purpose of the sentence in lines 23-25(“The Chinese…the British”)?
A.Introduce a definition
B.Signal a transition in focus
C.Summarize the preceding paragraph
D.Draw a contrast between two different theories.
E.Present information that contradicts the preceding paragraph.
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Q34: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a possible source of error in surveying mountain elevation?
A.Mirages
B.Refraction
C.Inaccurate instruments
D.Variations in sea level
E.Uncertainty about the exact point to bemeasured
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Q35: The primary purpose of the passage is to
A.provide details about improvements to a process
B.challenge the assumptions underlying anew method
C.criticize the way in which a failed projectwas carried out
D.call for new methods to solve an existing problem
E.explain the theory behind a new technique作者: Ava120 时间: 2010-9-15 22:57
Sleep timing
Sleep timing is controlled by the circadian clock, by homeostasis and, in humans, by willed behavior. The circadian clock, an inner time-keeping, temperature-fluctuating, enzyme-controlling device, works in tandem with adenosine, a neurotransmitter which inhibits many of the bodily processes that are associated with wakefulness. Adenosine is created over the course of the day; high levels of adenosine lead to sleepiness. In diurnal animals, sleepiness occurs as the circadian element causes the release of the hormone melatonin and a gradual decrease in core body temperature. The timing is affected by one's chronotype. It is the circadian rhythm which determines the ideal timing of a correctly structured and restorative sleep episode.[5]
Homeostatic sleep propensity, the need for sleep as a function of the amount of time elapsed since the last adequate sleep episode, is also important and must be balanced against the circadian element for satisfactory sleep. Along with corresponding messages from the circadian clock, this tells the body it needs to sleep.[6] Sleep offset, awakening, is primarily determined by circadian rhythm. A normal person who regularly awakens at an early hour will generally not be able to sleep much later than the person's normal waking time, even if moderately sleep deprived.
The chemical adenosine is released by brain cells when those cells are active. Adenosine then binds to more and more sites on cells in certain areas of the brain, as the total amount released gradually increases during wakefulness. During sleep, the number of sites to which adenosine is bound decreases. Some researchers have hypothesized that it is the cumulative binding of adenosine to a large number of sites that causes the onset of sleep. Some scientists believe that adenosine promotes sleepiness by targeting arousal networks in the brain such as the cholinergic system (see arrows). Research shows that increasing levels of adenosine in two parts of the system, the cholinergic basal forebrain and the mesopontine cholinergic nuclei, spurs slumber. http://www.sfn.org/index.cfm?pag ... s_adenosineAndSleep
Slow-wave sleep (SWS) is stage three and four of non-rapids eye movement sleep. These two stages are often referred to as deep sleep.
The highest arousal thresholds (e.g. difficulty of awakening, such as by a sound of a particular volume) are observed in stages four and three, respectively. A person will typically feel groggier (tired, weak) when awoken from these stages, and indeed, cognitive tests administered after awakening from stages 3-4 indicate that mental performance is somewhat impaired for periods up to 30 minutes or so, relative to awakenings from other stages. This phenomenon has been called "sleep inertia."
As of 2008, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) has discontinued the use of stage 4. [Citation needed] If an epoch (or 30 seconds of sleep) has anywhere from 20% to 100% of it as slow wave/delta sleep, then it is considered stage 3.
After sleep deprivation there is a sharp rebound of SWS, suggesting there is a "need" for this stage. The major factor determining how much slow-wave sleep is observed in a given sleep period is the duration of preceding wakefulness, likely related to accumulation of sleep-promoting substances in the brain. Some of the few factors known to increase slow-wave sleep in the sleep period that follows them include body heating (as by immersion in a hot tub), high carbohydrate ingestion, and intense prolonged exercise. The latter probably exerts its influence by increasing body temperature. [Citation needed]
In addition to these factors, the duration of SWS periods can be increased by ingestion of alcohol, THC, SSRIs, and other drugs. In instances such as these, TST (Total Sleep Time) is often unaffected due to circadian rhythms and/or a person's alarm clock and early morning obligations. This increase of SWS can lead to increased REM latency and a decrease in REM period durations. If the total time spent in REM is decreased long enough and repeatedly over a substantial number of nights a "REM rebound" will occur in response to removal of its inhibitor. An increase in REM is believed to produce symptoms of depression and bipolar disorder in many patients for an amount of time relative to the severity of the previous "REM suppression". It is debatable whether or not this could explain the return in symptoms of depression disorder after removal of SSRI medications.
Certain substances, such as benzodiazepines (e.g. Ativan, Valium, and Klonopin) seem to have the reverse effect on the time spent in SWS. Instead of lengthening SWS (as do the substances mentioned above), they are known to shorten the time. While these sedatives can increase sleep duration or shorten the time it takes before sleep-onset occurs, they tend to deprive patients of deep sleep.作者: Ava120 时间: 2010-9-15 22:58
1.4 Human (Woman) Revolution & Historical stuff
1.4.1 Women employment 与二战
结构：
1） 认为二战对妇女就业有影响，但不正确, 二战时男女就业都增加，制造业带来机会
2） 反驳，战前参加，战后退出就业
3） 解释原因：1)教育机会增加，2)clerical（文职）就业, 已婚女性受到雇主的青睐
题目:
主旨题 V1:选重新解释了二战妇女就业现象 (new interpretation) 。
V2:我选提出新的证据证明妇女参加工作的原因
细节题 Q:问1940-1945的妇女就业与其他时间相比有什么特点?
我选的是manufacture的妇女就业增加。
内容:
第一段：某个巴基斯坦文学作品，有人认为它只有历史价值，因为反映了当时巴基斯坦建国时候的状况。 但是，作者认为仅仅从政治方面看这部作品是不对的，它的literature的意义也很重大。
第二段：讨论了该作品的背景和内容，Set in British India and moving in to post independence Pakistan, Aangan is the story of dystopic home where the battles of the world are played out…它所描述的政治都只是为它的故事做背景，它的作者并没有偏向哪一方、没有明显政治目的。 叫做inner coutyard的原因是这个家庭的所有成员都属于不同的政治流派，所以反映了当时印度的政治情况，这段很重要，因为后面有道题目就是关于这个的。答案是这个印度家庭是当时社会的缩影。
印度女作家的那本书的背景 Inner Courtyard (Aangan) : A Novel/Khadija Mastur. Translated by Neelam Hussain. New Delhi, Kali for Women, 2001, 274 p., ISBN 81-86706-45-8.
Book Description "Narrated in the intimate anger of a young woman’s journal-keeping voice this novel explores the politics of sex and class through the lives of women compelled to live their lives in the seclusion（隔离） of the inner courtyard or aangan. Set in thirties India, Inner Courtyard is the story of a dystopic home where the battles of the world are played out. Based on the interiority of women’s lives it explores realpolitik（现实政治） through the personal and political affiliations of one family." (jacket) About the AuthorKhadija Mastur (1927-1982) was a member of the Progressive Writers' Association, formed by a group of left-leaning intellectuals in 1935. She wrote several collections of short stories and two novels. Khadija Mastur was born in 1927 in Lucknow and grew up in a family that valued learning, reading and political dialogue. Mastur and her younger sister Hajira Masroor, worked actively for the Muslim League in 1946, and a year later, when Partition came along, her family migrated to Lahore, Pakistan. Khadija Mastur wrote in a simple but eloquent style. She the author of several collections of short stories and two novels, Aangan (The Courtyard) and Zamin (Earth). She was posthumously honored with the Baba-e-Urdu, Dr. Abdul Haq Award for her collection of short stories Thanda Meetha Pani (Cold, Sweet Water).
Inner Courtyard or Aangan, Khadija Mastur’s first published novel, written in 1952 over eight months, is Mastur’s best loved and most acclaimed fiction. Set in British India and moving in to post independence Pakistan, Aangan is the story of dystopic home where the battles of the world are played out. Based on the of women’s lives, the inner courtyard, it explores realpolitick through the diverse political affiliations of the members of one family. That it does so without espousing （支持，赞成）any one shade of opinion makes Aangan a politically sensitive and not a political novel （即提出了很多政治因素，观点，但是作者的态度是很中立的，没有评价和表态这些观点）. Khadija Mastur deals with the theme of the Freedom Movement, not from the perspective of men but from the point of view of the women whose lives were changed radically by the decisions made by men in the public arena. It is a powerful novel built around female protagonists （主角）and the ways in which they mediate their space in society while condemned to the enclosed world of the inner courtyard, enmeshed in （使陷入）and sustained by strong familial ties and age-old customs.作者: Ava120 时间: 2010-9-15 23:00
细节题 Q: 黑人的特质是什么
V1: 就选在美国出生—v39
V2: 十九世纪的美国黑人怎样，我选大部分都土生土长在美国了。文中可以找到的
逻辑题 Q: 作者assume美国黑人和其他地方的黑人文化怎样，
我选他们share certain characteristics of african culture.那句话在文中是以although开头的，很狡猾。作者: Ava120 时间: 2010-9-15 23:01
1.4.7 美洲大陆sovereign
首先给出“主权”（sovereignty）定义, 然后说英国当初在美国建立殖民地的时候，把某些比较有权势，疆土大的印第安部落视作有独立主权的实体，例如A 部落。后来英国为了扩大自己的势力，停止把印第安部落视作主权实体。后来发生美国革命，美国为了legitimize 他们的地位，采用类似欧洲国家的外交方法，把某些印第安部落又当作是主权实体，与他们签订协议，因此扩大了这部分部落的power.
考题
GWD-3--Q15
According to the passage, which of the following resulted from the Lone Wolf decision?
The Supreme Court took on a greater role in Native American affairs.
Native American tribes lost their legal standing as sovereign nations in their dealings with the federal government, but their ownership of tribal lands was confirmed.
The federal government no longer needed to conclude a formal agreement with a Native American tribe in order to carry out policy decisions that affected the tribe.
The federal government began to appropriate tribal lands for distribution to non-Indian settlers.
Native American tribes were no longer able to challenge congressional actions by appealing to the Supreme Court.
考题
主旨题 主旨题：我选的是欧洲国家对于native Indian tribe 的sovereignty的看法变化.
归纳题 可以推测A部落和其它部落比起来有什么不同？
在英国看来，他比其它部落更具有主权实体的资格。
Q: 问文中 a great divine 的意思 *****
我选的好像是不只是有文字才是lliterate
V2: 文中第一个学者，他的观点(旧观点)里有两个引号，貌似其中一个是on “a great devide” from 文化，好像他观点意思是只有写下来的才算是literature。作者: Ava120 时间: 2010-9-15 23:02
1.5.2 夏威夷temple
Proto-historic Hawaiian temples on the island of Maui may have mushroomed up within just 30 years, not 250 as previously supposed, scientists say. The findings could significantly alter researchers' understanding of the pace of precontact sociopolitical change in the Pacific.
Hawaiian genealogies and oral histories hold that sometime around 1600 A.D. a ruler named Pi'ilani united two opposing chiefdoms on Maui into a peaceful kingdom, marking the emergence of a religious state on the island. Archaeologists had been unable to confirm that sequence of events, however, in part because of the limitations of carbon dating.
In the new work, Patrick V. Kirch and Warren D. Sharp of the University of California and Berkeley used another kind of radiometric technique involving thorium-230, rather than carbon-14, to date bits of branch coral that were collected from living reefs and left as divine offerings at seven different temples during construction. Dates for these corals, which had been incorporated into walls and platform fill(镀：用贵重金属层例如金等覆盖（非贵金属的）表面), all fell in a narrow range of 1565 to 1638 A.D., give or take a few years on either end. Moreover, dates on the samples that best reflect the time they were harvested from the sea--those from the coral branch tips--ranged from 1608 to 1638 A.D., an interval of just 30 years. These findings thus point to intensive temple-building during that time. Because temples served as centers for control of production and the collection of surplus goods, the team contends, it seems likely that the construction boom accompanied a profound shift in sociopolitical structure.
Kirch and Sharp observe that the conquests described by local oral traditions coincide with these new dates, and would have more than doubled the size of the Maui polity to upwards of 2,360 square kilometers--the magnitude of expansion expected with the formation of an archaic state. "The temples provide tangible archaeological evidence of the speed with which a fundamental sociopolitical transition occurred in proto-historic Hawaii," the authors conclude. Indeed, they note, it may have happened in the span of a single generation of Hawaiians.
科学家称，M岛上夏威夷古庙兴盛发展并非像先前预计长达约250年，而是在约30年间完成的。这一发现很大程度上改变了学者对当时社会政治发展进程的理解。
夏威夷人后裔和野史一直认为，在公元1600年左右，一位叫P的统治者将M岛上对抗的两国统一成一个新的国家，这是岛上出现宗教的标志。研究人员由于受碳元素追踪技术的限制，无法确认这些事件的时间顺序。
在新的研究中，K和S用一种T-230同位素技术（取代常用的C-14）对一块从7个古庙中找到的礁石上的珊瑚(该珊瑚是当时从活的珊瑚礁上取下作为一种供 奉品放在古庙里的)进行时间追踪定位。这些珊瑚是从古庙的墙和屋顶中发现的，定位出的时间落在一段很窄的范围内——公元1565-1638年间（或前后波 动几年）。而且，对珊瑚尖部——最能反映真实时间的部分——的定位落在更窄的范围——公元1608-1638年间，仅30年。这些发现显示了当时大范围的 建庙活动。因为考虑到古庙在当时是控制商品生产和聚集的中心，研究小组推测，这些建筑的兴起伴随着社会意识形态结构的转变。
K和S考察发现，当地民间记载的“统一过程”和实验测定的新结果时间吻合，而且将M政权领土扩大了一倍到2360平方公里——重要的古代帝国建成与扩张的过 程。“这些古庙为古代时期夏威夷基础社会意识形态转变的进程速度提供了考古学依据”，笔者总结道。他们说到，实际上，这一转变可能就发生在一代夏威夷人中。作者: Ava120 时间: 2010-9-15 23:03
主旨题 V1: 证明夏威夷社会政治的发展比预想快。
V2: 用新的科学技术novelty证实了一个地区的历史。
V3: 这篇文章的主旨题很明确：new research finding supports historical oral narrative..
JIAWEN:V1和V2可能是同一个答案的两种描述。V3肯定是错的，考的时候注意一下不要选这个就可以了。
归纳题 Q2：infer： reef从海里拔出来以后就没有再吸收T了。
Q3：原文暗示了什么？
其中Ｂ是这个塔primarily是物品（无多余）的交换和集合地（不像）。
我选"这个水生植物被装饰到塔得时候还是活的，when harvest time."
细节题 Q4：coral在古庙中的作用是什么:
had been incorporated into walls and platform fill/ divine offerings
coral 的branch tip其实是有ornament的作用的 当时一心担心着时间 扫太快了 漏过了ornamentally这个词 于是选错了 晚了...720
Q5：why scientist can not prove Hawaii happened in a single period of history originally?
the limitations of carbon dating.
Q6：最后一段single generation那句话是指什么有道题，
我选的大概是指这个span比较短的那个
Q7：serve one generation 的作用。
我选这个文明结构比原想的更uneven．
重点：
关键词：Evolve level,
作者对ant高度发达的social行为的态度astonish
关注文章末对ant灭亡的两个原因分析
in vertebrate’s eye强调蚂蚁surprising social cooperation
larva 吐丝的原因
different level of cooperation 同一种群的ant有不同的evolution line
内容：
特别关注最后一段，evolve level,定位一下，灭亡原因，和O单词
P1：那种蚂蚁是非常的social。团队合作很强，首句有个斜体的 O 的 genus ants，文出现了很多次。是世界上发现的社会结构最复杂的虫子之一。分工好（。他们拖东西时一个连一个成直线（此处有考题出现），力量合在一起. 然后对它们巧夺天工的工作方式和建筑水平赞叹了一番。build nest筑巢的过程：(有两种方式). Weaver Ant如何把用Larvae的丝做连结来把树叶缝合在一起做成巢穴, WA是一个接着一个抱在一起形成一个链子，然后把Larvae荡来荡去，用L的丝来缝合树叶。他们有两种方式搬动叶子来筑巢，一种怎样怎样，另一种又怎样怎样。
P2：作者（满夸张的语气）讲这个weaven ant的social construction怎么怎么强 怎样evolve： 在vertebrate eye看来，这种复杂程度是不能理解的。研究开始看他们是怎么evolve出来这种结构的呢？说可能是迫于survival的压力，这样他们的捕猎着就不能弄清楚了。可是又研究发现weaver ant 其他的虫子就没那么复杂的结构，而他们的捕食者都是一样的。说是因为他们可以建立一套完整的栖息链，可以说什么造成什么东西的传输。
P3:（重点看）讲它不知道怎么的就突然灭亡了，这种东西没有很好的进化，大家都很莫名，作者态度也很好奇，给了两个assumption.假设1：是什么level有关的，一个是说可能遭受到了什么人口的灭绝. 假设2：，还有就是没能将这很好的社会合作能力很好的传给下一代。作者: Ava120 时间: 2010-9-15 23:04
题目较难
归纳题 Q1：作者对ant高度发达的social行为的态度
直接选astonishment
Q2：那些脊椎动物的眼里可以INFER出什么
V1: 我选的是他们的牛B发展给那些猎捕他们的发展下马威了. 760
V2：回答是为了强调蚂蚁surprising social cooperation。
Q6：还有一个团队精神是有点的削弱题
选那个factors other than teamwork 决定了他的成功，
Q7：逻辑削弱提，说怎么能削弱说这个很牛的东西不是发展的最牛的，
我选的是蜜蜂可以边建设家园边传输物资之类的。
by bending the leaves together, and gluing them with whitish paperish substances which held them firmly together. In doing this their management was most curious: they bend down four leaves broader than a man's hand, and place them in such a direction as they choose. This requires a much larger force than these animals seem capable of; many thousands indeed are employed in the joint work.
The weaver ant's ability to build capacious nests from living leaves has undeniably contributed to their ecological success. The first phase in nest construction involves workers surveying potential nesting leaves by pulling on the edges with their mandibles. When a few ants have successfully bent a leaf onto itself or drawn its edge toward another, other workers nearby join the effort. The probability of a worker joining the concerted effort is dependent on the size of the group, with workers showing a higher probability of joining when group size is large.[14] When the span between two leaves is beyond the reach of a single ant, workers form chains with their bodies by grasping one another's petiole (waist). Multiple intricate chains working in unison are often used to ratchet together large leaves during nest construction. Once the edges of the leaves are drawn together, other workers retrieve larvae from existing nests using their mandibles. These workers hold and manipulate the larvae in such a way that causes them to excrete silk. They can only produce so much silk, so the larva will have to pupate 变成蛹without a cocoon. The workers then maneuver between the leaves in a highly coordinated fashion to bind them together.[1]作者: Ava120 时间: 2010-9-15 23:05
Q：问文章implies了什么？选项：
A. 面对不同情况，female bird不会改变唱歌的程度。
B. 雌鸟比雄鸟爱唱歌。
C. there is not a single and specified song是公鸟用来吸引母鸟的。
D.（V1） 母鸟对公鸟的回应对公鸟吸引别的母鸟没有明显的影响
D. (V2)female bird唱哥不会影响她的male partner向其它female bird献媚
D. (V3) 公鸟对母鸟的吸引力不会因为有一只母鸟接着他的唱词儿接着唱而有变化（简单的说就是别的母鸟才不在乎有没有公鸟有没有老婆，貌似就是这样的）
E. 只有lone male bird才会通过唱歌来吸引异性眼球
Q：When does this female bird sing duet? 雌鸟什么时候唱歌？
A. When other female lone bird around, than other male lone birdaound, than other female with family.
B. When other female lone bird or other male bird around than other females with families. 当单身的雌鸟或其他雄鸟在旁边时， 而不是已婚雌鸟在时。
Whipbird的里面有细节说female bird tends to sing more in the presence of another single female or typically in presence of another pair of male-female. （有考题）作者: Ava120 时间: 2010-9-15 23:06
These 4 hypotheses make different predictions about how male and female residents should respond to simulated intrusion by other pairs or individuals. We compared the behavioral and vocal responses of 20 pairs of eastern whipbirds to simulated territorial intrusions by: 1) a solitary singing male, 2) a solitary singing female, and 3) a duetting pair. Males and females did not coordinate their approach to the playback speaker and showed sex-specific responses to playback. Males did not respond differently to duetting versus solo singing intruders. By contrast, females approached more closely during solo female song than during solo male song or duet playback. Females also produced specific vocalizations only in response to duet and solo female playback. Both sexes approached the speaker more closely and quickly during playback of same-sex solo songs than opposite-sex solo songs. Finally, females answered more of their mate’s songs during simulated intrusion by a lone female than during simulated intrusion by a lone male. Our results suggest that duets in this species primarily function to allow females to defend their exclusive position in a partnership. Mate defense by females is unusual in birds but may be promoted in eastern whipbirds by a female-biased sex ratio and the need for exclusive access to male care. Thus, duets result from independent and conflicting strategies of mate and territory defense in males and females.
usurped
Our finding that females did not respond aggressively
to male intruders and formed duets with their partners
least often during playback of a lone male suggests that it is
unlikely that female whipbirds use duets to prevent their partner
from being usurped by male rivals
Our results provide the most support for the hypothesis that
females use duets to defend their own position within the
partnership
In addition, paired females
answered their partner more often in the presence of a lone
female intruder than a lone male intruder and tended to
respond to their partner more often in the presence of an
unpaired female than a paired female rival.
Female whipbirds may reply precisely
to their partner to signal commitment to their partner
or, more likely, as a method of acoustic mate defense.
Defence of their position in the partnership may be necessary
because a female-biased sex ratio is likely to create conditions
of intense intrasexual competition between females for
mate, and exclusive access to male care plays an important
role in female reproductive success. This study suggests that
duets are a consequence of the sexes following independent
strategies of mate and territory defense and highlights the
existence of possible conflicts between partners. Further
studies are required to determine whether duets function in
a similar way in other species that form duets initiated exclusively
by males.作者: Ava120 时间: 2010-9-15 23:06
2.1.4 穴居动物的进化
结构：
first explain a phenomenon, then two out-dated theories are provided, and further recommendation is given for further study. 提出一个现象， 然后提供两个过时的理论来解释这个现象。 最后为将来进一步研究提供了建议。
内容：
第一段：在地下有某种T开头的穴居动物（如worm之类的），它们的祖先是一直居住在阴暗dim , wet, cool潮湿的cave里，然后解释了这个生物怎样怎样。最后一句话提出有两个理论来解释这个生物的evolution。
第二段：详述第1个理论- pleistocene effect theory根据传统理论认为是climate造成。Troglobite喜欢COOL的环境， millions of years以前是生存在glacier冰川附近的，后来全球变暖glacier冰川融化后（climatic change），Troglobite就跑到另外的地方去生活了，好像是去到什么泥地的冻土层下，稍解释了一下这个冻土层有什么条件可以同样让T生存（注意：climatic change 和冻土层的条件是此理论的两个核心因素让T evolve）。最后一句话说这种理论可以解释的例子有一个什么生物（一个看不懂的名词，打了斜体字：有题，说这个生物要是没有什么样的环境的话，会怎样，这里只要回原文定位取非就可以了。）
第三段：第2个理论adaptive shift theory不同意第1个理论，认为是适应原因（是一个合成词，含adapt）说有tropical气候的地方也可以找到T的踪迹，但也说是变化的气候使T进化了。举例，几百万年前在夏威夷Hawaii就有T生存了。
第四段：给前两段泼点冷水：the two theories are incomplete, 说两者均不能解释什么什么，之后又提出一个新的建议（只是短短地带过一下）Until recently, the weather in Hawaii was proved stable in the near 4 million years，这样就说明了T的进化并不是climatic change造成的，然后提出了一个什么建议，以便日后further study of the evolution of 这些T。但是最新的研究发现，赤道气候是变化的。
问题：
主旨题 Q：文章结构：
我选first explain a phenomenon, then two out-dated theories are provided, and further recommendation is given for further study.
Q3：还有一题是问根据文章哪个是正确的
我选的穴居动物的祖先曾经在森林底下呆过. 770
Q4：according to the last p, 问如果热带地区的温度变化和进化有直接关联, 则哪个是正确的. 770
Q5：有according to the last p, 问until recently, scientists认为....（until recently应该是说以前是怎么认为的）770
热带地区的温度都很稳定 (MS正确)
没有什么穴居动物 (MS正确)
Q5. Until rencently，学者们都一直认为tropical island (Hawaii)怎样？
文中最后一段说道：until recently，这种地区温度没什么变化，所以没有什么T开头的单词（穴居动物）。于是我选了fewer T的选项。现在想想可能错了
热带地区的温度都很稳定 (Until recently, the weather in Hawaii was proved stable in the near 4 million years)
背景：网上找了很久没找到原文。下面是比较接近的内容，大概说了一下两种理论。
Those highly specialized animals iliving entirely in the groundwater environment, and absent in surface waters, are called stygobites. 接下来说stygobites都有什么习性，包括哪些动物（记得有说蛇）。There are two main theories of cave colonization and troglobite evolution:
1. the pleistocene effect theory (Barr and Holsinger), 2. the adaptive shift theory (Howarth).
The Pleistocene effect has been the most widely accepted model for the evolution of terrestrial troglobites until quite recently, During cold glacial climates, the cooler, wetter conditions south of the continental ice masses of Europe, Asia and America favoured the spread of invertebrates inhabiting both temperate forest ecosystems and caves. With the ameliorations of climate, those taxa（分类单元：分类学的类项或组，例如门、目、科、属或种） that survived were those living in caves as the forest ecosystmes changed radically. Ultimately geographic and genetic isolation in these cave rerugia produced adaptive radiation and the evolution of distinct troglobites. In favor of this theory are the close affinities between closed forest and cave taxa, the present distributions of taxa in mountain areas separated by deep valleys, and former wider distributions evidenced from the fossil record.
The second theory, that of adaptive shift, was advanced by Howarth to explain the origin of troglobites in the Hawaiian lava tubes, but many have much wider applicability. This theory does not rely on climate change; rather it proposes that partially adapted ancestral species moved into cave niches almost continuously. These may have been species out-competed in surface environments. Thus the availability of food is the keystone of this theory, and troglobite evolution has been continual rather than episodic.这是关于第一种P理论的补充知识（没有在考试文章出现，不过对理解有帮助）The pioneering studies of cave life were predominantly carried out in the karst areas of Europe and North America, areas directly or closely associated with regions repeatedly covered by ice during the Pleistocene. Hence, the effects of glaciation came to dominate the debate about both the distribution and the origin of troglobitic animals. The classic view of the evolution of terrestrial troglobite is, in essence, that climatic instability in the surface environment - especially changes to cold and arid conditions associated with the onset and retreat of Pleistocene glaciations - led to the extinction of surface populations of species that mostly lived in forest soil and litter. This process disrupted interbreeding between the various troglophilic populations and permitted adaptation to the cave conditions in the now-isolated cave populations.
One of the first modern hypotheses for the origin of cave organisms was that of Barr who put forward the “Pleistocene-effect” model for the evolution of terrestrial troglobites in temperate regions. Barr proposed that troglobites evolved from surface dwelling species, which had adapted to the cool climatic conditions of the Pleistocene ice ages. When the glaciers retreated, these organisms were subsequently restricted to more favorable climatic habitats, such as deep wooded ravines, cool and moist forest floors and caves. Over time, with continued climatic variability and subsequent surface habitat changes, the surface dwelling populations became extinct.
Before 1970s, scientists working in the Pleistocene-effect paradigm believed that troglobites were virtually nonexistent in tropical caves. The paucity of troglobites in these regions was explained by the lack of past climatic extremes required to restrict surface dwelling populations to cave habitats. However, since the 70s both the discovery of large numbers of terrestrial troglobites in tropical regions such Austrialia, the Canary, Hawaii, and Jamaica, combined with the mounting evidence that significant past climatic fluctuations occurred in much of the world during the Pleistocene, has made biologist reconsider the evolutionary origins of troglobites in the tropics.
In 1973 Howarth proposed the “adaptive-shift” model to account for the origin of tropical troglobites in lava tubes of the Hawaiian Islands. Howarth proposed that pre-adaptive species move into newly developed cave habitats to exploit the resources not otherwise available on the surface, with troglobites evolving through an adaptive-shift rather than by isolation induced by climatic change.作者: Ava120 时间: 2010-9-15 23:09
作者提到mash 可以infer什么
[植]后熟作用
After-ripening, i.e. a period of usually several months of dry storage at room temperature of freshly harvested, mature seeds, is a common method used to release dormancy and to promote germination (Bewley, 1997; Finch-Savage and Leubner-Metzger, 2006; Kucera et al., 2005; Leubner-Metzger 2003). Seed after-ripening can be characterized by:
(1) A widening of the temperature range for germination.
(2) A decrease in ABA level and sensitivity and an increase in GA sensitivity or loss of GA requirement (see GA response figure below).
(3) A loss of light-requirement for germination in seeds that do not germinate in darkness (see GA response figure below).
(4) An increase in seed sensitivity to light in seeds that do not germinate even with light.
(5) A loss of the requirement for nitrate.
(6) An increase of germination velocity. During tobacco seed after-ripening this is evident by a promotion of testa rupture and endosperm rupture (see the two figures directly below).作者: Ava120 时间: 2010-9-15 23:09
归纳题 Q：火山爆发对于生物灭绝到底的作用。作者同意下面哪个观点？
我选a factor but not the most important
细节题 Q: 文章中论述了下面什么的cause，except
1) drop sea level
2) 氧in ocean 下降
3) 二氧化碳增多
4) 海洋中有毒的物质增多
5) 气候不稳定
我选了海平线下降，他提到下降了，但是是直接说的， 并没有说是由什么引起的，其他的都找到了 。（730）
Q3：作者对collision理论的态度？
-正态度很完美
细节题 Q4：问这理论认为月球形成的material来自哪里，
我选的mantle
This would explain why the moon is so poor in iron and why the abundances of other elements are so similar to those in Earth’s mantle.
逻辑题 Q5:如果capture theory是正确，月球对地球而应该体现出什么样的特性？
我选地月系统自转更快（spin slower， 考场看）。- Also, on encountering Earth, the moon would have been moving so rapidly that Earth’s gravity would have been unable to capture it without ripping the moon to fragments through tidal forces.
Q6:以下哪点成立可以削弱the objection to the 3者之一的一个理论
选项无非就是根据第二段内容，改了些月球当前的特性。
1）科学家对月球表面元素的分析有错误，
2）月球crust的厚度被低估作者: Ava120 时间: 2010-9-15 23:14
The origin of Earth’s Moon
During the last two centuries, astronomers developed three different hypotheses for the origin of Earth’s Moon, but these traditional ideas have failed to survive comparison with the evidence. A relatively new theory proposed in the 1970s may hold the answer. You can begin by testing the three unsuccessful theories against the evidence to see why they failed.
The first of the three traditional theories, the fission hypothesis, supposes that the moon formed by the fission of Earth. If the young Earth spun fast enough, tides raised by the sun might break into two parts. If this separation occurred after Earth differentiated, the moon would have formed from crust material, which would explain the moon’s low density.
But the fission theory has problem. No one knows why the young Earth should have spun so fast, nearly ten times faster than today, nor where all that angular momentum went after the fission. In addition, the moon’s orbit is not in the plane of Earth’s equator, as it would be if it had formed by fission. （反对fission theory的理由： 1-地球应该转得快， 2- angular momentum去了哪？什么是angular momentum？3-月球的轨道应该在地球的赤道平面 ）
The second traditional theory is the condensation (or double-planet) hypothesis. It supposes that Earth and the moon condensed as a double planet from the same cloud of material. However, if they formed from the same material, they should have the same chemical composition and density, which they don’t. The moon is very poor in certain heavy elements like iron and titanium, and in volatiles such as water vapor and sodium. Yet the moon contains almost exactly the same ratios of oxygen isotopes as does Earth’s mantle. The condensation theory cannot explain these compositional differences. （反对condensation theory的理由：1-构成物质的化学成分和密度应该一样。 但月球含iron and titanium, 以及易挥发的物质如water vapor and sodium很少）
The third theory is the capture hypothesis. It supposes that the moon formed somewhere else and was later captured by Earth. If the moon formed inside the orbit of Mercury, the heat would have prevented the condensation of solid metallic grain, and only high-melting-point metal oxides could have solidified. According to the theory, a later encounter with Mercury could have “kicked” the moon out to Earth.
The capture theory was never popular because it requires highly unlikely events involving interactions with Mercury and Earth to move the moon from place to place. Scientists are always suspicious of explanations that require a chain of unlikely coincidences. Also, on encountering Earth, the moon would have been moving so rapidly that Earth’s gravity would have been unable to capture it without ripping the moon to fragments through tidal forces. （反对capture theory的理由： 1-地球应该转得快，）
Until recently, astronomers were left with no acceptable theory to explain the origin of the moon, and they occasionally joked that the moon could not exist. But during the 1970s, planetary astronomers developed a new theory that combines the best aspects of the fission hypothesis and the capture hypothesis.
The large-impact theory supposes that the moon formed from debris ejected into a disk around Earth by the impact of the large body. The impacting body may have been twice as large as Mars. In fact, instead of saying that Earth was hit by a large body, it may be more nearly correct to say that Earth, and the ejected debris formed the moon. Such an impact would have melted the proto-Earth, and the material falling together to form the moon would have been heated hot enough to melt. This theory fits well with the evidence from moon rocks that shows the moon formed as a sea of magma.
This theory would explain other things. The collision must have occurred at the steep angle to eject enough matter to make the moon. The objects could not have collided head-on. A glancing collision would have spun the material rapidly enough to explain the observed angular momentum in the earth-moon system. And if the two colliding planetesimals had already differentiated, the ejected material would be mostly iron-poor mantle and crust. Calculation show that the iron core of the impacting body could have fallen into the larger body that became Earth. This would explain why the moon is so poor in iron and why the abundances of other elements are so similar to those in Earth’s mantle. Finally, the material that eventually became the moon would have remained in a disk long enough for volatile elements, which the moon lacks, to be lost to space.
The moon may be the result of a giant impact. Until recently, astronomers have been reluctant to consider such catastrophic events, but a number of lines of evidence suggest that some planets may have been affected by giant impacts.作者: Ava120 时间: 2010-9-15 23:15
