In her account of unmarried women’s experiences in colonial Philadelphia, Wulf argues that educated young women, particularly Quakers, engaged in resistance to patriarchal marriage by exchanging poetry critical of marriage, copying verse into their commonplace books.Wulf suggests that this critique circulated beyond the daughters of the Quaker elite and middle class, whose commonplace books she mines, proposing that Quaker schools brought it to many poor female students of diverse backgrounds.
Here Wulf probably overstates Quaker schools’ impact.At least three years’ study would be necessary to achieve the literacy competence necessary to grapple with the material she analyzes. In 1765, the year Wulf uses to demonstrate the diversity of Philadelphia’s Quaker schools, 128 students enrolled in these schools.Refining Wulf’s numbers by the information she provides on religious affiliation, gender, and length of study, it appears that only about 17 poor non-Quaker girls were educated in Philadelphia’s Quaker schools for three years or longer.While Wulf is correct that a critique of patriarchal marriage circulated broadly, Quaker schools probably cannot be credited with instilling these ideas in the lower classes.Popular literary satires on marriage had already landed on fertile ground in a multiethnic population that embodied a wide range of marital beliefs and practices.These ethnic- and class-based traditions themselves challenged the legitimacy of patriarchal marriage.
Q15: The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. argue against one aspect of Wulf’s account of how ideas critical of marriage were disseminated among young women in colonial Philadelphia
B. discuss Wulf’s interpretation of the significance for educated young women in colonial Philadelphia of the poetry they copied into their commonplace books
C. counter Wulf’s assertions about the impact of the multiethnic character of colonial Philadelphia’s population on the prevalent views about marriage
D. present data to undermine Wulf’s assessment of the diversity of the student body in Quaker schools in colonial Philadelphia
E. challenge Wulf’s conclusion that a critique of marriage was prevalent among young women of all social classes in colonial Philadelphia
Q16: According to the passage, which of the following was true of attitudes toward marriage in colonial Philadelphia?
A. Exemplars of a critique of marriage could be found in various literary forms, but they did not impact public attitudes except among educated young women.
B. The diversity of the student body in the Quaker schools meant that attitudes toward marriage were more disparate there than elsewhere in Philadelphia society.
C. Although critical attitudes toward marriage were widespread, Quaker schools’ influence in disseminating these attitudes was limited.
D. Criticisms of marriage in colonial Philadelphia were directed at only certain limited aspects of patriarchal marriage.
E. The influence of the wide range of marital beliefs and practices present in Philadelphia’s multiethnic population can be detected in the poetry that educated young women copied in their commonplace books.
Q17: The author of the passage implies which of the following about the poetry mentioned in the first paragraph?
A. Wulf exaggerates the degree to which young women from an elite background regarded the poetry as providing a critique of marriage.
B. The circulation of the poetry was confined to young Quaker women.
C. Young women copied the poetry into their commonplace books because they interpreted it as providing a desirable model of unmarried life.
D. The poetry’s capacity to influence popular attitudes was restricted by the degree of literacy necessary to comprehend it.
E. The poetry celebrated marital beliefs and practices that were in opposition to patriarchal marriage.
Q18:Which of the following, if true, would most seriously undermine the author’s basis for saying that Wulf overstates Quaker schools’ impact (lines 17-18)?
A. The information that Wulf herself provided on religious affiliation and gender of students is in fact accurate.
B. Most poor, non-Quaker students enrolled in Quaker schools had completed one or two years’ formal or informal schooling before enrolling.
C. Not all of the young women whose commonplace books contained copies of poetry critical of marriage were Quakers.
D. The poetry featured in young women’s commonplace books frequently included allusions that were unlikely to be accessible to someone with only three years’ study in school.
E. In 1765 an unusually large proportion of the Quaker schools’ student body consisted of poor girls from non-Quaker backgrounds.作者: myice 时间: 2010-7-1 09:28
New Version 2 estellesha
有一篇是一个什么nonprofit 的计划的；还有一篇讲联合国允许在seabed下多少mining什么的。作者: myice 时间: 2010-7-1 09:30
第六篇 鸟类祖先
一道是鸟的祖先是谁的~GWD原题（原文！原题！不是变体！！我确定！）谢谢Hanah同学！
Although many lines of evidence indicate that birds evolved from ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs, some scientists remain unconvinced. They argue that theropods appeared too late to have given rise to birds, noting that Archaeopteryx lithographica – the oldest known bird – appears in the fossil record about 150 million years ago, whereas the fossil remains of various nonavian maniraptor theropods – the closest known relatives of birds – date only to about 115 million years ago. But investigators have now uncovered bones that evidently belong to nonavian maniraptors dating to the time of Archaeopteryx. In any case, failure to find fossils of a predicted kind does not rule out their existence in an undiscovered deposit. Skeptics also argue that the fused clavicles (the “wishbone”) of birds differ from the unfused clavicles of theropods. This objection was reasonable when only early theropod clavicles had been discovered, but fossilized theropod clavicles that look just like the wishbone of Archaeopteryx have now been unearthed. Finally, some scientists argue that the complex lungs of birds could not have evolved from theropod lungs, an assertion that cannot be supported or falsified at the moment, because no fossil lungs are preserved in the paleontological record.
T-4-Q5-Q7
The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. compare the development of two hypotheses concerning the evolutionary origin of birds
B. suggest revisions to the standard theory of the evolutionary history of birds
C. evaluate the usefulness of fossil evidence in determining the evolutionary history of birds
D. challenge the theory that birds evolved from ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs
E. respond to criticisms ofthe theory that birds evolved from ground-dwelling theropod dinosaurs
In the context of the passage, the phrase “fossils of a predicted kind”(line 16) most likely refers to which of the following?
A. Theropod fossils with fused clavicles
B. Theropod fossils that are similar in structure to Archaeopteryx fossils
C. Theropod fossils dating back more than 150 million years
D. Fossils indicating the structure of theropod lungs
E. Fossils indicating the structure of Archaeopteryx lungs
Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as an argument madeby scientists who are unconvinced that birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs?
A. There are no knowntheropod dinosaur fossils dating from a period after the time of Archaeopteryx.
B. There are no knowntheropod dinosaur fossils that indicate the structure of those dinosaurs’lungs.
C. Theropod dinosaurs appear in the fossil record about 150 million years ago.
D. Theropod dinosaurs didnot have fused clavicles.
E. Theropod dinosaurs had certain bones that look just like those of Archaeopteryx.作者: myice 时间: 2010-7-1 09:30
第七篇 中世纪经济恶化探源：庄园主（lord）和佃农（tenant）的关系
版本一acrophobia (V35)
这题的主旨是讨论为什么英国十四世纪时候生产力下降了呢？
ｐ１有老观念说是因为以前人的认为是lord只关心自己享乐不关心生产导致的（还以为法律规定了佃农没有自己土地所有权）
ｐ２ 使用了一个free serf的例子说明以上观点是错误的
ｐ３说access to land 的变化 才是生产力下降的真正原因
版本二 scratte (V42)
第一段：传统的观点认为，lord给tenant，特别是serf tenant （隶属于lord的，给其交租纳贡的tenant），带来了极大的经济压力，因为tenant要交很高的税负，要孝敬lord，缺乏人身自由。但是，这一观点是不正确的。因为其一，有很大一部分是non serf tenant，这些人只要交很低的钱，有很大的自由度，小日子还挺滋润；其二，即便是serf tenant，他们的生活也没有那么糟糕，他们还是有一定自主权的，诸如lord要增加税赋的时候，他们可以提出反对意见，并且有一定的力量。
第二段（还是第三段？不是很清楚了）：但是中世纪的经济还是恶化了，这是为什么呢？究其原因，是因为lord在表面上向tenant做了让步，使其获得短期经济利益，但是从长期来看，lord通过这些举措遏制了人口和经济的发展，并最终带来了社会环境的恶化。
这是一篇长阅读，我记得最后一个题目好像是我上面讲到的第二段，问你lord的这些举措是serve了谁的长期or短期利益？我从文章的理解是，serve the short term interest of tenant but not the long term。大家碰到的话可以再看看。作者: myice 时间: 2010-7-1 09:31
第八篇 大脑研究
只有一个比较清楚就是关于NEUROSCIENCE different Brain part control different function
第一段根本没有用，就是一个G哥们是个假的neuroscientist
第二段F哥们认为brain是个整体（有出题点）
第三段是个w的哥们发现brain不同区域是不一样的有的brain部分是控制语言受伤之语言就有问题了
第四段是1920-1950年这i方面的研究很慢没有什么进展，然后1965年之后有新的发现和w哥们的研究符合
后面一段不记得了作者: myice 时间: 2010-7-1 09:31
第十篇rayyzxy (V39) 广告的效力
讲advertisement的不同情况的有效性
前面一大段好像是在讲下面这三种情况
1>With songs more effective than without
2>With vocal more effective than without
3>With original lyrics when in high personal significance more effective than with altered lyrics when in low personal significan 这种情况还解释了因为人们的注意力会放在了改过的词中, 原文有”lack of fit” 这里有题..
第二段讲:但是却没有原因解释得到下面这种情况
4>Male 对ad的反应会比Female 多..
然后还有一题是出了很多选项, 问你哪种是最effective的作者: myice 时间: 2010-7-1 09:32
第十四篇avalon9527 (V35) 德国经济、失业率与消费能力
有一篇说世界经济不景气，德国失业率增加，一些专家认为是由于德国的福利体制太好造成不少失业工人不去找工作。于是德国尝试减少福利，促进就业。结果适得其反。很多有工作的工人都开始恐慌，消费力下降，公司利润低，就业率反而下降...blah blah~最后说德国需要增加就业率，应该促进消费。（这有道题，我选的就是促进消费，不知道对了没有。）
考古
【版本1】
"P1:说德国的unemployment非常高。政府认为可能是和提供的很好的失业福利有关。因为失业福利好，使得大家没有动力找工作了。为了改变这一情况，政府决定减少失业补助，使就业的人多，从而增加国家的revenue。
P2:但是这一措施没有取得预期成果。虽然大家对工作的demand高了，但是由于市场上对job的supply没有增多，所以这一措施使更多的人担心失去工作，从而愿意接受更低的工资，没有达到国家增收税收的目的。
P3:降低的工资也没有使企业受益。由于人们对工作存在着不安全感，他们更愿意存钱而不愿意花钱买东西，使得购买力下降，从而使企业利润下降，提供更少的岗位，更低的公司，恶性循环。
Which of the following is strongly supported in the passage that can reduce the unemployment in German?
A. reducing the benefits for unemployment(肯定错, 文中明确反对)
B. inrease the worker's wage(我选的是这个, 不太sure)"作者: myice 时间: 2010-7-1 09:32
【版本2】
德国经济题--失业率高，政府为了鼓励大家找工作，降低失业补助。但这一办法未得到应有的效果，反而有好多副作用。比如人们fear of unemployment，消费信心持续走低，东西卖不出去，企业没有利润，也提供不了更多的jobs。注意上面这句，这是文章最后一句，有道题问，怎样才能使失业率降低，选企业有利润。有一道題問Which of the following is strongly supported in the passage that can reduce the unemployment in German?我選的答案是 raise consumer 購買力之類的
第十六篇jungao4 (V42) 公司规模与创造力
一篇写公司大小与创造力的关系，有人说公司大资源多economy of scale,创造力大；有人说公司大了反而约束多，创造力下降，有人说中等公司最好既有资源又不受约束。然后有人举出其实创造力和公司规模没有关系，和公司willingness去cannibalize他的technology什么的有关，也就是说公司需要愿意开发那些会将其旧的商品淘汰的新的科技。问了一个，提出第二个观点的人会同意什么；问根据最后的人的说法，公司不愿意cannibalize会怎样，就是做出与红体字相反的举动，stick to old technology去开发新产品。作者: myice 时间: 2010-7-1 09:33
第二十篇 非洲裔美国人和欧洲裔美国人对美国西部发展影响EllenTony
(大体意思）奥斯卡电影里总是把美国西部还是哪儿的描写得怎么怎么样，而且给人的影响是European American developed there, 但是historians 觉得这是不对的，而且觉得这是受一个什么书作者的影响，historians觉得African American在develop那个地区发挥了巨大作用。
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