The term “episodic memory” was introduced by Tulving to refer to what he considered a uniquely human capacity—the ability to recollect specific past events, to travel back into the past in one’s own mind—as distinct from the capacity simply to use information acquired through past experiences. Subsequently, Clayton et al. developed criteria to test for episodic memory in animals. According to these criteria, episodic memories are not of individual bits of information; they involve multiple components of a single event “bound” together. Clayton sought to examine evidence of scrub jays’ accurate memory of “what,” “where,” and “when” information and their binding of this information. In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food scarcity. Clayton’s experiment required jays to remember the type, location, and freshness of stored food based on a unique learning event. Crickets were stored in one location and peanuts in another. Jays prefer crickets, but crickets degrade more quickly. Clayton’s birds switched their preference from crickets to peanuts once the food had been stored for a certain length of time, showing that they retain information about the what, the where, and the when. Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information. Clayton acknowledged this by using the term “episodic-like” memory.
In order for Clayton’s experiment to show that scrub jays have episodic-like memory, which of the following must be true in the experiment?
A. Some of the jays retrieved stored peanuts on the first occasion they were allowed to retrieve food.
B. All the crickets were retrieved before any of the peanuts were.
C. The peanuts were stored further away than the crickets.
D. When a jay attempted to retrieve a cricket or a peanut, the jay was prevented from eating it.
E. Throughout the experiment the jays were fed at levels typical of a time of scarcity.
我不理解为何E对~我觉得B有道理，因为题目说为了证明这个实验的确显示了这种鸟有这样的memory,哪一个必须是真的，那这种鸟既然喜欢cricket比peanut多，那理应先吃完cricket再去吃peanut啊~这样才能显示它们知道什么东什么时候在哪里，才能证明具备这种memory啊（难道是说和原文中提到cricket变质以后这些鸟就吃peanut的事实相悖所以不选么？）作者: bigbigboy 时间: 2010-4-4 20:59
而文章提到：
Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information.
所以，如果jays were fed at levels typical of a time of scarcity，那就可以证明鸟会不会retrieving the information了。
所以E正确。作者: windows10 时间: 2010-4-5 06:38
你所说的那句Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information 和这道题没有联系~因为E说的内容和Jays是否reexperience the past没有任何关系啊~为什么说通过"在整个试验过过程中都是在Jays一直处于食物稀缺的时节"就能看出jays是不是 reexperience the past了？？？您能否解释明白呢？作者: bigbigboy 时间: 2010-4-6 07:14
C的实验可以验证the what, the where, and the when.
不过却不能证明: Such experiments cannot, however, reveal whether the birds were
reexperiencing the past when retrieving the information.
因此从这里我们可以看出，试验成立必须满足以上4点：what, where, when, reexperience.
而retrieving the information, “In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval
later during periods of food scarcity. ”在文章此句有提到。
B确实是按照原文意思说的，不过B依然只能证明what, where, and when，只是简单重复了文中
已经被证明的事实而不能够证明鸟是否能reexprience。所以是不能支持实验。（跟有没有all没
关系...）
而如果鸟被fed at levels typical of a time of scarcity，就可以观察鸟是否会reexprience
“In the wild, these birds store food for retrieval later during periods of food
