ISSUE模板
(The speaker asserts that ====单一观点加此句)Whether/should________ is a thought-provoking question to be discussed here.Some people, like the author of the argument,back the opinion that________.Howerver,others may argue that________.Insomuch as people have diverse cultures,backgrounds and their respective angles, not surprisingly,then,there is no universal or absolute answer to this question. The complex nature of the above issue requires us to consider it on specific circumstances. As far as I am concerned,howerver, I maintain that.My standpoints of agreement and contention with the speaker that involve the fundamental and deep analysis would be confirmed by the followings.
On the one hand, the position that… is largely tenable.，one paramount reason that can be put forward to develop my position is that___ Common sense tells us, ___.In order to understant this point clearly,let us see an example: ___ Furthermore, ___ .Under this circumstance,it is conspicious that___
On the other hand , the author overstates the comparative importance of________，and far too little attention has been paid to other essential factors ______You don't have to look very far to find out the this 观点: _____. To illustrate, a case in point in this respect is that : ____.Therefore,. ____
(Admitedly,it may be true that. However,this alone does not constitute a sufficient support to claim that…when the advantages and disadvantages of x and y are under careful scrutiny,the most persuasive conclusion is obvious that
)
As indicated above,I assert that________,because________.For those reasons,which are mutually dependent in most cases to make up an integrated whole and thus become more suasive.,we may safely reach the conclusion that I advocate.作者: 蜂鸣 时间: 2010-4-19 14:51
ARGUMENT模板
开头
In this argument, the author concludes that___________．To give backing to his conclusion,the author puts his finger on that /cites statistics to show that__________.To convince of us further,he also reasons/assumes that_________.This argument,admitedly,appears to be rational at first glance,while it suffers some flaws that cripple the conclusion after meticulous scrutiny,which will expose the author’s dubious assumptions and the line of reasoning.The followings are those flaws to be discussed.
错误类比
The argument depends on what might be a false analogy between A and B.The author assumes that A will achieve/have/suffer the same result as B ,if_______.However, the similarity between the two may not sufficient to justify the analogical deduction .If B can serve as a model which A should emulate,the author must assume that all the key factors involving the circumstance are essentially the same.However,the assumption is weak .For example _____.If this is the case,the conclusion that _____would lack any merit whatsoever.
因果关系 （先后/同时）
The author assumes that A cause B ,the only evidence offered by him is that the former preceded/coincides with the latter .However, without additional proof to link the two events ,the assumption doesn’t make any sense.because many other prospective factors can bring about the same result. For example,C cause the A.Therefore,the assertion is unacceptable unless the author can offer evidence to rule out the possibility that the two events are not causally related but merely correlated.作者: 蜂鸣 时间: 2010-4-19 14:52
部分与整体
The author uses evidence pertaining to a particular/general group as the basis for a general/particular group. One example is unsounded to establish a general conclusion for there are all kinds of crucial differences between Aand B.For example ____.In fact,facing to the limited evidence,the author can't reach the conclusion that ____,unless it can be shown that X is representative of all conditions.Therefore,the conclusion is doubtful and unacceptable.
过去推现在或将来 此地推彼地
The author commits a fallacy of "all things are equal".The conclusion that___drawn from the fact that happened 000 ago is not compelling.The author assumes without justification that the background conditions have remained the same at different time (at different lacation).However,it is not clear that whether A is the same as it used to be 000 ago(they are at 111 place). It is likely that the current conditions are wholly distinct for every possible reason. For instance_______Without knowing the present conditions,the conclusion is highly suspect.
非此即彼
The author asserts that B and not A.Obviously,the author makes the assumption that A and B are mutually exclusive alternatives and just only one between A and B can be adopted.However,no reason offered by the author for imposing an either-or choice.Why not adjust both A and B?Common sense tells us that adjusting both A and B might produce better results.So the conclusion that must___is doubtful and unacceptable..作者: 蜂鸣 时间: 2010-4-19 14:53
Gratuitous assumption结论无据
The author's conclusion that A depends on gratuitous assumption that B.However,there is no guarantee that this is the case,nor dose the author cite any evidence to support this assumption. As a matter of fact,this is not neccessarily the case.For example,it is more likely that ___.If the author can't rule out such possibility,the conclusion that A is doubtful and unacceptable.
调查统计类
The statistics cited by the author is too vague to be informative. Turning first to the procedure of the survey,the author does not indicate who conducted the survey ,who responded ,or when,where and how the survey was conducted.,nor does it mention what the sample size is or how the sample is selected. For example ___Lacking these information,the results of the survey can't be an adequate evidence for the conclusion.
（Vested interest调查回应者的既得利益 We have strong reasons to question the neutrality and creditability of the survey made by…who may have vested interest, and therefore is inclined to manipulate the figures to his own advantage.
调查的实效性how recently the survey was actually conducted.：the historical changes would probably invalidate the generalization；The statistics from only rencent survey aren not necessarily a goode indicator of future trends unless it can be shown that the statistics from the rencent survey are long-term stable and are reprensentative of all conditions;回答的人数，样本的选取，记名方式，经理调查撒谎）
必要性
The recommendation that ____ depends on the assumption that no alternative means of A are available.Yet no evidence is offered by the author to support this assuption.Ademittedly, ______ is likely to achieve the desired results.However,it is entirely possible that there are other ways to achieve this goal.(For example, ______)Without considering and ruling out
these and other alternative means ofA,the author can't conclude that ____must do____
充分性
The recommendation that ____ depends on the assumption that A is sufficient to reach the target.However, only with A may have no impact on B if it isn’t combined with other key factors.
急于定论hasty generalization
The author commits a fallacy of hasty generalization. Even if …, it does not follow that…Besides, there is no guarantee that…
差异概念攻击
We must give a definition of the vague concept of ____ If the term were synonymous with B, there is no doubt that___.But, ___ Accordingly, the author has drawn the conclusion too hastily to make it clear wheher A is equal to B
有STUDY必用
.the author unjustifiably relies on the studies that correlate … and… for he does not provide any evidence to confirm the reliability of the studies. While the expression “studies suggest” might appear to lend credibility to these statement, this expression is vague enough to actually render the claims worthless, in the absence of any information about them.
结尾
As those flaws indicated above,the argument is unacceptable.and unconvincing as it stands.Yet,to solidify the the conclusion ,the arguer must convince us that____ In addition, the arguer should furnish more concrete information and precise evidence to make his claim more rational and atrractive.
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