标题: GWD-18-Q10 一道阅读must be true争议题目新解 [打印本页] 作者: huangluyaomm 时间: 2010-4-28 06:56 标题: GWD-18-Q10 一道阅读must be true争议题目新解
The term “episodic memory” was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity—the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one’s own mind—as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences. Subsequently, Clayton et al. developed criteria to test for episodic memory in animals. According to these criteria, episodic memories are not of individual bits of information; they involve multiple components of a single event “bound” together. Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate memory of “what,” “where,” and “when” information and their binding of this information. In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity. Clayton’s experiment required jays to remember the type, location, and freshness of stored food based on a unique learning event. Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another. Jays prefer crickets, but crickets degrade more quickly. Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when. Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information. Clayton acknowledged this by using the term “episodic-like” memory.
In order for Clayton’s experiment to show that scrub jays have episodic-like memory, which of the following must be true in the experiment?
A.Some of the jays retrieved stored peanuts on the first occasion they were allowed to retrieve food.
B.All the crickets were retrieved before any of the peanuts were.
C.The peanuts were stored further away than the crickets.
D.When a jay attempted to retrieve a cricket or a peanut, the jay was prevented from eating it.
E.Throughout the experiment the jays were fed at levels typical of a time of scarcity.
争议集中在ABE
想来想去觉得还是比较同意A首先我觉得这并非是一道常规的“must be true”（根据原文内容推理）类题目，而是一道隐藏的“Support”类题目，“must be true”只是虚晃一下，看看ETS有多可耻首先C的实验并未证明Jay有episodic memory,因为episodic memory有两个criteria1)multiple components of a single even2) “bound” together".
而C的实验只证明了第一个条件（文章最后说showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when（multiple componenets）. Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information.）Clayton acknowledged this(this 指reexperiencing the past,而实验并未证明Jay能够reexperience，所以也不能证明Jay有episodic memory) by using the term “episodic-like” memory.
这道题到这里才算真正绕的地方
原文的实验为什么没能证明Jay能够把这些信息bond together呢？原文的实验已经证明了Jay能够回忆其when where and what，但是就是不能联系到一起来做综合的判断，也就是说想到了where,然后笨笨的飞到那个地方（where）找出东西，这才知道是什么（what），再仔细看看如果是crickets，才知道它是过期了的，然后再去试另外一个地方，，，，重复几次知道终于找到了没有过期的peanuts
但是如果Jay能够把这些信息bound together，也就是说能够reexperience，那么就不用这么费事的一个一个试了，因为这么多信息一联系起来就立刻能做出正确的判断，直接去储存peanuts的地方找peanuts，也就是A所说的
有一些Jay能够直接就去找peanuts（因为他们做出了判断crickets已经过期了）
当时选的D，“.When a jay attempted to retrieve a cricket or a peanut, the jay was prevented from eating it” 理由是如果jay吃了crickets后发现是坏的，然后才转向peanuts，那么就没法证明它们是靠episodic memory做出的预先判断了。不过后来想想，这个可以是个加强或者前提，但未必是个must be，因为这帮jay确实可能压根就没尝直接就去选了。从这个角度来讲，ABC都存在同样的问题，这些都不是必然要求的。
原文中C为了做试验方便，直接把东西存好了给jay看，然后让jay去选。由于整个实验有一个条件是野外的jay会为“缺少食物的时候”储备粮食，因此可以认为jay之后取出crickets或peanut的选择是在“缺少食物”的条件下进行的。原文中也提到，jay随着时间的推移而偏向选peanuts，可见这段时间都应该是time of scarcity（否则前面的测试没意义了）。所以，选E
另外E选项如果对应原文的这句话的话：In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity
其实实验只要求保证Jays会去寻找食物就可以了，喂的食量不必要非相同（比如让他们比在野外缺少食物的时候更饥饿，哈哈，人类真残忍），Throughout the experiment the jays were fed at levels typical of a time of scarcity.而且E是不能由原文直接推到出的，是在原文基础上主观强加了额外的信息，应该属于过度推理
再想想？
欢迎光临 国际顶尖MBA申请交流平台--TOPWAY MBA (http://forum.topway.org/)
