4 13. “Responsibility for preserving the natural environment ultimately belongs to each individual person, not to government.” 2次
提纲：
1， 个人往往是按照自己的利益办事即使有环保意愿但和个人利益冲突或要损失个人利益时候往往就会选择牺牲环境moreover个人往往是短视的，只关注眼前不注意长远。政府则相反
2， 环保常常规模很大，个人无力完成。
3， 诚然每个保护环境的措施都是要个人的参与的。但是这种参与是在政府的统筹下的。象作者那样的论断是草率的作者: myice 时间: 2010-5-28 22:09
1， The proponents of this assertion may argue that the natural environment ultimately belongs to each individual person, therefore, it is reasonable to attribute to each person the responsibility for preserving it. a, 必须要承认的是，我们共同使用环境资源，the condition of the environment may have directly effect on each person。所以，人人都has the obligation to protect the environment from being polluted. b, 只有人人都积极地保护环境，
2， However, to leave all the responsibility to individuals is hardly a wise decision. Despite of the argument above, we should still not lose the sight of the fact that individuals have strong propensity of self-interest and short-term consideration. 没有政府的监督，很少有人自愿作出牺牲以保护环境（voluntarily make sacrifice to protect the environment.）比如如果政府不forbidden smoking in public，smokers may enjoy their cigarettes whenever they want. Deforestation kill excessively
很多情况下，重大fatal的保护环境举措，没有政府的支持做不到。比如工厂dumping noxious water into the river/ deforestation/ kill excessively…以上那些行动，个人的力量根本不能阻止prohibit.
Optional words:
Preserve/ conserve/ maintain
Thesis sentence: While individual person can do a lot to protect our natural environment, the responsibility of preservation the overall environment lies in the hands of government with help form each individual in the society.
View1: Experience tells us that individuals tend to act on behalf of their own short-term economic and political interest, not on behalf of the environment or the public at large.
View2:the government has certain advantages in preserving the environment.
Evidence:
the government can place certain regulations on the wastes and pollutants towards environment emitted by industries.
Fines deprived from corporations and individual ones that disobey the environmental regulations can be used on many ways such as preserve the forests, planting trees, create conserved areas that will improve our current situations.作者: myice 时间: 2010-5-28 22:10
5 33. “People are likely to accept as a leader only someone who has demonstrated an ability to perform the same tasks that he or she expects others to perform.”
提纲：
1. 人们不会尊重一个不能完成他要求别人完成的任务自己却不能完成的领导。这是人之常情，人们通常都只会欣赏和尊敬比自己优秀的人，而不喜欢被一个不能完成任务却命令自己去做的人心存敬意。例如克林顿总统当commander-in-chief 的时候，由于众所周知他曾经逃避兵役，很自然的下级军官和士兵都不是很尊重他。
2. 人们不信任一个自己完不成任务却要求别人去完成的人。仍然举克林顿总统的例子。由于他逃兵役被视为没有能力，下级都对他的决策心存怀疑，这也就潜在的导致了执行上的不尽心不尽力。
3. 诚然是否能完成自己交给别人的任务并不是衡量一个leader重要指标。可能领导能力、,组织能力、运筹能力更为重要，但是我们不能忽视人们心理上的看法，尽管它可能并不合理但它确实是存在的。
1.
2. 诚然，如果在其领导的领域内几乎一窍不通，一个领导很难得到下属的信任和支持，会被看作layperson. 比如，人们无法想象一个不具备任何电脑知识的人，该如何领导一个庞大的IT企业，比如MICROSOFT在激烈的市场中竞争。
3. 但是，这是否意味着作为领导，必须要有能力完成每一项他要求下属做的事呢？这个问题，与领导和员工的真正作用有很大关系！首先，领导的职责是制定长期的发展方针，并且保证这个方针的贯彻执行，adhere to their strategic plans不被偏离。组织员工共同合作完成任务。on the other hand, 员工的作用是各司其职，更加具体的specific task.
4. 从以上两种职责不难看出，领导与员工起到significantly different functions，让领导完成每一个subordinate要做的工作，unfair的。比如，不能blame a CEO for lacking the skills of typing。要对下属做的事有很好的了解，但不一定都要做。否则，领导就失去了意义，成为了一个全能的工人。omnipotent worker with all kinds of skills.
View1: It is human nature to admire then follow someone who is more competent than themselves.
View2: But a feature of a good leader is to organize people with different specialities together and let them perform as a whole. It is too ideal to expect the leaders to have all the specialities of his subordinates.作者: myice 时间: 2010-5-28 22:10
6 57. “Everywhere, it seems, there are clear and positive signs that people are becoming more respectful of one another’s differences.”
提纲：
我基本同意作者的观点
1. 一方面我们的立法越来越完善不断向着消除歧视和偏见的方向发展。这从强制的方面要求人们尊重和其他人的不同
2. 另一方面，随着技术的不断进步交流的不断深入人们对别的文化也有了更深的了解。而了解就会使得不同文化的人们提高对对方文化和行为的自发的非强制的尊重。
3. 诚然现在还有很多的种族的性别的等各个方面的歧视。但是我们很高兴地看到事情在向好的方面发展。作者: myice 时间: 2010-5-28 22:10
1. The increased globalization has provided more opportunities than ever before to contact and acknowledge cultures of other nations. 对于不同的宗教信仰和文化习俗，人们采取了更加宽容more tolerant attitude toward dissimilar culture, including religion and custom from other nations. 比方说：China had long closed itself to the outside of the world for many centuries before it opened the door in 1980’s. 在那段时间里，西方文明被简单地理解为怪异和粗鲁的considered to be strange or rude. 而现在，接触了更多后，中国也认识到了不同，并且充分地接受和借鉴even learn from他们。
2. 然而，在很多领域，尽管通过legislation，已经改变了一些to some extent，但严重的discrimination and prejudice still remain severe despite of the legislation… 比方说，racial, gender虽然立法规定了男女在工作一样的情况下得到一样工资，但是社会人为地perceived inequity still exist since 男和女被分为不同种类的工作。
3. 有成绩，但仍然需要努力。对不同的高度容忍体现文明的发展程度。sign of… 之类。所以要一起努力。作者: myice 时间: 2010-5-28 22:10
Hearst Corporation
__celebrate differences among people and make active use of the varied perspectives that workers from different backgrounds bring to the job.
View1: our legislation and moral tend to eliminate bias and prejudice based on difference.
View2: better communication and broader cooperation teach people to respect deference作者: myice 时间: 2010-5-28 22:10
7 29 Too many people think only about getting results. The key to success, however, is to focus on the specific task at hand and not to worry about results.
提纲：
1.只想到结果的人而不注意手边的事情的人往往因为太迫切的期待结果而不屑于把手边看似琐碎的小事做好.事实上每一个目标的达成都是需要无数这样的事情集合在一起才可以达成的.
2.同样的只注意手边的事情也是不可取的.因为一直这样就缺少了高屋建瓴的技能往往会过分注意细节而忽略了从整体上的把握.每一件事情就都变成是在孤立的完成而不是在为一个核心pivotal的目标而服务这样会忽略了重点降低效率.
at hand anxious anxiety specific specialized certain result outcome eventuality consequence sequence think it scorn to trivial petty accomplish accomplishment attainment keystone advisable可取的inadvisable to operate from a strategically advantageous position strategical strategy advantageous advantage disadvantage focus on the details solely ignore efficiency keystone endproduct proceed process precedent preceding merit admittedly daunting overwhleming
Admittedly, this advice has some merit, by focusing on the details at hand one is less likely to become discouraged by the daunting and overwhleming tasks ahead in an ambitous project.
without reference to virtually The central problem with this advice is that focusing attention completely on the task at hand without reference to how that task is related to the end product would be virtually impossible to do.
random diligent likelihood minimal
View1: without achievements of specific tasks there will be no base for final results.
View2: however, without a specific ideal destination, efforts will find no way to go.作者: myice 时间: 2010-5-28 22:11
8 105. “The value of any nation should be measured more by its scientific and artistic achievements than by its business successes.” 2次作者: myice 时间: 2010-5-28 22:11
9 9. “Employees should keep their private lives and personal activities as separate as possible from the workplace.”
提纲：
1.Personal activities should not be brought to one's workplace since they can reduce one's efficiency. Thinking about one's private life can distract one from his or her work.
2.Talking about private life and doing personal activities can disturb other fellow workers.
3.It is inevitable for a person to think about his or her private life and to do some personal activities at the workplace. But an employee should do his or her best to focus on the work when at workplace.作者: myice 时间: 2010-5-28 22:11
1.it is true that employees can hardly only work like a machine, that is to say, inevitably, they may carry some personal emotions while working. Sharing the personal interests and activities moderately may help build the positive relationship among colleagues.
2.However, it is not a wise choice to let the employees to bring all their private life and personal activities to the workplace. 仍然举上面的例子来说，a mother worried about her child cannot efficiently focus on her task even if the deadline is coming. a girl who breaks up with her boyfriend during the work time will probably talk to other fellows about the bad emotion, which may have a potentially negative influence on the productivity of the staff. so on…
allow personal life to impinge upon their job performance or intrude on coworkers.(sample)作者: myice 时间: 2010-5-28 22:11
Optional words:
Separate/ isolate/ exclude
Thesis sentence: I agree with the author’s point of view towards the relationship between private life and work because bring private life to workplaces has many bad effects on both the one who does so and people around him.
View1: personal activities should not be brought to the workplace since they can reduce one’s efficiency.
Evidence:
View2: dealing with one’s personal affairs at the workplace will inevitably produce negative effects on other co-workers.
Evidence: Inspirer imitations thus affect the morale and productivity. Working atmosphere, morale, corporate culture.
View3: since sometimes problems of private life will catch people all the time, the supervisors should be more sensitive to their subordinator’s difficulties, and help them to handle them properly.作者: myice 时间: 2010-5-28 22:11
10 115 Technology ultimately separates and alienates people more than it serves to bring them together.
提纲：
1. 不能交流的可以交流了，不容易交流的变得容易拉
2. 增进交流也就加强了理解使得交流有更深的层次
3. 当然有些工具的产生确实也使得交流变得肤浅但是综合来看不支持作者的观点作者: myice 时间: 2010-5-28 22:12
First, technology makes people busier and more tired.
1, Workers’ productivity increased, and thus the workers are required to do more work. Actually, people get busier. For example, the invention of laptops provides the possibility for people to continue their work after they leave the company, even on holiday.
2, The more quickly new technology develops, the faster demand changes. This trend accelerates the job obsolescence, and thus, makes people suffer more pressure and anxiety. More time spent on work.
Second, fast communication such as e-mail seems to make the communication easier, but actually, it makes people spend little time to contact with their friends and coworkers face to face.
1, letter
2, MSN focus on their own job
My view
Technology can be good servant, but bad master.
We should make use of these technologies rationally, rather than get dominated by them. While paying attention to efficiency and productivity, we should also concentrate on more important factors, such as affection, care, friends, and so forth.作者: myice 时间: 2010-5-28 22:12
11 未找到
为了保护国家安全，政府可以对任何想保密的消息进行保密
(考古)To preserve national security, the governments should be authorized to keep secret the information as they wish.作者: myice 时间: 2010-5-28 22:12
12 68 “Since the physical work environment affects employee productivity and morale, the employees themselves should have the right to decide how their workplace is designed.”
提纲：
1.brings creativity and coziness
2.makes colleagues more closely and companionate
3.Admittedly, some companies such as consulting/consultant? company must avoid too much decoration.
However, no matter the employee or the employer, as for the environment is considered, compromise should be made from time to time.作者: myice 时间: 2010-5-28 22:12
View1:work character have great influence on the design of workplace.
Evidence: consulting company must avoid too much decoration in order to appear professionally and dependably. To some creative work such as AD agency and fashion design, the decorating of workplace is important not only for simulating inspirations but also for showing creative abilities.
View2: also, the designment of workplace should be compromise to company culture.
Evidence: Consider the influence it has done to co-workers and the harmony in work place.作者: myice 时间: 2010-5-28 22:12
13 未找到
Physical activity and sports are as important to a student's education as academics作者: myice 时间: 2010-5-28 22:12
14题库107 The most effective way for managers to assign work is to divide complex tasks into their simpler component parts. This way, each worker completes a small portion of the task but contributes to the whole.
提纲：
1， 每个员工都目标明确因此更有效率
2， 缺乏全局观念也可能出现协调上的困难
3， 好的leader好的分配是前提和保证作者: myice 时间: 2010-5-28 22:13
case by case.
1， 有些庞大的工程big and complex project，需要人们把工作细分，a, 单独的人没有力量完成，会take much more time，团队之间合作更有利于完成整个任务。b, 每个人可以做自己最擅长的工作。each member can choose the part that she or he are good at. 这样就整体上eliminate the total amount of time to complete the whole task.
2， 但很多工作不适合仅仅literally divide拆分。在要求连贯的coherent reasoning. 各个部分之间close related. 所以，第一，需要整个小组的人进行有效的communication，第二，需要对团队整个collective goal的adequate comprehension，第三，保证这两条的必要条件prerequisite to meet the two needs is 团队合理的人数，不能过多，也不能过少。第四，要有一个team leader，负责指挥和协调工作provide effective guide and lead the team to adhere to the collective goal (common purpose).
phrases: fragment work into small units; Distinct divisions of labor; stifle creativity; undermine self-motivation and pride in one’s work; collaboration=cooperation;
Of course, unproductive employees can be replaced. But replacement is costly; and high employee turnover is bad for organizational morale.-----用在对员工缺乏效率时的补充，很有用！！作者: myice 时间: 2010-5-28 22:13
View1: work division and assignment is an efficient way to get things done. However, merely dividing work among workers can not assure the final accomplishment of the task.
Evidence: fragmenting work into small units leads to employee alienation, Those responsible for only a detailed component of a project can easily lose sight of larger organizational goals and their own importance in achieving them. then become less committed to their work, and less productive. In addition, the lack of overall conception may lead to adjusting difficulties. Moreover, Compartmentalizing tasks can stifle cooperation.
View2: However, team work is not to simply add one component to another, but to organically conform all components together.作者: myice 时间: 2010-5-28 22:13
15题库87
As technologies and the demand for certain services change, many workers will lose their jobs. The responsibility for those people to adjust to such change should belong to the individual worker, not to government or to business.
提纲：
1.The government should be responsible for the adjustment of the workers. If all the citizens should be responsible for themselves, there is no use for the government to exist.
2.The government should also force the business to involve in the project. Because the government itself is incapable of doing so without concrete knowledge of each certain industry. In the long run, doing so will also benefit the business.
3.Admittedly, the workers should not rely on others to help them to adjust to varying situations. They themselves should adapt their skills and knowledge to the change of the industry and of the society.作者: myice 时间: 2010-5-28 22:13
1.个人确实应该首先take the chief responsibility of their job obsolescence. 因为对自己的生活负责的人，首先是自己。现在的社会也提供了机会：很多学校提供短期的培训，人们可以参加保持自己keep up with the changes of the technologies and new direction of businesses。第二，只有个人采取主动，才能从根本上解决问题。否则merely rely on the help coming from government or business，人们会变得消极become passive and lose enterprise. 长期以来，对整个社会都有negative impact on the further development of one society.
2.但是，这不是说企业不应该负责。after all, 是企业作出了创新和改变，并且造成了这些改变——并且造成了job obsolescence。应该为这些负责任。比如，为员工提供opportunity of training for the new technique…，这样也可以节约重新培训totally new employee的cost。
3.Moreover, 政府也应该采取一些行动。政府作为一个社会的管理者supervisor，有责任保证全社会的well being. 应该帮助个人完成适应adjustment. 可以通过提供一些insurance for unemployment, advice for the occupational choice, necessary information of the new trend of business…作者: myice 时间: 2010-5-28 22:13
Thesis sentence: While individuals have primary responsibility for learning new skills and finding work, both industry and government have some obligation to provide them the means of doing so
View1: l agree that individuals must assume primary responsibility for adjusting to job obsolescence, especially since our educational system has been preparing us for it
View2: However, industry should bear some of the responsibility as well. It is industry, after all, that determines the particular directions technological progress and subsequent social change will take. Moreover in the long run, doing so will also benefit the business.
View3: Government should also assume some of the responsibility, since it is partly government money that fuels technological progress in industry. Moreover, government should help because it can help—for example, by ensuring that grants and federally insured student loans are available to those who must retool in order to find new work. Government can also help by observing and recording trends in worker displacement and in job opportunities, and by providing this information to individuals so that they can make prudent decisions about their own further education and job searches.作者: myice 时间: 2010-5-28 22:14
16 111 The most effective business leaders are those who maintain the highest ethical standards.
提纲：
1.支持者会认为, 高道德会赢得reputation and trust; 第一, 高道德生产高质量的产品以及service,顾客稳定stable share of the market; 第二, 高道德会让员工满意度提高(公平，平等). 从而attract those applicants with high ability and keep the employees loyal to the company---最终导致高的productivity.
2.但在更多的情况下, 高道德也许不equal to maximal profit. 比如,a, 如果把道德放在第一位的话,企业的executive很可能无法执行裁员活动complete the normal administration, such as raising the price, reducing the superabundant staff… b, 高道德的话，很可能采用最高标准的环保生产——这样很不是cost-effective. 总之，Following such undue concern about ethics, the company may find it impossible to survive in the radical competitive market, let alone to gain large profit.作者: myice 时间: 2010-5-28 22:14
View1: the definition of highest standards of ethics vary from person to person and time to time. Therefore, it is impractical to find and then stick to the highest standards of ethics. At some circumstance, violation of ethics may generate immediate efficiency and productivity. Examples: ??
View2: the regulations and laws of authorities are more feasible and suitable standards to follow.
View3: while waiting for government regulations may draw back the processes of eliminating the ill actions, we can count on the authorities to speed up the process of refining the laws and regulations.作者: myice 时间: 2010-5-28 22:14
17 37 Since science and technology are becoming more and more essential to modern society, schools should devote more time to teaching science and technology and less to teaching the arts and humanities.
提纲：
1.艺术可以使人更好地投入到科学技术的研究中.起到一定的促进作用.For example, recent studies of cognitive development show that studying music at an early age can strengthen a child's later grasp of mathematics. And understanding philosophical concepts has helped scients recognize their own presuppositions, and frame their central questions more accurately.
2.从前人前辈的成就和伟大人格中我们可以得到促进和激励更好的投入到工作和学习生活中.
3.单独只有科学技术我们只能找到解决问题的办法。即我只是知道how to do而不知道should we do .... . This is not to say, however, that ... . To the contrary mathematicians cognitive strengthen grasp philosophical philosophy presupposition presumption premise assumption intellectual inspire dominate predominate autonomous autonomy liberal arts 文科 contemporary作者: myice 时间: 2010-5-28 22:14
1.科技十分重要，没有科学技能的人，很难快速容入工作。难以想象一个缺乏基本电脑知识的人，如何在一个corporation in which most of the daily affairs are dealt with the aid of computer里很好地完成工作！所以，学校有责任培养学生的IT技能。
2.但是，不代表学校应该忽视艺术人文的教育。众所周知，艺术人文起到启迪思想provide people with gracious spirit. 引导人们意识到人性中的固有美德：。。。举例：科学技术是人们生存发展的工具，但同时，如果没有美德，则可能变成危险的武器。比如nuclear weapons; heroin is made by people with standard chemistry knowledge…（with the guide of virtue, science can be the best servant of human; however, on the other hand, without such guide, it can become the most dangerous weapon.
3.false dilemma. The speaker falsely put the school in a dilemma by suggesting the teaching of science and that of arts are mutually exclusive. 完全可以把两者结合起来。作者: myice 时间: 2010-5-28 22:14
View1: primarily and secondary school, whose main function is to teach general knowledge and more important, to shape healthy personality, should place at least as much attention on the arts and humanities as they do on science and technology
View2: Contrarily, university and college should devoted more time on teaching science and technology as they are becoming more and more essential to our modern society. However, it dose not mean the Arts and humanities is not important and the time devoted to it should be decreased. Universities can increase the teaching hour on science and technology by ways such as employ more professors and open more available classroom to provide more courses at the same time.
View3: science and technology are becoming more and more important, yet, we still can not underestimate the importance of the arts and humanities.
Learning form predecessors’ experience and great personalities can lead to great efforts devoted to work and thus better performance. Science and technology tell us who to do, but humanities tell us what should to .
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