新GMAT作文黄金80题范文
(按2010年新题库更正题号；按《北美GMAT范文精讲》删除题目及范文,保留此书上没有的题目及范文) By winnie
一．Analysis of Issue Questions
Issue 2
1. To conserve the energy is a world-wide project. No individual country is able to do it independently.
2. It is unfair to let individual nations to make sacrifices while the others do not.
3. The best and the most efficient way is the whole wolrd conserve the energy simultaneously and collectively.
1， 首先，虽然不愿意，但仍然要承认，自私几乎是天性。self consideration优先。在没有广泛的行动时，每一个国家都不愿意在自己作出牺牲的同时，其他国家没有行动。这样不公平，也不可能达到。这时，领导的作用很重要。安排各国家工作，协调各国家活动。有一个行动的指导作用。function as the leader of the group.
2， 而且，保护资源是全球的问题，指望单个国家作出牺牲是不够的。因为在全球化经济发展下，资源几乎是全球运转的。比如，美国会向中国进口木材等原料。所以需要合作。大的跨国公司在其中扮演重要的角色。比如，开发非洲的，有很多是欧洲的公司，跨国公司的举动会影响到很多国家的经济政策。nuclear weapons proliferation
by the same token(同样道理)
the problem of energy conservation transcends the national borders in that either all nations must cooperate, or all will suffer.(sample上的句子)
3， 当然，这样是不够的，必须由各个国家充分地发挥主动的作用take positive action。因为资源是全人类的，每个国家都有责任并且都有必要。只有将统一领导与各国的积极性作用一起结合，才是最effective的方法。
Optional words:
Sacrifice/ expense/ offering/ cost
Conserve/ protect/ guard/ keep/ maintain
Thesis sentence:
To conserve the energy resources is a worldwide project, however, individual nations have been take the responsibilities of energy conservation initiatively without international leadership.
View1:
International leadership and worldwide cooperation play important roles in the protection of energy resources.
Evidence: OPEC is one of the best examples. OPEC, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, is an international organization of eleven developing countries that are heavily reliant on oil revenues as their main source of income. Since oil revenues are so vital for the economic development of these nations, they aim to bring stability and harmony to the oil market by adjusting their oil output to help ensure a balance between supply and demand. In the long run, the stabilized out-put help to cease the problem of over-refining and over utilization of oil energy.
View2:
It is not idealistic to expect the sacrifices necessary to conserve energy independently. Factors other than international leadership and world wide cooperation have driven individual nations to conserve energy. These countries conserve energy purely for their own benefit in the future.
Evidence:
Most nations in Europe have developed and used automobiles that are highly energy efficient.
Japan is a country naturally with nearly no energy resources, so it make great effort to conserve energy for future generations. An famous case is that Japan once brought crude oil from other countries and buried it under the sea .作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 22:48
Issue 5. “All groups and organizations should function as teams in which everyone makes decisions and shares responsibilities and duties. Giving one person central authority and responsibility for a project or task is not an effective way to get work done.”
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above? Support your views with reasons and/or specific examples drawn from your own work or school experiences, your observations, or your reading.
“所有的团体和组织都应该作为一个每个人都参与决定、分享责任和义务的团队来运作。给予一个人关于一个项目和行动的集中的权威和责任不是完成工作的有效方式。”
1. For groups and organizations that are stable, it is reasonable to have a flat organizational structure.
2. For groups and organizations that are always confronted with emergencies, it is always better to give one certain person central authority and responsibility.
3. It is hard to say that one structure is necessarily better than the other. They all have advantages and disadvantages. And it is a case-by-case discussion.
1， Admittedly, 在团队中，每个人都应该起到积极的作用take positive action。责任和义务的share可以激发每个人更加主动motivate the members’ creativity and initiative. 比方说，many companies let the employees to buy shares and stocks.
2， 但是，这样不是说，everyone should be given the power to make the final decision. 首先，天性是自私的。In many circumstances, the personal goal may be different from or even contrary to the goal of the group. 如果任由每个人作出决定，很可能作出相反的，产生很多矛盾。incompatible conflict. 比如企业中，每个员工都想争取最多的工资，但也许与企业cost-cutting policy想矛盾。
3， 这时候，就需要one person with the authority and responsibility for a project来协调assort with the different interests。synthesize the various voices of all the group members and make the final decision.这样才能有效地领导一个团队，不会偏离最初的目标stray from the initial goal of the task.
Thesis sentence: it is true that team work is the most familiar functional way that adopted by many groups and organizations. It is also true that every team member should share responsibilities and duties within the team. However, it is hardly true that the absence of central authority that enable everybody to make decisions is an effective way to get work done.
View1:compared with giving the responsibility for a task to one authoritative person, the sharing of responsibilities and duties among team members is a more effective way to get things done.
Evidence: the allocated responsibility and duties give workers the feeling of being important and necessary that motivated them to fulfill their work.
The fact that anyone who dose not accomplish his or her assigned work thus affect the whole progress of the project could be easily detected, gives the necessary pressure to workers that guarantee the efficiency thus the completion of the progect.
View2: the claim that the everybody decision making structure rather than central authority is a more effective way to get things down is unwarranted.
Evidence:
Everybody makes decisions totally no decisions.
Not everyone has acquired the essential abilities such as thorough analysis and foresighted prediction to make decisions.作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 22:48
Issue 8. “For hundreds of years, the monetary system of most countries has been based on the exchange of metal coins and printed pieces of paper. However, because of recent developments in technology, the international community should consider replacing the entire system of coins and paper with a system of electronic accounts of credits and debits.”
Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.
“几百年来，大多数国家的货币制度建立在金属硬币和打印的纸币的交换的基础之上。但是，因为最近技术的发展，国际共同体应该考虑将整个硬币和纸币的系统用存款和贷款的电子帐目系统取代。”
1. Intangible currencies are more convenient than its predecessor.
2. Tangible currencies are safer than its counterparts.
3. It is too extreme to let the electronic system replace the tangible system entirely. We can let they two coexist.
Optional words:
Thesis sentence: while electronic currencies enjoy their own merits, it still can not replace the entire system of tangible currencies.
View1: convenient, efficient and easy to carry are the exclusive advantages of electronic currencies.
Evidence:
View2:tangible currencies such as coin and paper has its own merits and special functions that could not be replaced by electronic currencies.
Evidence: merits: more reliable, more efficient in small sum transaction, more systematically safe; function: collection作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 22:48
Issue 9
1， Personal activities should not be brought to one's workplace since they can reduce one's efficiency. Thinking about one's private life can distract one from his or her work.
2， Talking about private life and doing personal activities can disturb other fellow workers.
3， It is inevitable for a person to think about his or her private life and to do some personal activities at the workplace. But an employee should do his or her best to focus on the work when at workplace.
1， it is true that employees can hardly only work like a machine, that is to say, inevitably, they may carry some personal emotions while working. Sharing the personal interests and activities moderately may help build the positive relationship among colleagues.
2， However, it is not a wise choice to let the employees to bring all their private life and personal activities to the workplace. 仍然举上面的例子来说，a mother worried about her child cannot efficiently focus on her task even if the deadline is coming. a girl who breaks up with her boyfriend during the work time will probably talk to other fellows about the bad emotion, which may have a potentially negative influence on the productivity of the staff. so on…
allow personal life to impinge upon their job performance or intrude on coworkers.(sample)
Optional words:
Separate/ isolate/ exclude
Thesis sentence: I agree with the author’s point of view towards the relationship between private life and work because bring private life to workplaces has many bad effects on both the one who does so and people around him.
View1: personal activities should not be brought to the workplace since they can reduce one’s efficiency.
Evidence:
View2: dealing with one’s personal affairs at the workplace will inevitably produce negative effects on other co-workers.
Evidence: Inspirer imitations thus affect the morale and productivity. Working atmosphere, morale, corporate culture.
View3: since sometimes problems of private life will catch people all the time, the supervisors should be more sensitive to their subordinator’s difficulties, and help them to handle them properly.作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 22:49
Issue 9
1， Personal activities should not be brought to one's workplace since they can reduce one's efficiency. Thinking about one's private life can distract one from his or her work.
2， Talking about private life and doing personal activities can disturb other fellow workers.
3， It is inevitable for a person to think about his or her private life and to do some personal activities at the workplace. But an employee should do his or her best to focus on the work when at workplace.
1， it is true that employees can hardly only work like a machine, that is to say, inevitably, they may carry some personal emotions while working. Sharing the personal interests and activities moderately may help build the positive relationship among colleagues.
2， However, it is not a wise choice to let the employees to bring all their private life and personal activities to the workplace. 仍然举上面的例子来说，a mother worried about her child cannot efficiently focus on her task even if the deadline is coming. a girl who breaks up with her boyfriend during the work time will probably talk to other fellows about the bad emotion, which may have a potentially negative influence on the productivity of the staff. so on…
allow personal life to impinge upon their job performance or intrude on coworkers.(sample)
Optional words:
Separate/ isolate/ exclude
Thesis sentence: I agree with the author’s point of view towards the relationship between private life and work because bring private life to workplaces has many bad effects on both the one who does so and people around him.
View1: personal activities should not be brought to the workplace since they can reduce one’s efficiency.
Evidence:
View2: dealing with one’s personal affairs at the workplace will inevitably produce negative effects on other co-workers.
Evidence: Inspirer imitations thus affect the morale and productivity. Working atmosphere, morale, corporate culture.
View3: since sometimes problems of private life will catch people all the time, the supervisors should be more sensitive to their subordinator’s difficulties, and help them to handle them properly.作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 22:49
Issue 11
1， Every one has faults. We can not ignore one's achievement only because he or she has made some faults. Likewise, we can not neglect one's error when he or she achieves greatness in the field.
2， When it comes to which one is more important, the greatness or the faults, the final judgement should be based on the situation of the certain person. In fact, as far as I am concerned, it makes no sense to make such a judgement.
3， We should give a person fair and reasonable evalluation. It is imprudent轻率的 to say that the greatness one achieves in one field is necessarily more important than the faults he or she makes.
衡量人们的成就与错误的重要性，本身一直是一个controversial topic。
1， The proponents of this view may argue that 人们不能因为过错而忽视成就。在很多情况下，compared with the huge achievements, those great people’s faults appear so unimportant as to be forget. 比如，Yet even a cursory review of the private lives of past Presidents reveals substantial evidence that Franklin Roosevelt, Dwight Eisenhower, Lyndon Johnson and John Kennedy had extramarital affairs. Thomas Jefferson, many believe, fathered children by one of his slaves. And Grover Cleveland confessed to having an illegitimate child.但与他们的政治成就相比，比如Roosevelt boosted the American economy and cease the recession…人们往往选择neglect such faults.
2， 以上的观点，不代表说，我们可以因为一个人的成就，而忽视他的重大过错。比如Mao, who released Chinese from the aggression of other nations, and also, who started the “Great culture revolution” in China which brought huge disaster to hundreds and thousands of innocent people. Poet named “Haizi” who is highly achieved in arts and literature, murdered his wife and then committed suicide. It is unfair to take it for granted that any achievement in any field is more important than life.
3， 所以，在很多情况下，成就与过错的重要性随情况变化而变化，没有一个perpetual right answer to this question. 我认为就这个问题本身的讨论并没有意义，评价一个人的时候，应该collectively and objectively evaluate a person by considering both the faults and the achievements rather than by claiming one of the two is more important than the other.
Optional words:
Greatness/extraordinary/ outstanding/ supreme
Success/ achievement/ accomplishment/ attainment
Thesis sentence: in most cases, a great achievement that one gains in certain field is more notable than the faults he has ever made. However, that does necessarily mean that the former is more important than the later. Moreover, it is severely biased to praise people’s achievements without even a glance on their faults.
View1: Is almost undoubted that we can not eliminate people’s achievements just because they have made some faults. Likewise, we can not neglect people’s faults when they achieve greatness in certain fields.
Evidence:
View2: An appropriate judgment towards a person should be based on thorough analysis covering both his achievements and faults. It is arbitrary to say whether great achievements are more important than faults unless the all-round situation of a certain person is presented.
Evidence:作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 22:49
Issue 12
1， 教育是提高一个素质的最好途径。机遇只偏爱有准备的头脑，教育使人有能力抓住转瞬即释的机会
2， 成功的定义应该是全力投入于自己所喜爱的事业对社会有所贡献从而得到物质和精神上的满足。教育是最主要的为一个个体提供掌握一种技能熟悉一门学科知识的provider，从而才可以有所贡献而得到满足。
On one hand, there is nothing that can be better than education in providing us with all kinds of knowledge and skills for solving different problems in our respective domains. How can we achieve success without those expertise and techniques? Some one may argue that experience and common sense are enough for this kind of concern. However, in my opinion, nothing can really substitute education, while it may be true that the above-mentioned elements are also important in gaining the knowledge to achieve success.
What is more, education can make a person improve morally and purify his or her spirit. In my point of view, morality is also an important element for one’s success, although it is always neglected or overlooked. Dictators, for instance, they are likely to be very intelligent and hard-working people, but they are inferior in ethic. It is obvious that those people can not be considered successful. The best way to make a person moral and respectable is education. It teaches people to tell good from bad; it helps people to distinguish justice form evil.
privilege n&vt property determine access obtain excellent opportunity candidate
1， Education may be always play an indispensable role in getting successful in life. 因为，教育不仅教授specialized and professional knowledge for future occupation, but also many essential principles and skills in the life, such as insight, virtue and analysis. 这些在高速发展的当今社会尤其重要。
2， 在过去，教育的也起到key role的作用，但是，那时候只有property and money can provide the opportunity of receiving education. 所以privilege and property were the keys to education, and thus to success in life.现在不同，people have equal opportunity to obtain education. 财富不再能Property can no longer possess exclusively the resource of education. 教育成为了决定因素。
3， 现在的工作岗位employers are more concerned with the real ability of the employees rather than their family fortune and social connection.更加adequate competition使people with higher education background更容易成功。
Optional words:
Ensure/assure/ guarantee
Thesis sentence:
Money and property has been replaced by education as the main provider of individual opportunity to success.
View1: In the past, the wealth people are more likely to be successful because the education is only accessible by them. When becomes available to almost everyone, education plays an more and more important role in providing opportunities to success.
Evidence:
View2:In today’s business world, employer are more likely hire people on the basis of capacity rather than the kinds of traditionally personal connections that are common among the wealthy.
Evidence:作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 22:50
Issue 13
1， 个人往往是按照自己的利益办事即使有环保意愿但和个人利益冲突或要损失个人利益时候往往就会选择牺牲环境moreover个人往往是短视的，只关注眼前不注意长远。政府则相反
2， 环保常常规模很大，个人无力完成。
3， 诚然每个保护环境的措施都是要个人的参与的。但是这种参与是在政府的统筹下的。象作者那样的论断是草率的
a tug of war拔河，两派间的激烈竞争 a political tug of war between those in favor of the new legislation and those against it.
large in scale participation participate ensure preservation individual
on behalf of 为了 at large 逍遥自在不受限制的；全体地普遍地
Experience tells us that individuals tend to act on behalf of their own short-term economic and political interest, not on behalf of the environment or the public at large.
complete elimination emission automobile nevertheless不过 manufacturer manufacture because voluntarily volunteer voluntary volunteer voluntary voluntarily sacrifice accomplish
regulatory调整的 enforcement impose necessary standard ensure achieve aside from inherently inherent pandemic全国流行的 epidemic流行的 traverse border environment environmental hazard enemy analysis authority authoritative possess attainment agreed-upon 意见一致的
1， The proponents of this assertion may argue that the natural environment ultimately belongs to each individual person, therefore, it is reasonable to attribute to each person the responsibility for preserving it. a, 必须要承认的是，我们共同使用环境资源，the condition of the environment may have directly effect on each person。所以，人人都has the obligation to protect the environment from being polluted. b, 只有人人都积极地保护环境，
2， However, to leave all the responsibility to individuals is hardly a wise decision. Despite of the argument above, we should still not lose the sight of the fact that individuals have strong propensity of self-interest and short-term consideration. 没有政府的监督，很少有人自愿作出牺牲以保护环境（voluntarily make sacrifice to protect the environment.）比如如果政府不forbidden smoking in public，smokers may enjoy their cigarettes whenever they want. Deforestation kill excessively
很多情况下，重大fatal的保护环境举措，没有政府的支持做不到。比如工厂dumping noxious water into the river/ deforestation/ kill excessively…以上那些行动，个人的力量根本不能阻止prohibit.
Optional words:
Preserve/ conserve/ maintain
Thesis sentence: While individual person can do a lot to protect our natural environment, the responsibility of preservation the overall environment lies in the hands of government with help form each individual in the society.
View1: Experience tells us that individuals tend to act on behalf of their own short-term economic and political interest, not on behalf of the environment or the public at large.
View2:the government has certain advantages in preserving the environment.
Evidence:
the government can place certain regulations on the wastes and pollutants towards environment emitted by industries.
Fines deprived from corporations and individual ones that disobey the environmental regulations can be used on many ways such as preserve the forests, planting trees, create conserved areas that will improve our current situations.作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 22:50
Issue 13
1， 个人往往是按照自己的利益办事即使有环保意愿但和个人利益冲突或要损失个人利益时候往往就会选择牺牲环境moreover个人往往是短视的，只关注眼前不注意长远。政府则相反
2， 环保常常规模很大，个人无力完成。
3， 诚然每个保护环境的措施都是要个人的参与的。但是这种参与是在政府的统筹下的。象作者那样的论断是草率的
a tug of war拔河，两派间的激烈竞争 a political tug of war between those in favor of the new legislation and those against it.
large in scale participation participate ensure preservation individual
on behalf of 为了 at large 逍遥自在不受限制的；全体地普遍地
Experience tells us that individuals tend to act on behalf of their own short-term economic and political interest, not on behalf of the environment or the public at large.
complete elimination emission automobile nevertheless不过 manufacturer manufacture because voluntarily volunteer voluntary volunteer voluntary voluntarily sacrifice accomplish
regulatory调整的 enforcement impose necessary standard ensure achieve aside from inherently inherent pandemic全国流行的 epidemic流行的 traverse border environment environmental hazard enemy analysis authority authoritative possess attainment agreed-upon 意见一致的
1， The proponents of this assertion may argue that the natural environment ultimately belongs to each individual person, therefore, it is reasonable to attribute to each person the responsibility for preserving it. a, 必须要承认的是，我们共同使用环境资源，the condition of the environment may have directly effect on each person。所以，人人都has the obligation to protect the environment from being polluted. b, 只有人人都积极地保护环境，
2， However, to leave all the responsibility to individuals is hardly a wise decision. Despite of the argument above, we should still not lose the sight of the fact that individuals have strong propensity of self-interest and short-term consideration. 没有政府的监督，很少有人自愿作出牺牲以保护环境（voluntarily make sacrifice to protect the environment.）比如如果政府不forbidden smoking in public，smokers may enjoy their cigarettes whenever they want. Deforestation kill excessively
很多情况下，重大fatal的保护环境举措，没有政府的支持做不到。比如工厂dumping noxious water into the river/ deforestation/ kill excessively…以上那些行动，个人的力量根本不能阻止prohibit.
Optional words:
Preserve/ conserve/ maintain
Thesis sentence: While individual person can do a lot to protect our natural environment, the responsibility of preservation the overall environment lies in the hands of government with help form each individual in the society.
View1: Experience tells us that individuals tend to act on behalf of their own short-term economic and political interest, not on behalf of the environment or the public at large.
View2:the government has certain advantages in preserving the environment.
Evidence:
the government can place certain regulations on the wastes and pollutants towards environment emitted by industries.
Fines deprived from corporations and individual ones that disobey the environmental regulations can be used on many ways such as preserve the forests, planting trees, create conserved areas that will improve our current situations.作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 22:50
Issue 15. “Nations should cooperate to develop regulations that limit children’s access to adult material on the Internet.” *
*The Internet is a worldwide computer network.
Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.
“国家间应该合作发展规范以限制儿童接触英特网上的成人内容。”
The issue here is whether an international effort to regulate children's access to adult material on the Internet is worthwhile. In my view, nations should attempt to regulate such access by cooperative regulatory effort. I base this view on the universality and importance of the interest in protecting children from harm, and on the inherently global nature of the problem.
Adults everywhere have a serious interest in limiting children's access to pornographic material. Pornographic material tends to confuse children----distorting their notion of sex, of themselves as sexual beings, and of how people ought to treat one another. Particularly in the case of domination and child pornography, the messages children receive from pornographic material cannot contribute in a healthy way to their emerging sexuality. Given this important interest that knows no cultural bounds, we should regulate children's access to sexually explicit material on the internet.
国际合作在这中间十分必要.因为这种犯罪的遏止如同当年控制臭氧空洞(ozone depletion)的元凶PRIME CRIMINAL(CFC)时候一样单独靠一个国家的力量这种污染是无法遏止的.
诚然,会遇到很大的政治制约(POLITICAL HURDLE)
regulate access material worthwhile cooperative regulatory
universality普遍性广泛性I base this view on the universality and importance of the interest in protecting children from harm, and on the inherently global nature of this problem.
pornographic色情的 sexual性的性别的 emerging浮现出来的 sexuality 性特征bound contained within national border be akin to emission release phenomenon regulation contamination污染物 contaminate admittedly formidable hurdle compliance 服从顺从consequence结果 cooperate
1， pornographic material has seriously negative effect on children-misleading their sense of sex, of the normal relationships between people, and of themselves as sexual beings. 儿童的好奇心以及缺乏正确的认识，are vulnerable to the bad influence of such adults materials，从而distract their concentration from study to those distorted notions. 人们有责任和义务帮助孩子，protect them from being hurt and influenced by such materials.
2， However, 国家范围内的regulations lose their previous effectiveness because of the development of internet. Just as the companies which contaminate the natural environment move to other countries after being punished, so the company offering pornographic materials on line can move to other parts of the world to avoid punishment. 所以，国家联合起来，非常有必要。
可以通过象环保那样的联合的和约。
3， Admittedly, 有困难，与甚至敌对的国家hostile 但是不能放弃努力。
Optional words:
Regulation/ law/ restriction
Limit/confine/.control/ hamper/ inhibit/
Thesis sentence:
View1: adult material on the internet may have terrible affect on children with immature point of view and judgment.
Evidence: pornographic material. tends to confuse children----distorting their notion of sex, and of how people ought to treat one another.
View2:since Internet has no national boundaries, nations should attempt to regulate such access by cooperative regulatory effort.
Evidence:作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 22:51
Issue 21. “Job security and salary should be based on employee performance, not on years of service. Rewarding employees primarily for years of service discourages people from maintaining consistently high levels of productivity.”
“工作保险和工资应该建立在雇员绩效的基础上而非工作年限上。主要根据工作年限奖励员工不利于人们保持高水平的生产力。”
1. 一方面绩效工资会促进工人的劳动生产率，使偷懒的工人得到惩罚;使专心工作投入较大的工人得到补偿增大他们的激励.
2. 另一方面,单纯的使用绩效工资也可能会打击一部分工人的劳动积极性.因为有一些为公司服务很久的工人可能仅可能是由于年龄的原因劳动生产率下降.而且社会物价的总体水平也是应该考虑的因素之一,当存在通货膨胀时候如果仅依照绩效评价,那么工人整体的生活水平会下降也不利于劳动生产率.
productivity productive counterproductive security secure salary solely sole performance length incentive motivation enticement stimulus impetus incitement tenured professor associate professor achievement reward average worthwhile amply ample schedule salary condemn判刑,谴责
loyal royal loyalty refuse adjust counterproductive attract retain reserve withhold uphold criterion criteria security ignore ignorance
1， 首先，完全根据年限来看，是不利于生产力进步的。——这样员工只要在企业里待着，表现平庸provide third-class performance就可以得到更多的奖励，这显然是不利于整个团队的morale的。一方面，老的不能激发；另一方面，有才干的年轻人也不会愿意加入这个企业。
2， 但也不能完全只看表现，还要在此同时考虑到年限。因为老员工又同时非常优秀的表现，为企业付出了更多的力量devote their entire life to the development of one corporation。如果完全一视同仁，也不一定更公平。反而很可能使老员工感到不公平treated unfairly，丧失对企业的loyalty。
3， 应该综合来看，考虑到表现相同的员工，根据服务年限不同得到不同的待遇。
View1. Performance plays an important role in the assessment procedural of employees.
View2. It is true that reward employees solely according to their seniority will affect the overall productivity, however, the year of services do contain some indication on specialty and experience. More over, when conducting work assessment of certain positions such as consultant, in which performance become hard to evaluate, seniority acts as useful supplement作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 22:51
22. “Clearly, government has a responsibility to support the arts. However, if that support is going to produce anything of value, government must place no restrictions on the art that is produced.”
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above? Develop your position by giving specific reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.
“很明显，政府对支持艺术富有责任。但是，如果需要这个支持产生任何价值，政府必须对产生的艺术不加限制。”
1. 政府对艺术富有责任这一论断是毫无根据的。事实上政府应该把更多的精力投入到公共产品以及具有外部性的产品的生产与建设上。因为由经济学的理论我们知道这些产品是非竞争非排他的，因此无法由私人部门提供。这也正是需要政府存在的理由。而艺术显然是可以在私人部门解决的。私人收藏和私人装饰都为艺术品提供了广阔的市场，艺术品显然不是公共产品。但是由于艺术品可能具有的外部性，如个人收藏可以让拥有者以外的人赏心悦目，所以政府对艺术进行适当的扶植是应当的。但说政府对艺术负有责任，这显然是言过其实。
2. 对于需要政府加以扶植的艺术例如公益性质的艺术展览等，政府是需要对其加以限制的。政府的只能就是使社会的总收益最大。如果加以限制可以使其扶持的艺术行为为社会带来更大的收益限制就是必要的。有人可能会反驳说这会对艺术的自由创作带来负面的影响，但事实上绝对的自由是不存在的，适当的限制是对自由的保障。例如有些裸体行为艺术，就应由政府出面限制观看的人群年龄，实际上这并不会影响艺术创作。
unwarranted baseless groudless bottomless foundationless gratuitous groundless 私人产品private goods 公共产品public goods 外部性externality 非竞争non-rivalry 非排他non-excludability 竞争rivalry 排他excludability 理论 私人部门private sector 公共部门public sector收藏collection
扶植prop up 扶持support uphold 言过其实paint the devil blacker than he is 为公益的commonweal-oriented 限制constrain confine 负面影响negative impact 正面影响positive impact 绝对的absolute
保障guarantee safeguard 裸体naked
1， 艺术的巨大作用毋庸置疑：强调the perpetua永久的l virtue, such as bravery, affection, responsibility, honesty and so forth. The Lord of the rings; 同时，remind people of the intrinsic demerits stemmed from the dark side of humanity, such as aggression and greed. Shakespeare’s Macbeth instruct people that the insatiable贪得无厌 ambition is pernicious. 艺术应该受到支持，以便蓬勃发展。
2， 但是不能说政府应该扮演这个角色。首先，艺术需要自由的表达，而政府的资助一定在某种程度上限制这种自由。比如The government of Soviet Union, forced all the arts it subsidized to follow the “party line” and squashed those artists who resisted such control. 即使在democratic countries, such control is hidden and indirect, but still exist.
3， 其次，政府有更多的职责，需要有限的资源去处理。比如很多社会问题非常严重，environment, criminality, education, starvation… it is not a wise decision for the government to allocate the limited resources on arts while ignoring the more urgent demand cited above.
4， 鉴于以上两点，应该把艺术的扶持工作交给大众。事实上，现在的很多公益机构charitarian are doing an excellent job in supporting the prosperity of arts.
Optional words:
Government/ the authorities
Art/artist
Support/finance/ patronize/ loan/ sustain/ pledge
Thesis sentence:
The inevitable representation of human civilization, art must be count in the responsibilities that government carries. But support without restrictions will probably lead to fruitless.
View1: government should support art
Evidence: because arts have very important functions in our civilization. for example:
Paintings arouse imagination
Music heal broken heart and purify dirty minds
View2: unselected supporting of arts will probably lead to fruitless
Evidence: Some radical forms of arts go beyond the acceptance of the masses and contradict our social moral. for example: posters features blood and violence作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 22:51
22. “Clearly, government has a responsibility to support the arts. However, if that support is going to produce anything of value, government must place no restrictions on the art that is produced.”
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above? Develop your position by giving specific reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.
“很明显，政府对支持艺术富有责任。但是，如果需要这个支持产生任何价值，政府必须对产生的艺术不加限制。”
1. 政府对艺术富有责任这一论断是毫无根据的。事实上政府应该把更多的精力投入到公共产品以及具有外部性的产品的生产与建设上。因为由经济学的理论我们知道这些产品是非竞争非排他的，因此无法由私人部门提供。这也正是需要政府存在的理由。而艺术显然是可以在私人部门解决的。私人收藏和私人装饰都为艺术品提供了广阔的市场，艺术品显然不是公共产品。但是由于艺术品可能具有的外部性，如个人收藏可以让拥有者以外的人赏心悦目，所以政府对艺术进行适当的扶植是应当的。但说政府对艺术负有责任，这显然是言过其实。
2. 对于需要政府加以扶植的艺术例如公益性质的艺术展览等，政府是需要对其加以限制的。政府的只能就是使社会的总收益最大。如果加以限制可以使其扶持的艺术行为为社会带来更大的收益限制就是必要的。有人可能会反驳说这会对艺术的自由创作带来负面的影响，但事实上绝对的自由是不存在的，适当的限制是对自由的保障。例如有些裸体行为艺术，就应由政府出面限制观看的人群年龄，实际上这并不会影响艺术创作。
unwarranted baseless groudless bottomless foundationless gratuitous groundless 私人产品private goods 公共产品public goods 外部性externality 非竞争non-rivalry 非排他non-excludability 竞争rivalry 排他excludability 理论 私人部门private sector 公共部门public sector收藏collection
扶植prop up 扶持support uphold 言过其实paint the devil blacker than he is 为公益的commonweal-oriented 限制constrain confine 负面影响negative impact 正面影响positive impact 绝对的absolute
保障guarantee safeguard 裸体naked
1， 艺术的巨大作用毋庸置疑：强调the perpetua永久的l virtue, such as bravery, affection, responsibility, honesty and so forth. The Lord of the rings; 同时，remind people of the intrinsic demerits stemmed from the dark side of humanity, such as aggression and greed. Shakespeare’s Macbeth instruct people that the insatiable贪得无厌 ambition is pernicious. 艺术应该受到支持，以便蓬勃发展。
2， 但是不能说政府应该扮演这个角色。首先，艺术需要自由的表达，而政府的资助一定在某种程度上限制这种自由。比如The government of Soviet Union, forced all the arts it subsidized to follow the “party line” and squashed those artists who resisted such control. 即使在democratic countries, such control is hidden and indirect, but still exist.
3， 其次，政府有更多的职责，需要有限的资源去处理。比如很多社会问题非常严重，environment, criminality, education, starvation… it is not a wise decision for the government to allocate the limited resources on arts while ignoring the more urgent demand cited above.
4， 鉴于以上两点，应该把艺术的扶持工作交给大众。事实上，现在的很多公益机构charitarian are doing an excellent job in supporting the prosperity of arts.
Optional words:
Government/ the authorities
Art/artist
Support/finance/ patronize/ loan/ sustain/ pledge
Thesis sentence:
The inevitable representation of human civilization, art must be count in the responsibilities that government carries. But support without restrictions will probably lead to fruitless.
View1: government should support art
Evidence: because arts have very important functions in our civilization. for example:
Paintings arouse imagination
Music heal broken heart and purify dirty minds
View2: unselected supporting of arts will probably lead to fruitless
Evidence: Some radical forms of arts go beyond the acceptance of the masses and contradict our social moral. for example: posters features blood and violence作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 22:52
26. “Location has traditionally been one of the most important determinants of a business’s success. The importance of location is not likely to change, no matter how advanced the development of computer communications and others kinds of technology becomes.”
Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion stated above. Support your views with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.
“从传统上讲地址是一家企业成功的最重要决定因素。不论计算机通讯和其他技术发展的如果先进，地址的重要性将不会改变。”
1. 事实上现在的趋势是：由于网络电话电子通讯交通越来越便利，地点对与一个企业来说正在变得越来越不重要。无形的商品可以通过网络、电话进行购买，和使用的地点不是很重要了。例如:保险、电子期刊等。有形商品由于售货方式的改变，地址的重要性也在淡化。很多厂家通过在互联网上展示自己产品的照片和电话直销的形式销售商品。其中比较突出的例子就是AMWAY、DELL
2. 当然有很多的需要体验和身体力行的产品供应商的地址还是很重要的，象是餐饮业健身房等。
trend tendency net telecommunication transportation location position site important significant determinant factor reason tangible intangible palpable tactile touchable insurance electronic periodic periodical production goods commodity manufacturer producer essentiality significance importance strengthen reinforce weaken demonstrate show exhibit display conveient
1. location的重要性体现在：首先，在交通便利的地方，比如沿海地区，near the sea or the river，有利于运输transportation of the cargo…，这也是为什么沿海地区经济通常发达的原因。第二，经济发达的地区，人们的购买能力比较强purchasing power。the demand of various goods may be relatively greater. 有利于the sale.
2. Admittedly, the burgeoning technologies have changed the way of purchasing and selling. However, the extent, to which such technologies will threaten the pivotal role played by location in business, depends on the types of such business. 首先，对于很多retail business, 需要面对面地persuade the consumers to buy，比如化妆品cosmetics. 再比如，try on the clothes and compare the different types and textures…地点仍然是十分重要的。dinner out…
3. Things may be different when it comes to other kinds of companies, for example, those who used to produce large-scale goods make sale depends on the contract signed with other companies. 现在的网络，以及先进的运输，都改变了这些操作模式，他们不再需要面对面接触彼此，也不必过多考虑运输的费用，因为一切都很简单，所以地点变得不那么重要。
View1. To many traditional businesses location still plan an fatal role on its success.
Evidence: restaurants transportation services
View2. as commuter technology and electronic communication become more and more convenient, the intangible locations on the internet have replaced the location in the real world in some business areas.
Evidence: Electronic publications, on line banks, internet retail stores, DELL作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 22:52
本帖最后由 Mayer 于 2010-9-10 22:53 编辑
Issue 27
1. 一个公司最重要的asset就是它的员工。只有有高素质而且尽心尽力为公司服务的员工，才会有高效率的生产。高质量的产品、好的服务让顾客满意从而为企业赚得利润。如果没有好的员工这一切都是不存在的，而如何才能吸引有高素质的员工并且让他们尽心尽力的为公司服务呢?只有通过改善工作环境、提高回报水平使工人对公司满意才能作到这一点.
2. 但是安全感就不是那么的重要了。虽然对有些员工来讲安全感可能会提高他们的效率，但是反过来有些员工会有恃无恐迟到早退，无故旷工或者是没有全心全意。
long-term success primarily dependent job satisfication job security high productivity hign quality high quantity product skillful proficient masterful professional with all one's heart serve efficient efficiency satisfied contented profit entice enticement security secure in the knowledge that one has strog backing factor determine determinant successful factor typical typically vital pivotal ultimate eventual final eventually decidedly substandard subconsciousness subconscious workplace potential excessive nevertheless competitor competition morale
This list hardly exhausts all the factors that can contribute to ..., and none of them is pivotal in any case.
complacency complacent self-satisfied
While ... clearly boosts ...., the same cannot be said for ...
View1: employees are one of the most important assets of a company. Job satisfaction of the workers influences a lot on their performance thus overall productivity which play a fatal role in the success of the company.
View2: unlike job satisfaction, job security may not necessarily lead to success.
Evidence: job security induce laziness, lack of motivation作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 22:55
29. “Too many people think only about getting results. The key to success, however, is to focus on the specific task at hand and not to worry about results.”
“太多的人只想到得到结果。成功的关键是注意手边的特定事情而不担心结果。”
你怎么看这句建议的意思，总的来说，你认为它值得遵守吗？从你自身的经验，观察和阅读给出相关的原因and/or例子来支持你的观点。
1. 只想到结果的人而不注意手边的事情的人往往因为太迫切的期待结果而不屑于把手边看似琐碎的小事做好.事实上每一个目标的达成都是需要无数这样的事情集合在一起才可以达成的.
2. 同样的只注意手边的事情也是不可取的.因为一直这样就缺少了高屋建瓴的技能往往会过分注意细节而忽略了从整体上的把握.每一件事情就都变成是在孤立的完成而不是在为一个核心pivotal的目标而服务这样会忽略了重点降低效率.
at hand anxious anxiety specific specialized certain result outcome eventuality consequence sequence think it scorn to trivial petty accomplish accomplishment attainment keystone advisable可取的inadvisable to operate from a strategically advantageous position strategical strategy advantageous advantage disadvantage focus on the details solely ignore efficiency keystone endproduct proceed process precedent preceding merit admittedly daunting overwhleming
Admittedly, this advice has some merit, by focusing on the details at hand one is less likely to become discouraged by the daunting and overwhleming tasks ahead in an ambitous project.
without reference to virtually The central problem with this advice is that focusing attention completely on the task at hand without reference to how that task is related to the end product would be virtually impossible to do.
random diligent likelihood minimal
View1: without achievements of specific tasks there will be no base for final results.
View2: however, without a specific ideal destination, efforts will find no way to go.作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 22:55
本帖最后由 Mayer 于 2010-9-10 23:14 编辑
Issue 33
1. 人们不会尊重一个不能完成他要求别人完成的任务自己却不能完成的领导。这是人之常情，人们通常都只会欣赏和尊敬比自己优秀的人，而不喜欢被一个不能完成任务却命令自己去做的人心存敬意。例如克林顿总统当commander-in-chief 的时候，由于众所周知他曾经逃避兵役，很自然的下级军官和士兵都不是很尊重他。
2. 人们不信任一个自己完不成任务却要求别人去完成的人。仍然举克林顿总统的例子。由于他逃兵役被视为没有能力，下级都对他的决策心存怀疑，这也就潜在的导致了执行上的不尽心不尽力。
3. 诚然是否能完成自己交给别人的任务并不是衡量一个leader重要指标。可能领导能力、,组织能力、运筹能力更为重要，但是我们不能忽视人们心理上的看法，尽管它可能并不合理但它确实是存在的。
normal human feelings admire adore respect superior to evade escape military service subordinate soldier be doubtful of be suspicious of execution implement admittedly true potentially evaluate index leadership psychological psychology psychologic psychologist exist subsist ...in ... serves as a fitting and public example
1. 诚然，如果在其领导的领域内几乎一窍不通，一个领导很难得到下属的信任和支持，会被看作layperson. 比如，人们无法想象一个不具备任何电脑知识的人，该如何领导一个庞大的IT企业，比如MICROSOFT在激烈的市场中竞争。
2. 但是，这是否意味着作为领导，必须要有能力完成每一项他要求下属做的事呢？这个问题，与领导和员工的真正作用有很大关系！首先，领导的职责是制定长期的发展方针，并且保证这个方针的贯彻执行，adhere to their strategic plans不被偏离。组织员工共同合作完成任务。on the other hand, 员工的作用是各司其职，更加具体的specific task.
3. 从以上两种职责不难看出，领导与员工起到significantly different functions，让领导完成每一个subordinate要做的工作，unfair的。比如，不能blame a CEO for lacking the skills of typing。要对下属做的事有很好的了解，但不一定都要做。否则，领导就失去了意义，成为了一个全能的工人。omnipotent worker with all kinds of skills.
View1: It is human nature to admire then follow someone who is more competent than themselves.
View2: But a feature of a good leader is to organize people with different specialities together and let them perform as a whole. It is too ideal to expect the leaders to have all the specialities of his subordinates.作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 22:55
Issue 31
1. 把收入作为选择职业的首要考虑因素会使人忽视了生命中更应该追求的其他东西。事实上有许多人为了追求更为重要的目标而放弃了使自己获得最大收入的职业。象是特蕾莎修女，她以助人为快乐。尽管在物质上是清贫的但是却在别人快乐的同时自己也得到了幸福的回报。mother Teresa, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize,dedicated the majority of her life to helping the poorest of the poor in India. Although she was not rich all through her life, she was happier than most of her contemporaries because she gained happiness when she helped the poor.bliss blessedness 还有一些人为了做全职家长更好的照顾孩子更是完全牺牲了得到钱的职业。在他们看来和家人在一起生活照顾他们的起居饮食是自己最开心的事情。
2. 诚然经济基础是一切其他活动的前提，但追求钱以外更重要的目标并不一定意味着就会得不到物质回报或者是一定会过得潦倒。事实上两者是可以相互促进的。一个追求智力上或者是创造力上的成就的人象是作家艺术家或者是音乐家当他们的作品问世时候他们同时也得到了物质的回报。othes choose to pursue intellectual or creative fulfillment-as wirters, artists, or musicians. 而这些钱反过来又会为他们的创作提供更好的条件和环境.
ignore overlook neglect pursue go in for in pursuit of aspire after be down and out mutually come out be published priority primarily appreciate notion profession lucrative有利的 stem from subordinate ... to ...
recreation physical health psychological making money is not an end in the end of itself. acknowledge strike a balance overriding高于一切的 factor
1. Admittedly, 人们都不是生活在童话里fairy tale，人们需要面对日常生活中的各种花费，而金钱是保障这一切，从而保障人们生命的基础。financial gain does be an important factor in choosing a career.
2. 但是，这不代表说，所有人都应该把它regard it as the most important…因为after all, 金钱只是满足我们生活的手段，还有更多更家重要的东西，金钱无法满足。比如精神生活：首先，很多人选择很多工作，造福社会，但它们pay less than others，比如social work, nursing. 人们认为精神世界更重要，帮助别人。。。；另外，良好的工作环境，同事关系，使人们精神好。
3. 因为首先：不同人有不同的需要，又比如说，有的妈妈为了照顾孩子，选择地点离家比较近的工作，even though this job can provide her less money than those far from her home.。。再比如说，有的人为了事业上更大的成就，会选择能提供更多机会promotion，或者培训之类的。如果全部考虑金钱，则很可能丧失更多进步的机会。
View1: Financial gain is an important factor in choosing a career.
View2: However, there are more factors play important roles in making job decisions. chance for promotion, training, work environment, corporate culture and reputation, welfare other than financial form
Evidence: Vincent Van Gogh .If he transfer to other career for monetary consideration, there will be no such beautiful scenes as starry night and sunflowers shining forever in our art history.
View3: In my opinion, the best career is the combination of special interests and financial benefits.作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 22:59
Issue 32
1. 广告有没有反映idea？首先我们来看一下idea的定义a formulated thought or opinion 但是广告所展现给我们的通常是一个产品一项服务或者是公益广告中的一项倡议都不能称为是idea a mere picture of a product, service, outlook, or fashion is not an "idea".
2. 由上面的论述可以得出广告并不能传递idea，事实上更谈不到传递一个国家的idea。因为大部分的广告都是商业广告，都是某个企业为了推销一种商品或者服务而产生的。它只能代表一个企业的营销理念而和一个国家的idea没有任何一点关系。
3. 诚然，有一些公益广告是可以反映社会某个部分的成员的idea的。例如:环保组织.然而这些广告只在所有的广告中占据了可以忽略的一个部分，而且它也不能代表一个国家的idea
definition reflect reflection mirror exhibit public-interest advertisement appeal petition judging from the preceeding analysis advertisements can not convey an idea, not to mention 更不要提showing the idea of a nation.commercial advertisement promotion strategy admittedly environmental conservation negligible true
1. 广告确实可以反映一个国家的偏好preference，比如，在东亚eastern Asia的很多国家，电视上proliferation of cosmetic which can impede suntan and make skin appear white，表现了这些国家对白色皮肤的偏好。而同时，另一些western国家中，很多运动用品的广告，体现了对户外运动的喜好。但是这些，并不是一个国家的思想，只是一些时尚流行。。。
2. 广告只能反映superficial的现象，而不是一个国家真正的思想，文化等深层次的东西。因为广告，毕竟只是商家为了推销产品而使用的手段，它的主要只能是persuade the consumers to buy。而不能承担展示精神的作用。有人会说，public-interest advertisements can reflect the concern of specific groups. for example, the environmental… 但这些广告少之又少。despite a few variance, many advertisements in different countries appear to be very much similar. 而我们不能说这些国家拥有一样的思想。只能说商家拥有相似的销售理念。
View1: the most important factor of the evaluation of a AD is its persuasive power. To become more convincing, the designers of the AD always turn to emotional touch by evoking respondence on mass opinions.
View2:ADs, whose nature is business promotions, are often dominate by beneficial concerns not national ideas.作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 23:15
34. “All citizens should be required to perform a specified amount of public service. Such service would benefit not only the country as a whole but also the individual participants.”
“所有的市民都应该被要求完成一定量的公共服务。这样的服务将不但从整体上给国家带来好处，也能给个人的参与者带来好处。”
1. 比起专业的公共服务组织，所有的公民都完成一定的公共服务显得比较低效率。因为我们是在一个高度专业化分工十分明晰的社会，放弃专业的公共服务组织而采取强制性的公民义务形式的服务会使得效率十分低下，而且也会让大多数 人不满，毕竟每个人都有自己的职业和爱好。
2. 管理成本的高昂也是该计划难以贯彻的一个原因。这项决定潜在上要求了要有人监督每个公民是否履行了自己的义务，也要有人给每个公民分配任务.
3. 诚然就象作者所说的那样确实会从整体上给国家带来一定的好处，同时给每个参与的人提供和更多人交流等机会，但是在权衡利弊之后尤其是在和专业化组织对比之后还是得不偿失的be not worth the candle mandatory compulsory ...be weighed against ...
individual compliance enforcement nullify stifle incompetence competent tantamount to 等价 insofar as...
1. 对于国家和社会的好处：首先，强制性mandatory social work可以增加人力资源——因为social work的wage比较低，所以在非强制的情况下，只有少数人愿意参加，这样导致了人员的不足；广泛的参与extensive participation可以引起大家的重视——激发人们更加爱护公共设施,从而降低整个expense on the maintaining. 因为公共设施becomes a aggregation of the hard work of all the citizens. 人们不付出努力,就不会珍惜
2. 对参与者的好处: The principal thing in this world is to keep one’s soul aloft. Flaubert（the great novelist）公共服务可以使人们更加意识到自己的社会责任感duty, 也同时有益于平时的工作; 可以增加人与人的交流, 在完全没有压力的环境下, 心灵得到放松.
3. 当然, 完全强制有可能引起stimulate抵触emotion of repellence, 也要注意方法,同时不要影响正常的工作.
View1: public service, a main approach to show social responsibilities, benefits both the county and the participants.
View2: When becomes a burden and stress to the participants, public service harm not only individual performers but also entire society. Cost of enforcement, reduction of efficiency , increase of abhorrence.作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 23:16
36. “Businesses and other organizations have overemphasized the importance of working as a team. Clearly, in any human group, it is the strong individual, the person with the most commitment and energy, who gets things done.”
“企业和其他组织过分强调了团队工作的重要性。很明显，在任何人类团体里，都是最强的个人，那个具有最多义务和能量的人，把事情完成的。”
The author's assert brings in the controversail and complex question that is being discussed a lot now : teamwork or individual energy and commitment, which one is more important to a company or other types of organizaitons? The author claims that teamwork has been overemphasized. To the contrary, I believe that is the author who makes an overemphasis by saying "It is the strong individual, the person with the most commitment and engergy, who gets things done.
1. 每个个人都是组织的一个组成成员。每个人都各司其职。尤其是在科学技术如此进步的今天很少有人能象作者所说的那样独立完成一项任务。事实上每个人都是完成了工作的一个部分一个方面，而合在一起才有了团队的成功。
2. 一个公司一个组织并不是所有成员的简单加总.如果是这样的话,那么也就没有必要形成一个团队了每个人独立完成就好了.事实上一个团队可以把个体有机的组织在一起,使整体的运做更有效率更有成效,这才识组织存在的原因.
3. 诚然集体的每个任务都是许多个别员工的努力组成的.但是这其中的每个人都不是完全独立的.没有设计人员,生产人员无法生产,而没有生产人员,销售人员亦无法销售.
regimentation团队精神 each does his or her own duty technology organic organically
View1: efficiency comes from work divisions. In today’s business world, it is unpractical for one person to accomplish an entire program. Actually, only every competent person finishes one part of the mission, entirely whole program get done.
View2: An organization is not simply put competent people together but combine them to form a organic integrity, thus induce higher efficiency an productivity.作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 23:16
Issue 37
1. 艺术可以使人更好地投入到科学技术的研究中.起到一定的促进作用.For example, recent studies of cognitive development show that studying music at an early age can strengthen a child's later grasp of mathematics. And understanding philosophical concepts has helped scients recognize their own presuppositions, and frame their central questions more accurately.
2. 从前人前辈的成就和伟大人格中我们可以得到促进和激励更好的投入到工作和学习生活中.
3. 单独只有科学技术我们只能找到解决问题的办法。即我只是知道how to do而不知道should we do
.... . This is not to say, however, that ... . To the contrary mathematicians cognitive strengthen grasp philosophical philosophy presupposition presumption premise assumption intellectual inspire dominate predominate autonomous autonomy liberal arts 文科 contemporary
1. 科技十分重要，没有科学技能的人，很难快速容入工作。难以想象一个缺乏基本电脑知识的人，如何在一个corporation in which most of the daily affairs are dealt with the aid of computer里很好地完成工作！所以，学校有责任培养学生的IT技能。
2. 但是，不代表学校应该忽视艺术人文的教育。众所周知，艺术人文起到启迪思想provide people with gracious spirit. 引导人们意识到人性中的固有美德：。。。举例：科学技术是人们生存发展的工具，但同时，如果没有美德，则可能变成危险的武器。比如nuclear weapons; heroin is made by people with standard chemistry knowledge…（with the guide of virtue, science can be the best servant of human; however, on the other hand, without such guide, it can become the most dangerous weapon.
3. false dilemma. The speaker falsely put the school in a dilemma by suggesting the teaching of science and that of arts are mutually exclusive. 完全可以把两者结合起来。
Because scient View1: primarily and secondary school, whose main function is to teach general knowledge and more important, to shape healthy personality, should place at least as much attention on the arts and humanities as they do on science and technology
View2: Contrarily, university and college should devoted more time on teaching science and technology as they are becoming more and more essential to our modern society. However, it dose not mean the Arts and humanities is not important and the time devoted to it should be decreased. Universities can increase the teaching hour on science and technology by ways such as employ more professors and open more available classroom to provide more courses at the same time.
View3: science and technology are becoming more and more important, yet, we still can not underestimate the importance of the arts and humanities.
Learning form predecessors’ experience and great personalities can lead to great efforts devoted to work and thus better performance. Science and technology tell us who to do, but humanities tell us what should to .作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 23:16
Issue 39
1. 两者并不矛盾而是相互促进相辅相成
2. 科学技术的进步使人更高效率的工作也能让人更好的协调两者的关系
3. 诚然一定的牺牲是必然要做出的但是绝对不是生活中的重要方面
4.
1. cost of living, growing population, increasingly scarce resource… all contribute to a radical competitive society. 是客观条件force people to work longer hours, 自然, 无法避免地剥夺了人们的personal life. 这一点在很多发展中国家尤其明显:缺乏社会福利lack of social welfare, 人口膨胀population explosion, 人们面临更大的失业压力.
2. 而反对这种观点的人说, 先进的科技已经帮助人们沟通更加便利,提高效率, 甚至在家中办公, 已经大大地减少了对个人生活的压榨. 但是close scrutiny will reveal that 事实上,这种进步,更加剧了exacerbate人们工作的强度intensity. 提高的效率, 更要求人们一天干更多事, 在家中办公的可能, 也被充分地利用成了加班overtime.
View1: a fulfilling personal life guarantees a healthy mind and energetic body which enhance professional performance.
View2: Having a joyful career to devote to also in turn help to ensure a fulfilling personal life.
View3: if to achieve professional success must have something to sacrifice, the things may not necessarily the important aspects of personal lives.作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 23:17
40. “With the increasing emphasis on a global economy and international cooperation, people need to understand that their role as citizens of the world is more important than their role as citizens of a particular country.”
“随着对全球经济和跨国公司的关注增加，人们需要理解他们作为世界公民的角色比作为一个特定国家的公民的角色更重要。”
1. 两者并不是完全对立的环保
2. 事实上两者可以相互促进一个人在一个国家做慈善工作很可能也会有一天为别的国家的人服务
3. 当两者冲突的时候哪个更重要取决与不同的情况。
代替取代supersede compatible be compatible with... citizenship domain This one person would be acting consistently as a citizen of community, state, nation and world.admittedly conflicting obligation arise dual Admittedly, conflicting/clashing/discordant obligations sometimes arise as a result of our new dual citizenship.obligatory In sum, although our "dual" citizenship may at times lead to conflict, one role need not automatically take precedence over the other. more often than not The relationship between the two roles is, more often than not, a complementary one, and can even be synergistic. synergistic coactive complement complementary supplement
1. 有时, 很多问题是全球性的,需要世界公民的角度考虑,而非只站在一国角度. 比如,环境问题, 能源问题, 等等. 人们应该为整个地球负责任,而不仅仅是为了一个民族或国家. 因为, 如果是后者, 则很有可能只解决自己的问题, 而把危害转移到别的国家. shift the burden and threats from one nation to another…比如: 出口垃圾,比如大量进口发展中国家的木材.虽然自己的国家暂时解决了问题,但长远看, 没有国家孤立地存在, 不能short-sight and narrow mind, 因为interdependent.
2. 但这不意味着人们就要discard or weaken their role as citizens of one nation. 其实两者并不是incompatible, 更多时候, 可以作为complementary one—and can even be synergistic.比如the preservation of traditional culture, 人们作为一国公民,保护自己独特文化的同时, 实际上也为全球的diversity of culture作出了positive effort. 比如, 为一个国家的public service付出努力的同时, 很可能激发起公民的社会责任感和compassion and responsibility, 参与到国际public service 中, 比如很多charitarian就开始从对本国的慈善事业subsidize the school in one nation也激发起对attention to the education in the international scope.
View1: people’s role as citizens of the world is become more and more important in the modern society.
View2: Without the awareness of being citizens of a particular country, people will find no roots to behave on the stage of the world.
View3: these two roles, national and international, are not mutually exclusive alternatives. They can be properly combined.作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 23:18
Issue 42
1. 科学家的建议也并不一定都是正确的。很有可能他的结论适用面很窄。或者他所得到的数据有错误等等。
2. 对企业来说频繁的变更产品和生产流程会造成很大的经济损失
3. 诚然等待国家制定标准很可能存在滞后等问题但是比较起来以上的问题还是应该等待国家制定标准。此外一个折中的方案是国家成立专门的机构快速地对新的方案和建议做出评价并迅速制定标准
split the difference lag evaluate
View1: The recommendations given by scientists are usually controversial or have inconsistent perspectives on same questions, thus can not provide clear directions on actions that companies should adopt,
View 2: changing products and processes too often will inevitably increase cost and lower productivity. Therefore do harm to the companies .
View3: while waiting for government regulations may draw back the processes of solving the problems, it is relatively a better strategy for companies to follow. We can count on the authorities to speed up the process of conversion between scientific discoveries and official regulations.作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 23:18
45. “The most effective way for a businessperson to maximize profits over a long period of time is to follow the highest standards of ethics.”
“商务人员在长期内实现利润最大化的最有效途径是遵循最高标准的道德。”
反面的例子可以是说如果从最高的道德规范来看有些污染环境的行业根本就不应该存在。但是从企业的长期发展来看以及从社会的福利最大化来看，只要污染控制在一定范围就好。如化工厂只要把排污控制在国家规定的范围就好。
1. 道德不明确，每个人的标准不一样
2. 法律立法时符合大多数人的要求明确具体
3. 时滞可以用提高立法效率来解决
和AI034基本一样。
1. 支持者会认为, 高道德会赢得reputation and trust; 第一, 高道德生产高质量的产品以及service,顾客稳定stable share of the market; 第二, 高道德会让员工满意度提高(公平，平等). 从而attract those applicants with high ability and keep the employees loyal to the company---最终导致高的productivity.
例子：Bayer, one of the largest pharmaceutic companies in the world, announced that the company would cease production of one of its major products, because of the hazardous ingredients it contained. By doing so, the company suffers great loss on profitability, but gains strong public support and understanding, which can contribute to the long-term success of the company.
2. 但在更多的情况下, 高道德也许不equal to maximal profit. 比如,a, 如果把道德放在第一位的话,企业的executive很可能无法执行裁员活动complete the normal administration, such as raising the price, reducing the superabundant staff… b, 高道德的话，很可能采用最高标准的环保生产——这样很不是cost-effective. 总之，Following such undue concern about ethics, the company may find it impossible to survive in the radical competitive market, let alone to gain large profit.
View1: the definition of highest standards of ethics vary from person to person and time to time. Therefore, it is impractical to find and then stick to the highest standards of ethics.
View2: the regulations and laws of authorities are more feasible and suitable standards to follow.
View3: while waiting for government regulations may draw back the processes of eliminating the ill actions, we can count on the authorities to speed up the process of refining the laws and regulations.作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 23:19
48. In matching job candidates with job openings (职位空缺，职务空缺,职工空缺,就业机会), managers must consider not only such variables as previous work experience and educational background but also personality traits and work habits, which are more difficult to judge.
What do you consider essential in an employee or colleague? Explain, using reasons and/or examples from your work or worklike experiences, or from your observations of others.
匹配工作应聘者和工作机会时，经理不但必需考虑以前的工作经历和教育背景之类的变量也必须考虑个人特点和工作习惯，这些更难评判。
你考量一个雇员或者同事的基本点是什么？从你自身的工作经验，或你对别人的观察给出原因and/or例子来解释你的观点。
除了教育背景过去的工作经验之外确实有很多更难量化的因素需要一个公司去衡量
1. 是否诚信是否对公司忠诚是决定一个员工是否可以为公司作出贡献的基本要素。一个有很好教育背景很丰富的工作经验但对公司不忠诚不诚信的人反而可能会对公司带来更大的伤害。他很可能会利用他的经验和专业知识做一些对自己有利而损害公司利益的事情
2. 一个人的对生活的态度对他是否胜任一项工作同样重要。这直接决定了他是积极地还是消极地对待自己的工作。尽管这一指标很难判断很难量化是隐性的但是同样十分重要。
3. 评价一个员工的是否胜任某一项工作仅仅从他是否有完成某个特定任务的能力来判断是不够的。因为在一个公司里面工作，每个人都需要和其他人协同没有人可以完全独立。因此员工是否可以和别人很好的沟通是否有团队精神也是很重要的一个衡量指标。
honest honesty dishonest dishonesty loyal loyalty instead An employee with excellent expertise and a lot of previous work experience but dishonest and not loyal to the company will sometimes do no good to the company while do harm instead, because they may use their expertise and experience to do something that can benefit themselves while damage the company. optimistic pessimistic optimism pessimism negative positive index quantify recessive likewise compatible interdependent dependent independent quantifiable
Thesis sentence: in spite of work experience and education background, there are many other factors, which are difficult to judge, essential in job candidates selection.
View1: Loyalty is an important factor in determine whether a candidate will make contribution to the company.
View2: people’s attitudes towards life is also affect much on work performance. Positive ,passive, initiative, creative
View3: Communication and cooperation abilities become more and more important in today’s business world. Team work, harmonious personnel environment作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 23:20
1. The increased globalization has provided more opportunities than ever before to contact and acknowledge cultures of other nations. 对于不同的宗教信仰和文化习俗，人们采取了更加宽容more tolerant attitude toward dissimilar culture, including religion and custom from other nations. 比方说：China had long closed itself to the outside of the world for many centuries before it opened the door in 1980’s. 在那段时间里，西方文明被简单地理解为怪异和粗鲁的considered to be strange or rude. 而现在，接触了更多后，中国也认识到了不同，并且充分地接受和借鉴even learn from他们。
2. 然而，在很多领域，尽管通过legislation，已经改变了一些to some extent，但严重的discrimination and prejudice still remain severe despite of the legislation… 比方说，racial, gender虽然立法规定了男女在工作一样的情况下得到一样工资，但是社会人为地perceived inequity still exist since 男和女被分为不同种类的工作。
3. 有成绩，但仍然需要努力。对不同的高度容忍体现文明的发展程度。sign of… 之类。所以要一起努力。
Hearst Corporation
__celebrate differences among people and make active use of the varied perspectives that workers from different backgrounds bring to the job.
View1: our legislation and moral tend to eliminate bias and prejudice based on difference.
View2: better communication and broader cooperation teach people to respect deference作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 23:22
60. “Employers should have no right to obtain information about their employees’ health or other aspects of their personal lives without the employees’ permission.”
“没有雇员的同意时，雇主应该没有权力去了解他的雇员的健康状况和其他的私人生活方面的信息。”
1， 员工的私人生活状况，很可能影响工作效率。productivity and turnover，所以雇主有理由关心。比如，健康问题，良好的健康状况显然是保障正常稳定生产的基础，雇主付出相同的钱，expect to get certain productivity. 而员工隐瞒健康状况，造成的低效率高成本，会使公司suffer。在雇佣时拥有对称的信息，很重要。
2， 同时，员工的私人状况，如果会危害到其他员工，那么应该有权得这知。比如，健康状况，犯罪的历史等等重大事件。健康，会infect other employee/ 暴力 history of crimes violence 很可能会对其他的员工造成伤害。这些都是必须要知道的。
3， 但有一些其他的私人生活，与工作效率无关，而且不是threat to others。employer 没有权力获取。比如，婚姻状况marital status, religion, race…这些都应该是员工自愿提供的with permission，而不能强制获得force。
View1: as human resources is one of the most important fortunes to a company, companies should know the health conditions of their employees. Decide whether a worker is competent for a job, decide cost on medical cares, ensure productivity
View2: other aspects of employees’ personal life, if not directly related to work performance, are not need to expose to employers.作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 23:22
本帖最后由 Mayer 于 2010-9-10 23:23 编辑
Issue 62
1. It is important for the education to teach us the unity. It is important for us to identify with others since no one can live without others.
2. While it is also important for the education to teach us the diverstity for us to better understand and respect others.
3. Which is more important is hard to say. Both the unity and the diversity should be taught.
View1: It is very important for education to teach us unity. Since all nations interact with each other more and more thoroughly, no one is an island in the world.
Evidence: unify citizens from diverse backgrounds, reduced ethnic, religious or political factions and wars. Improve cooperation, mutual altruism and finally harmonious humanity
View2: While it is also important for education to teach us diversity in order to improve understanding and respect between nations.
Evidence: democratic ideal of tolerance, educating people about diversity might even produce a unifying effect—by promoting understanding and appreciation among people from all backgrounds.作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 23:27
65. “The rise of multinational corporations is leading to global homogeneity*. Because people everywhere are beginning to want the same products and services, regional differences are rapidly disappearing.”
* homogeneity: sameness, similarity
Discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the opinion expressed above. Support your point of view with reasons and/or examples from your own experience, observations, or reading.
“跨国公司的兴起导致全球一体化。因为所有地方的人们都开始需要同样的服务和产品，地区差异正迅速消失。”
1. The so-called cultural innovation does exists. Let's take KFC as an example. Its standard design, decoration and food supplied in every chain all around the world influence people consume its product and service.
2. However, to say the multinational corporations do no good to promote and improve the unique culture of the nations where their branches are located is very imprudent.
3. Ideally, the multinational corporations should incorporate the culture of the target country's cultrue with the corporate culture and the culture it belongs to.
反对。
1， 首先，前提是错误的。因为各地差异不同，所以全球化的大公司，想在所有地方都提供一样的产品服务是不现实的。empirical evidence: 很多成功的大企业，往往是那些充分认识到不同，从而采用不同的策略的。不能保持完全一致的策略，let alone 更不用说完全一样的产品和服务。比如：KFC等fast food，在中国都针对口味偏好开发了很多新产品。
2， Moreover, 地区差异不会消失，有更深层次的原因on much deeper level。第一，文化的差异，信仰的不同，很难靠产品和服务改变。比如，即使使用最先进的日本Panasonic产的电视，美国人用来传播transmit democratic principles, while中国人可能用来publicize the thoughts of Mao, or Confucius… 第二，习俗的差异，custom。比如，尽管很多年轻人在中国开始celebrate the Valentine’s Day, 但是在所有中国人心中，最重要的节日仍然是Spring Festival。这是什么样的产品都不能改变的。
Optional words:
Homogeneity/ homogeneous/ homogenize/
Difference/ divergence/ deviation/ variance/ disagreement/ conflict
Thesis sentence:
View1: the development of multinational corporations does enhance global unity by bringing the same methods of business administration as well as products and services throughout the world.
Evidence: western fast food bring by global chain express such us McDonald’sand KFC have change our diet habits a lot
View2: however, the effect of multinational corporations is far from eliminating regional deference. The corporations itself is blend in the regional features.
Evidence: Lay’s, one of the most successful multinational food manufacturers, add some flavor of traditional Asian dishes to its potato chips in order to attract foreign customers.作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 23:28
Issue 66
1. Manufactures are resposible for providing the consumers with safe and reliable products and they are also responsible for supplying clear and detailed instrctions. That is the basic requirement for a qualified manufacture.
2. To satisfy the need of the consumers for convenient and user-friendly product will benefit the manufacture at the same time. Because during the process in pursue of the consumers' satisfaction the manufactures have to make innovations and a lot of P&D, which will enhance the manufactures and make them competetive in the rival with others.
3. However, if the manufacture has already done well to provide excellent and safe product plus clear and detailed instructions and it is the consumers' misconduct that should be blamed for the incidence, then the manufacture is not responsible for the injury.
View1: safe is one of the most important features of products
View2: the extremely strict standard of safe liability is costly and unfair to the manufacturers.
Evidence: this standard force manufactures to do excessive safety testing, and defending liability law suits, Consumers are then damaged by ultimately bearing these costs in the form of higher prices.
nothing can be absolutely safe if used inappropriately. while manufacturers have given clear guide on how to keep and use their product, it is still impossible for manufactures to ensure their products being under proper use. More over, a large number of victims are not direct customers but second-hand users, who can not receive all instructions and guidance.作者: Mayer 时间: 2010-9-10 23:30
68. “Since the physical work environment affects employee productivity and morale, the employees themselves should have the right to decide how their workplace is designed.”
“由于物理工作环境影响雇员的生产力和士气，雇员自身应该有权决定如何设计他们的工作场所。”
1. brings creativity and coziness
2. makes colleagues more closely and companionate
3. Admittedly, some companies such as consulting/consultant? company must avoid too much decoration.
However, no matter the employee or the employer, as for the environment is considered, compromise should be made from time to time.
View1:work character have great influence on the design of workplace.
Evidence: consulting company must avoid too much decoration in order to appear professionally and dependably. To some creative work such as AD agency and fashion design, the decorating of workplace is important not only for simulating inspirations but also for showing creative abilities.
View2: also, the designment of workplace should be compromise to company culture.
Evidence: Consider the influence it has done to co-workers and the harmony in work place.
欢迎光临 国际顶尖MBA申请交流平台--TOPWAY MBA (http://forum.topway.org/)
