GWD-TN-1
GWD1-Q40:
Until mow, only injectable vaccines against influenza have been available. Parents are reluctant to subject children to the pain of injections, but adults, who are at risk of serious complications from influenza, are commonly vaccinated. A new influenza vaccine, administered painlessly in a nasal spray, is effective for children. However, since children seldom develop serious complications from influenza, no significant public health benefit would result from widespread vaccination of children using the nasal spray.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. Any person who has received the injectable vaccine can safely receive the nasal-spray vaccine as well.
B. The new vaccine uses the same mechanism to ward off influenza as jnjectable vaccines do.
C. The injectable vaccine is affordable for all adults.
D. Adults do not contract influenza primarily from children who have influenza.
E. The nasal spray vaccine is most effective when administered to adults.
一种新型的vaccine,使用方法不是注射而是喷洒，因此适合儿童使用，但是儿童不会因为这个influenza产生严重的并发症，因此认为在儿童中广泛使用vaccine不会产生significant public benefits.-------前提：如果这个infuenza可以由儿童传染给大人，那么儿童使用这个vaccine就是断绝这个传染途径，从而有了public benefits.
GWD-TN-2
GWD3-Q32:
Newspaper editorial:
In an attempt to reduce the crime rate, the governor is getting tough on criminals and making prison conditions harsher. Part of this effort has been to deny inmates the access (they formerly had) to college-level courses. However, this action is clearly counter to the governor’s ultimate goal, since after being released form prison, inmates who had taken such courses committed far fewer crimes overall than other inmates.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. Not being able to take college-level courses while in prison is unlikely to deter anyone from a crime that he or she might otherwise have committed.
B. Former inmates are no more likely to commit crimes than are members of the general population.
C. The group of inmates (who chose to take college-level courses) were not already less likely than other inmates to commit crimes after being released.
D. Taking high school level courses in prison has less effect on an inmate’s subsequent behavior than taking college-level courses does.
E. The governor’s ultimate goal actually is to gain popularity by convincing people that something effective is being done about crime.
文章说为了减少犯罪率，政府决定加大对犯罪打击力度以及使监狱条件更为恶劣. 另外还不允许一些曾经上了college-level course的人再去上这样课程。但是这个行为现在违背了政府的最终目标，因为一些上了这个课程的囚犯释放以后比没有上课的人更少的犯罪。-------文章结论强调读书对减少犯罪有作用，并不是说不读书对减少犯罪就没有作用了，在这里文章没有给出信息。A答案：没有上过这个课程的人是不可能阻止别人去犯别人本来该犯的罪。即不读书的人不能减少犯罪。取非为：不读书能减少犯罪。在这里没有强调读书的作用，因为有可能如果读了书就更加可以减少犯罪了，所以A答案取非没有使文章结论不成立。强调读书的作用，因此C答案：那些选择去上课的囚犯本身不可能会比其他囚犯更不容易犯罪。即所有囚犯在上课之前会犯罪的可能性是相同的，通过上课，减少了犯罪的可能性，这样比起A答案就更加强调了读书的作用。使文章的结论更具说服力。
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GWD3-Q40:
Two centuries ago, Tufe Peninsula became separated form the mainland, isolating on the newly formed Tufe Island a population of Turfil sunflowers. This population’s descendants grow to be, on average, 40 centimeters shorter than Turfil sunflowers found on the mainland. Tufe Island is significantly drier than Tufe Peninsula was. So the current average height of Tufe’s Turfil sunflowers is undoubtedly at least partially attributable to changes in Tufe’s environmental conditions.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. There are no types of vegetation on Tufe Island that are known to benefit from dry conditions.
B. There were about as many Turfil sunflowers on Tufe Peninsula two centuries ago as there are on Tufe Island today.
C. The mainland’s environment has not changed in ways that have resulted in Turfil sunflowers on the mainland growing to be 40 centimeters taller than they did two centuries ago.
D. The soil on Tufe Island, unlike that on the mainland, lacks important nutrients that help Turfil sunflowers survive and grow tall in a dry environment.
E. The 40-centimeter height difference between the Turfil sunflowers on Tufe Island and those on the mainland is the only difference between the two populations.
有一个地方，本来是一体的，后来被分开成了mainland and island.于是这个地方的一种植物就被分到了两个地方生长，因此在island上就长出了一个新品种，比mainland的要短40厘米，而且island的气候比mainland要干燥。所以被认为这种植物在两个地方的这种区别是由于气候条件的改变-------文章认为是由于island的气候导致island上的植物发生变化，前提是必须要确定mainland的气候从来就没有改变所以mainland上的植物长度也没有改变。C答案就是排除了是因为mainland的气候改变导致其植物长高了40厘米
GWD-TN-3
GWD5-Q3:
The average hourly wage of television assemblers in Vernland has long been significantly lower than that in neighboring Borodia. Since Borodia dropped all tariffs on Vernlandian televisions three years ago, the number of televisions sold annually in Borodia has not changed. However, recent statistics show a drop in the number of television assemblers in Borodia. Therefore, updated trade statistics will probably indicate that the number of televisions Borodia imports annually from Vernland has increased.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. The number of television assemblers in Vernland has increased by at least as much as the number of television assemblers in Borodia has decreased.
B. Televisions assembled in Vernland have features that televisions assembled in Borodia do not have.
C. The average number of hours it takes a Borodian television assembler to assemble a television has not decreased significantly during the past three years.
D. The number of televisions assembled annually in Vernland has increased significantly during the past three years.
E. The difference between the hourly wage of television assemblers in Vernland and the hourly wage of television assemblers in Borodia is likely to decrease in the next few years.
在V市的电视装配工的时薪远低于邻居B市。B市在三年前降低了所有对于V市电视的关税，但是在B市电视机的销售数量没有明显变化。然而一个数据显示在B市电视装配工的数量下降。因此，最近的数据很有可能显示从V市进口电视机的数量会上升。-----文章结论基于一个推论：装配工数量的减少会造成B市电视机产出减少，而电视机销售不变，则很有可能增加进口来弥补这个缺口。但是如果B市的装配工装电视所需要的时间减少，即在相同的时间内，比原来装配更多的电视，那么就算人数减少也不一定会造成产出减少。因此C答案消除了这一可能性
GWD5-Q21:
In Teruvia, the quantity of rice produced per year is currently just large enough to satisfy domestic demand. Teruvia’s total rice acreage will not be expanded in the foreseeable future, nor will rice yields per acre increase appreciably. Teruvia’s population, however, will be increasing significantly for years to come. Clearly, therefore, Teruvia will soon have to begin importing rice.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. No pronounced trend of decreasing per capita demand for rice is imminent in Teruvia.
B. Not all of the acreage in Teruvia currently planted with rice is well suited to the cultivation of rice.
C. None of the strains of rice grown in Teruvia are exceptionally high-yielding.
D. There are no populated regions in Teruvia in which the population will not increase.
E. There are no major crops other than rice for which domestic production and domestic demand are currently in balance in Teruvia.
在T这个地方，大米每年的产量能够满足本国国民的需求。在将来，用来种米的土地和每亩的产量都没有计划增加。但是T的人口在未来将明显增加。因此T必须开始进口大米以满足本国国民的需求-------文章结论基于一个前提：国民平均每人对大米的需求不变，如果每人需求量下降，对大米需求的总量是有可能不变的
GWD-TN-4
GWD6-Q4:
In the past the country of Siduria has relied heavily on imported oil. Siduria recently implemented a program to convert heating systems from oil to natural gas. Siduria already produces more natural gas each year than it burns, and oil production in Sidurian oil fields is increasing at a steady pace. If these trends in fuel production and usage continue, therefore, Sidurian reliance on foreign sources for fuel should decline soon.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. In Siduria the rate of fuel consumption is rising no more quickly than the rate of fuel production.
B. Domestic production of natural gas is rising faster than is domestic production of oil in Siduria.
C. No fuel other than natural gas is expected to be used as a replacement for oil in Siduria.
D. Buildings cannot be heated by solar energy rather than by oil or natural gas.
E. All new homes that are being built will have natural-gas-burning heating systems.
S这个国家严重地依靠进口石油，S最近执行一个program，将提供供暖系统的燃料从石油改为天然气。S每年生产的天然气超过其燃烧的，且石油产量每年稳定增长。如果按照这个趋势S就可以减少进口-----文章只提到了燃料产量增加，却没有提到人们对燃料的消耗会不会增加。如果消耗量增加的rate小于燃料产出增加的rate.那么文章的结论就成立。
GWD6-Q38:
Three large companies and seven small companies currently manufacture a product with potential military applications. If the government regulates the industry, it will institute a single set of manufacturing specifications to which all ten companies will have to adhere. In this case, therefore, since none of the seven small companies can afford to convert their production lines to a new set of manufacturing specifications, only the three large companies will be able to remain in business.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the author’s argument relies?
A. None of the three large companies will go out of business if the government does not regulate the manufacture of the product.
B. It would cost more to convert the production lines of the small companies to a new set of manufacturing specifications than it would to convert the production lines of the large companies.
C. Industry lobbyists will be unable to dissuade the government from regulating the industry.
D. Assembly of the product produced according to government manufacturing specifications would be more complex than current assembly procedures.
E. None of the seven small companies currently manufactures the product to a set of specifications that would match those the government would institute if the industry were to be regulated.
三个大公司和七个小公司生产一种产品with potential military applications.现在政府发布了系列的行业说明书，所以这十个公司都必须遵守。但是这个七个小公司都没有资金去改变自己得生产线以适应政府的要求。所以只有这三个大公司能在这个行业继续待下去-----如果这七的小公司的生产线已经满足的政府的要求，则他们就不需要再花钱改造也可以在这个行业中继续生存。如E答案
GWD-TN-5
GWD7-Q5:
Exposure to certain chemicals commonly used in elementary schools as cleaners or pesticides causes allergic reactions in some children. Elementary school nurses in Renston report that the proportion of schoolchildren sent to them for treatment of allergic reactions to those chemicals has increased significantly over the past ten years. Therefore, either Renston’s schoolchildren have been exposed to greater quantities of the chemicals, or they are more sensitive to them than schoolchildren were ten years ago.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. The number of school nurses employed by Renston’s elementary schools has not decreased over the past ten years.
B. Children who are allergic to the chemicals are no more likely than other children to have allergies to other substances.
C. Children (who have allergic reactions to the chemicals) are not more likely to be sent to a school nurse now than they were ten years ago.
D. The chemicals are not commonly used as cleaners or pesticides in houses and apartment buildings in Renston.
E. Children attending elementary school do not make up a larger proportion of Renston’s population now than they did ten years ago.
一些化学试剂在小学校里被当成清洁剂或者杀虫剂使用造成了一些孩子的过敏反应。在R的小学的护士说孩子过敏之后被送去治疗的比例在过去十年上升了。因此，要不就是因为孩子被暴露在更大数量的化学试剂下，要不就是因为现在的孩子比之前的孩子敏感。----C答案：对化学试剂过敏的孩子现在不会比之前的孩子更可能送去校医院治疗。即排除了一种导致护士说的结果的另外一种 可能性：过去的孩子实际过敏人数和现在没差多少，但是他们中有不少人没有去就医。
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GWD7-Q27:
A significant number of complex repair jobs carried out by Ace Repairs have to be reworked under the company’s warranty. The reworked jobs are invariably satisfactory. When initial repairs are inadequate, therefore, it is not because the mechanics lack competence; rather, there is clearly a level of focused concentration that complex repairs require that is elicited more reliably by rework jobs than by first-time jobs.
The argument above assumes which of the following?
A. There is no systematic difference in membership between the group of mechanics who do first-time jobs and the group of those who do rework jobs.
B. There is no company that successfully competes with Ace Repairs for complex repair jobs.
C. Ace Repairs’ warranty is good on first-time jobs but does not cover rework jobs.
D. Ace Repairs does not in any way penalize mechanics who have worked on complex repair jobs that later had to be reworked.
E. There is no category of repair jobs in which Ace Repairs invariably carries out first-time jobs satisfactorily.
一些由AR执行修理的许多复杂的修理工作不得不在公司的保证上进行返工。这个返工的工作成果是令人满意的。因此，当最初的修理不充分不是因为修理工人缺少技术，而是因为复杂修理要求a level of focused concentration引出最初工作没有返工工作可靠-------说明做不同工作的工人没有什么不同，所以需要返工不是因为工人的问题，而是复杂修理的问题
GWD7-Q27:
A significant number of complex repair jobs carried out by Ace Repairs have to be reworked under the company’s warranty. The reworked jobs are invariably satisfactory. When initial repairs are inadequate, therefore, it is not because the mechanics lack competence; rather, there is clearly a level of focused concentration that complex repairs require that is elicited more reliably by rework jobs than by first-time jobs.
The argument above assumes which of the following?
A. There is no systematic difference in membership between the group of mechanics who do first-time jobs and the group of those who do rework jobs.
B. There is no company that successfully competes with Ace Repairs for complex repair jobs.
C. Ace Repairs’ warranty is good on first-time jobs but does not cover rework jobs.
D. Ace Repairs does not in any way penalize mechanics who have worked on complex repair jobs that later had to be reworked.
E. There is no category of repair jobs in which Ace Repairs invariably carries out first-time jobs satisfactorily.
一些由AR执行修理的许多复杂的修理工作不得不在公司的保证上进行返工。这个返工的工作成果是令人满意的。因此，当最初的修理不充分不是因为修理工人缺少技术，而是因为复杂修理要求a level of focused concentration引出最初工作没有返工工作可靠-------说明做不同工作的工人没有什么不同，所以需要返工不是因为工人的问题，而是复杂修理的问题
GWD-TN-6
With a record number of new companies starting up in Derderia, and with previously established companies adding many new jobs, a record number of new jobs were created last year in the Derderian economy. This year, previously established companies will not be adding as many new jobs overall as such companies added last year. Therefore, unless a record number of companies start up this year, Derderia will not break its record for new jobs created.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?
A. In a given year, new companies starting up create more new jobs on average than do previously established companies.
B. The number of people seeking employment is no larger this year than it was last year.
C. This year, the new companies starting up will not provide substantially more jobs per company than did new companies last year.
D. Previously established companies in Derderia will be less profitable this year than such companies were last year.
E. The number of jobs created in the Derderian economy last year was substantially larger than the number of jobs lost.
有一些新公司在D建立，加上之前的一些的老公司增加的职位，去年增加的一定数量的工作机会。今年之前的老公司不可能和去年一样创造一样多的工作机会，因此除非今年又有新的公司成立，否则D今年新增工作不可能超过去年。----文章缺少了对去年新建立的公司在今年创造工作情况的描述，所以C答案：每个新公司创造的工作机会不会去年的多。C答案的两个new companies指的都是去年的新公司。因此，去年的老公司和去年的新公司创造的工作今年都比去年少，所以肯定只有今年再建立新的公司才会超过去年的工作机会数
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GWD-8-Q14: GWD-2-11
Many people suffer an allergic reaction to certain sulfites, including those that are commonly added to wine as preservatives. However, since there are several wine makers who add sulfites to none of the wines they produce, people who would like to drink wine but are allergic to sulfites can drink wines produced by these wine makers without risking an allergic reaction to sulfites.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. These wine makers have been able to duplicate the preservative effect produced by adding sulfites by means that do not involve adding any potentially allergenic substances to their wine.
B. Not all forms of sulfite are equally likely to produce the allergic reactions.
C. Wine is the only beverage to which sulfites are commonly added.
D. Apart from sulfites, there are no substances commonly present in wine that give rise to an allergic reaction.
E. Sulfites are not naturally present in the wines produced by these wine makers in amounts large enough to produce an allergic reaction in someone who drinks these wines.
许多人对一种sulfites（亚硫酸盐）过敏，包括那些放在酒里面当防腐剂的。然而许多制造酒的企业不再往酒里面放sulfites。所以那些喜欢喝酒但是又会因为sulfites过敏的人以后喝酒时就不会有过敏的风险了------如果酒本身就含有的sulfites足以使人过敏，那么就算企业再往酒里放sulfites，还是会造成人过敏。E答案排除了sulfites本身就自然存在于酒里的可能性
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GWD-8-Q21:GWD-2-18
Last year all refuse collected by Shelbyville city services was incinerated. This incineration generated a large quantity of residue ash. In order to reduce the amount of residue ash Shelbyville generates this year to half of last year’s total, the city has revamped its collection program. This year city services will separate for recycling enough refuse to reduce the number of truckloads of refuse to be incinerated to half of last year’s number.
Which of the following is required for the revamped collection program to achieve its aim?
A. This year, no materials that city services could separate for recycling will be incinerated.
B. Separating recyclable materials from materials to be incinerated will cost Shelbyville less than half what it cost last year to dispose of the residue ash.
C. Refuse collected by city services will contain a larger proportion of recyclable materials this year than it did last year.
D. The refuse incinerated this year will generate no more residue ash per truckload incinerated than did the refuse incinerated last year.
E. The total quantity of refuse collected by Shelbyville city services this year will be no greater than that collected last year.
S市去年所有回收的垃圾都被焚烧。这个焚烧产生了大量灰尘。今年为了减少去年灰尘的一半，S市决定修补它的回收系统。决定回收循环一些垃圾使焚烧的垃圾是去年的一半。----D答案：每卡车垃圾焚烧所产生的灰尘不会比去年要多。同样多的垃圾，今年燃烧的灰尘比去年多。这样即使燃烧垃圾数为去年的一半，产生灰尘数肯定不止去年的一半。E答案，就算今年总量增加，只要他们增加可循环使用垃圾数，还是可以控制今年要焚烧的垃圾数减到去年的一半。
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GWD-8-Q22:
When storing Renaissance oil paintings, museums conform to standards that call for careful control of the surrounding temperature and humidity, with variations confined within narrow margins. Maintaining this environment is very costly, and recent research shows that even old oil paint is unaffected by wide fluctuations in temperature and humidity. Therefore, museums could relax their standards and save money without endangering their Renaissance oil paintings.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. Renaissance paintings were created in conditions involving far greater fluctuations in temperature and humidity than those permitted by current standards.
B. Under the current standards that museums use when storing Renaissance oil paintings, those paintings do not deteriorate at all.
C. Museum collections typically do not contain items that are more likely to be vulnerable to fluctuations in temperature and humidity than Renaissance oil paintings.
D. None of the materials in Renaissance oil paintings other than the paint are vulnerable enough to relatively wide fluctuations in temperature and humidity to cause damage to the paintings.
E. Most Renaissance oil paintings are stored in museums located in regions near the regions where the paintings were created.
当保存文艺复兴时期的油画时，博物馆遵照一个标准自己的控制油画周围的温度以及湿度，在一个很小的变化范围。维持这样的条件成本很高，而且最近有研究发现很古老的油画不受空气中强烈浮动的温度与湿度的影响。因此，博物馆可以在不伤害油画得情况下放松他们的标准以及省钱。----D答案：文艺复兴的油画里的materials不会受到relatively wide fluctuations in temperature and humidity而对油画造成伤害。文艺复兴的油画与那些古老油画的情况是一样的
GWD-TN-7
For similar cars and drivers, automobile insurance for collision damage has always cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont. Police studies, however, show that cars owned by Greatport residents are, on average, slightly less likely to be involved in a collision than cars in Fairmont. Clearly, therefore, insurance companies are making a greater profit on collision-damage insurance in Greatport than in Fairmont.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. Repairing typical collision damage does not cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont.
B. There are no more motorists in Greatport than in Fairmont.
C. Greatport residents who have been in a collision are more likely to report it to their insurance company than Fairmont residents are.
D. Fairmont and Greatport are the cities with the highest collision-damage insurance rates.
E. The insurance companies were already aware of the difference in the likelihood of collisions before the publication of the police reports.
对于一样的车与司机，对撞伤事故的保险在G比F高。警察报告指出在G的车主比F的车主几乎没有少可能卷入事故中。因此G的保险公司在撞伤事故保险上获得的利润高于F的保险公司。-----因此G和F的事故发生率差别不大，但保险费用G却比F高，因此判断G的保险公司利润高。A答案：修理因撞伤事故的成本G没有比F高。即排除了一种可能性：虽然收费高，但是其花费也高，利润也不一定高
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Agricultural societies cannot exist without staple crops. Several food plants, such as kola and okra, are known to have been domesticated in western Africa, but they are all supplemental, not staple, foods. All the recorded staple crops grown in western Africa were introduced from elsewhere, beginning, at some unknown date, with rice and yams. Therefore, discovering when rice and yams were introduced into western Africa would establish the earliest date at which agricultural societies could have arisen there.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. People in western Africa did not develop staple crops that they stopped cultivating once rice and yams were introduced.
B. There are no plants native to western Africa that, if domesticated, could serve as staple food crops.
C. Rice and yams were grown as staple crops by the earliest agricultural societies outside of western Africa.
D. Kola and okra are better suited to growing conditions in western Africa than domesticated rice and yams are.
E. Kola and okra were domesticated in western Africa before rice and yams were introduced there.
农业社会没有主要的作物就不会存在。很多种粮食作物像kola和okra是西非的本土食物，但是他们是补充食物，不是主要的作物。所有西非的主要作物都是在不清楚确定的时间由其他地方引进，像rice和yams。因此发现这些主要作物引进西非的时间可以得出西非最早建立农业社会的时间。-----如果在rice和yams引进之前，西非的人已经开始种植主要植物，但是由于后来rice和yams的引进使他们停止种植自己本来的主要作物。文章的结论就被否定了。因此A答案很好的排除这种可能性。
GWD-TN-8
GWD-10-Q7
For similar cars and drivers, automobile insurance for collision damage has always cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont. Police studies, however, show that cars owned by Greatport residents are, on average, slightly less likely to be involved in a collision than cars in Fairmont. Clearly, therefore, insurance companies are making a greater profit on collision-damage insurance in Greatport than in Fairmont.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. Repairing typical collision damage does not cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont.
B. There are no more motorists in Greatport than in Fairmont.
C. Greatport residents who have been in a collision are more likely to report it to their insurance company than Fairmont residents are.
D. Fairmont and Greatport are the cities with the highest collision-damage insurance rates.
E. The insurance companies were already aware of the difference in the likelihood of collisions before the publication of the police reports.
解释同第七套24题
GWD-TN-9
GWD-12-Q29:
The Earth’s rivers constantly carry dissolved salts into its oceans. Clearly, therefore, by taking the resulting increase in salt levels in the oceans over the past hundred years and then determining how many centuries of such increases it would have taken the oceans to reach current salt levels from a hypothetical initial salt-free state, the maximum age of the Earth’s oceans can be accurately estimated.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. The quantities of dissolved salts deposited by rivers in the Earth’s oceans have not been unusually large during the past hundred years.
B. At any given time, all the Earth’s rivers have about the same salt levels.
C. There are salts that leach into the Earth’s oceans directly from the ocean floor.
D. There is no method superior to that based on salt levels for estimating the maximum age of the Earth’s oceans.
E. None of the salts carried into the Earth’s oceans by rivers are used up by biological activity in the oceans.
地球上的河流不断地将溶解的盐运送进海里。因此得到过去一百年盐分的增加量以及从一个初始的无盐状态后多少个世纪的增加导致了现在的含盐量。海洋的年龄就可以被正确估计。-----从只测量过去一百的盐的增加量可以明显地出文章是假设了每年盐的增加量是一定的。
GWD-TN-10
GWD-24-Q 18:
Most household appliances use electricity only when in use. Many microwave ovens, however, have built-in clocks and so use some electricity even when they are not in use. The clocks each consume about 45 kilowatt-hours per year. Therefore, house holds whose microwave oven has no built-in clock use 45 kilowatt-hours per year less, on average, than do comparable households whoes microwave oven is otherwise similar but has a built-in clock.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. Households that do not have a microwave oven use less energy per year, on average, than do households that have a microwave oven.
B. Microwave ovens with a built-in clock do not generally cost more to buy than microwave ovens without a built-in clock.
C. All households that have a microwave oven also have either a gas oven or a conventional electric oven.
D. Households whose microwave oven does not have a built-in clock are no more likely to have a separate electric clock plugged in than households whose microwave oven has one.
E. There are more households that have a microwave oven with a built-in clock than there are households that have a microwave oven without a built-in clock.
大多数电器只有大使用的时候才耗电，但是内置有时钟的微波炉因为需要维持时间所以需要耗电，这个时钟每年耗45千瓦时/因此没有内置时钟的微波炉每年比内置时钟的微波炉少耗电45千瓦时。------有一个可能性：没有内置，但有外置。如果外置一个时钟，那么耗的电也不比内置的少。因此D答案排除了这个可能性。
GWD-TN-11
In response to mounting public concern, an airplane manufacturers implement a program with well-publicized goal of reducing by half the total yearly amount of hazardous waste generated by its passenger-jet division. When the program began in 1994, the division’s hazardous waste was 90 pounds per production worker, last year it was 40 pounds per production worker. Clearly, therefore, charges that the manufacturer’s program has not met its goal are false.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. the amount of nonhazardous waste generated each year by the passenger-jet division has not increased significantly since 1984
B. at least as many passenger jets were produced by the division last year as had been produced in 1994
C. since 1994, other divisions in the company have achieved reductions in hazardous waste output that are at least equal to that achieved in the passenger-jet division.
D. The average number of weekly hours per production worker in the passenger-jet division was not significantly greater last year than it was in 1994.
E. The number of production workers assigned to the passenger-jet division was not significantly less in 1994 than it was last year.
为了对公众有个交待，一个飞机制造商决定实施一个计划减少一半由passenger-jet division制造出的浪费。这个计划始于1994年，当时每个工人的浪费是90磅，到了去年减少到了40磅，因此显然说这个飞机制造商没有达成目标是错误的。---E答案排除了一个可能性，就是去年的工人人数远多于1994年，那么也许总的浪费数额并没有减少。
GWD-TN-12
Q13 GWD-24-35（CD-10-35）
The milk of many mammals contains cannabinoids, substances that are known to stimulate certain receptors in the brain. To investigate the function of cannabinoids, researchers injected newborn mice with a chemical that is known to block cannabinoides from reaching their receptors in the brain. The injected mice showed far less interest in feeding than normal newborn mice do. Therefore, cannabinoids probably function to stimulate the appetite.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. Newborn mice do not normally ingest any substance other than their mothers’ milk.
B. Cannabinoids are the only substances in mammals’ milk that stimulate the appetite.
C. The mothers of newborn mice do not normally make any effort to encourage their babies to feed.
D. The milk of mammals would be less nutritious if it did not contain cannabinoids.
E. The chemical that blocks cannabinoids from stimulating their brain receptors does not independently inhibit the appetite.
许多哺乳动物的母乳中都含有C，一种可以刺激在大脑中的感受器的物质。为了研究C的功能，研究人员给新生的老鼠注射了阻碍C到达大脑中的感受器那里的化学物质。这个被注射的老鼠因此对食物的兴趣低于普通的老鼠。因此C的作用事刺激食欲。----就针对实验本身而言，必须确定这个注射老鼠的化学物质的作用。而文章的结论是认为C有抑制食欲的作用，因此必须排除这个化学物质也有相同的作用。否则这个结论无法成立。如E答案
Frobisher, a sixteenth-century English explorer, had soil samples from Canada’s Kodlunarn Island examined for gold content. Because high gold content was reported, Elizabeth I funded two mining expeditions. Neither expedition found any gold there. Modern analysis of the island’s soil indicates a very low gold content. Thus the methods used to determine the gold content of Frobisher’s samples must have been inaccurate.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. The gold content of the soil on Kodlunarn Island is much lower today than it was in the sixteenth century.
B. The two mining expeditions funded by Elizabeth I did not mine the same part of Kodlunarn Island.
C. The methods used to assess gold content of the soil samples provided by Frobisher were different from those generally used in the sixteenth century.
D. Frobisher did not have soil samples from any other Canadian island examined for gold content.
E. Gold was not added to the soil samples collected by Frobisher before the samples were examined.
F是16世纪英国的研究人员，从加拿大的K岛提取了当地的土壤样本检验其含金量。因为报道有高含金量，因此伊丽莎白女王一世拨款给了两支采矿远征队。但是没有一个远征队在那里找到金矿。现在的研究显示当地的土壤的金含量非常低。因此F使用检测土壤含金量的方法肯定是错误的。-----要排除F本人确不知该土壤真实含金量，且结果确实是用一种方法检测出的。就要同E答案，排除上述可能性。
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In Kravonia, the average salary for jobs requiring a college degree has always been higher than the average salary for jobs that do not require a degree. Current enrollments in Kravonia’s colleges indicate that over the next four years the percentage of the Kravonian workforce with college degree will increase dramatically. Therefore, the average salary for all workers in Kravonia is likely to increase over the next four years.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. Kravonians with more than one college degree earn more, on average, than do Kravonians with only one college degree.
B. The percentage of Kravonians who attend college in order to earn higher salaries is higher now than it was several years ago.
C. The higher average salary for jobs requiring a college degree is not due largely to a scarcity among the Kravonian workforce of people with a college degree.
D. The average salary in Kravonia for jobs that do not require a college degree will not increase over the next four years.
E. Few members of the Kravonian workforce earned their degrees in other countries.
在K这个地方，要求本科学历的工作的平均工资高于没有学历要求的工作，在K的大学的入学率显示了在未来四年工作的人总拥有本科学历的人数将会显著增加。因此未来四年所有工作的人的平均工资将会上涨。-----C答案：要求本科学历的工作工资高不是因为缺少本科学历的工作者。即用人单位是希望通过高薪来吸引那些具有大学本科学历的人去工作，因此如果这样学历的人越来越多，用人单位就没有必要通过高薪来吸引他们，也许薪酬就会下降。所以平均工资就不一定上涨
GWD-TN-13
In the years following an eight-cent increase in the federal tax on a pack of cigarettes, sales of cigarettes fell ten percent. In contrast, in the year prior to the tax increase, sales had fallen one percent. The volume of cigarette sales is therefore strongly related to the after-tax price of a pack of cigarettes.
The argument above requires which of the following assumptions?
A. During the year following the tax increase, the pretax price of a pack of cigarettes did not increase by as much as it had during the year prior to the tax increase.
B. The one percent fall in cigarette sales in the year prior to tax increases was due to a smaller tax increase.
C. The pretax price of a pack of cigarettes gradually decreased throughout the year before and the year after the tax increase.
D. For the year following the tax increase, the pretax price of a pack of cigarettes was not eight or more cents lower than it had been the previous year.
E. As the after-tax price of a pack of cigarettes rises, the pretax price also rises.
在每条烟增收8分的联邦税的这些年，香烟的销售量下降了10%。相反，在增收税之前，销售量仅降了1%。因此香烟的销售量与香烟的税后价格有关系。----D答案：在税收增加的这段时间的税前价格没有比没增加税收的时间的税前价格低于8分 或者更多。如果在增加8分之前的税前价格就比原来的税前价格低了八分或更低，则即使增税八分，税后价格还是比较低，所以要排除这个就是这个因果关系的基本假设
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In 1992 outlaw fishing boats began illegally harvesting lobsters from the territorial waters of the country of Belukia. Soon after, the annual tonnage of lobster legally harvested in Belukian waters began declining; in 1996, despite there being no reduction in the level of legal lobster fishing activity, the local catch was 9,000 tons below pre-1992 levels. It is therefore highly likely that the outlaw fishing boats harvested about 9,000 tons of lobster illegally that year.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. The illegal lobster harvesting was not so extensive that the population of catchable lobsters in Belukia’s territorial waters had sharply declined by 1996
B. The average annual lobster catch, in tons, of an outlaw fishing boat is has increased steadily since 1992.
C. Outlaw fishing boats do not, as a group, harvest more lobsters than do licensed lobster-fishing boats.
D. The annual legal lobster harvest in Belukia in 1996 was not significantly less than 9,000 tons.
E. A significant proportion of Belukia’s operators of licensed lobster-fishing boats were out of business between 1992 and 1996
在1992年违法渔船开始在B违法捕捞龙虾。不久之后，每年合法捕捞龙虾的数量下降，在1996年，尽管没有减少合法捕捞的行为，但是比1992年少捞了9000吨。因此很可能那年非法捕捞了龙虾9000吨。-----文章中隐含一个假设，即水中可捕捞的龙虾从1992年开始数量没有变化。才可能推算出1996年非法捕捞了9000吨。因此A答案排除了可捕捞龙虾数量改变的情况。
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For most people, the left half of the brain controls linguistic capabilities, but some people have their language centers in the right half. When a language center of the brains is damaged, for example, by a stroke, linguistic capabilities are impaired in some way. Therefore, people who have suffered a serious stroke on the left side of the brain without suffering any such impairment must have their language centers in the right half.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the reasoning in the argument above depends?
A. No part of a person’s brain that is damaged by a stroke never recovers
B. Impairment of linguistic capabilities does not occur in people who have not suffered any damage to any language center of the brain.
C. Strokes tend to impair linguistic capabilities more severely than does any other cause of damage to language centers in the brain.
D. If there are language centers on the left side of the brain, any serious stroke affecting that side of the brain damages at least one of them.
E. It is impossible to determine which side of the brain contains a person’s language centers if the person has not suffered damage to either side of the brain.
对大多数人来说，左大脑控制语言能力，但是有一些人的语言中心在他们的右脑。当一个语言中心被损害，举例来说，被撞击，语言能力受到损害。因此如果一个人的左脑受到严重撞击但是没有受到损害就意味着他的语言中心在右脑。-----D答案：如果语言中心在左脑，任何对左脑的撞击至少伤害其中一个语言中心。即一个受伤，语言能力就受到损害。如果那个人的语言中心在左脑且伤害其中一个，语言能力就一定受到损害，但是他的语言能力没有问题，证明任何一个语言中心都没有受伤，那他的语言中心肯定是在右脑。
GWD-TN-14
Press Secretary: Our critics claim that the President’s recent highway project cancellations demonstrate a vindictive desire to punish legislative districts controlled by opposition parties. They offer as evidence the fact that 90 percent of the projects canceled were in such districts. But all of the canceled projects had been identified as wasteful in a report written by respected nonpartisan auditors. So the President’s choice was clearly motivated by sound budgetary policy, not partisan politics
Which of the following is an assumption on which the press secretary’s argument depends?
A. Canceling highway projects was not the only way for the President to punish legislative districts controlled by opposition parties.
B. The scheduled highway projects identified as wasteful in the report were not mostly projects in districts controlled by the President’s party.
C. The number of projects canceled was a significant proportion of all the highway projects that were to be undertaken by the government in the near future.
D. The highway projects canceled in districts controlled by the President’s party were not generally more expensive than the projects canceled in districts controlled by opposition parties.
E. Reports by nonpartisan auditors are not generally regarded by the opposition parties as a source of objective assessments of government projects.
新闻秘书：批评家声称总统最近的交通计划取消显示了一个怀有报复心去惩罚由反对党控制的立法区域。他们给出了证据就是由90%的被取消得计划都是在这个区域。但是所有的取消计划被认定为浪费的报告是由无党派审查员书写的。因此总统的选择是基于健全的预算政策而不是党派政策。----B 答案：那些被认定为是浪费的但是预定了的交通计划大部分都不是由总统党派区域控制。对该选项取非，明显表现出总统偏袒自己的党派，削弱文章结论，为正确答案
30. GWD17-Q30:
In a study conducted in Pennsylvania, servers in various restaurants wrote “Thank you” on randomly selected bills before presenting the bills to their customers. Tips on these bills were an average of three percentage points higher than tips on bills without the message. Therefore, if servers in Pennsylvania regularly wrote “Thank you” on restaurant bills, their average income from tips would be significantly higher than it otherwise would have been.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?
A. The “Thank you” messages would have the same impact on regular patrons of a restaurant as they would on occasional patrons of the same restaurant.
B. Regularly seeing “Thank you” written on their bills would not lead restaurant patrons to revert to their earlier tipping habits.
C. The written “Thank you” reminds restaurant patrons that tips constitute a significant part of the income of many food servers.
D. The rate at which people tip food servers in Pennsylvania does not vary with how expensive a restaurant is.
E. Virtually all patrons of the Pennsylvania restaurants in the study who were given a bill with “Thank you” written on it left a larger tip than they otherwise would have.
一个在宾夕法尼亚的研究发现，在餐馆的服务生在账单上写上“谢谢”，得到的消费会比没有写得高3%，因此如果服务生规律地写上“谢谢”他们的小费收入会远高于不写。----如果服务生规律的写导致客人看久了没有新鲜感因而回复到原来小费的水平，那么写“谢谢”就没有作用了，因此要排除这个可能性。如B答案
GWD-TN-15
The ancient Nubians inhabited an area in which typhus occurs, yet surprisingly few of their skeletons show the usual evidence of this disease. The skeletons do show deposits of tetracycline, an antibiotic produced by a bacterium common in Nubian soil. This bacterium can flourish on the dried grain used for making two staples of the Nubian diet, beer and bread. Thus, tetracycline in their food probably explains the low incidence of typhus among ancient Nubians.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?
A. Infectious diseases other than typhus to which the ancient Nubians were exposed are unaffected by tetracycline.
B. Tetracycline is not rendered ineffective as an antibiotic by exposure to the processes involved in making bread and beer.
C. Typhus cannot be transmitted by ingesting bread or beer contaminated with the infectious agents of this disease.
D. Bread and beer were the only items in the diet of the ancient Nubians which could have contained tetracycline.
E. Typhus is generally fatal.
古代 Nubians的居住地有typhus这个疾病发生，但是令人吃惊的是几乎没有Nubians的骨骼中显示有typhus的迹象。骨骼里确实存积了tetracycline ，一种广泛存在在N土壤里的细菌的抗体 。这个细菌在用在做N人的主食、啤酒和面包的谷物里活跃着。因此tetracycline可能就是解释typhus发病率低的原因。----B答案排除了tetracycline会失效的可能性。
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38. GWD21-Q38:
Because it was long thought that few people would watch lengthy televised political messages, most televised political advertisements, like commercial advertisements, took the form of short messages. Last year, however, one candidate produced a half-hour-long advertisement. During the half hour the advertisement was aired, a substantial portion of the viewing public tuned into the advertisement. Clearly, then, many more people are interested in watching lengthy televised political messages than was previously thought.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. The candidate’s ratings improved significantly as a result of the half-hour-long political advertisement.
B. Political advertisements have become increasingly influential in determining voters’ decisions at the polls.
C. Many people would appreciate the opportunity to become better acquainted with political candidates’ views on current political issues.
D. Most people who are interested in political issues watch television regularly.
E. Most of the viewers who tuned in to the candidate’s half-hour-long advertisement last year did not change channels after the first few minutes.
在一段时间里普遍认为几乎没有人喜欢看长时间的电视政治性的信息，因此大多数政治广告和商业广告一样，采用短时间的模式。但是在去年，一个候选人播了长达半小时的广告，在这半小时的播放中，很大比例的观众转到了这个频道。显然和之前相比，现在更多的人喜欢看长时间的广告信息。----转换频道不等于会长时间的看，如果看了几分钟觉得没意思就换台则不能说明现在的观众喜欢长时间的广告信息。因此E答案排除了这个可能性
GWD-TN-16没有相关题型
GWD-TN-17
10. GWD26-Q10
Lawmaker: Raising taxes is not the only means of reducing government debt. The government’s stockpile of helium is worth 25 percent more, at current market prices, than the debt accumulated in acquiring and storing it. Therefore, by selling the helium, the government can not only pay off that debt but reduce its overall debt as well.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. The government has no current need for helium.
B. Twenty-five percent of the debt the government has accumulated in stockpiling helium is not an insignificant portion of the government’s total debt.
C. It is not in the lawmaker’s interest to advocate raising taxes as a means of reducing government debt.
D. Attempts to sell the government’s helium will not depress the market price of helium by more than 25 percent.
E. The government will not incur any costs in closing its facilities for stockpiling helium.
增加税收不是减少政府债务的唯一方法。政府大量储备的氦目前的市场价值超过政府债务的25%。因此通过销售氦，政府不仅可以付清债务还可以减少所有的债务。-------如果因为政府大量销售氦导致其市价下降，那么政府通过这个方法就不可以清偿债务，因此D答案排出这个可能性。
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Excavations of the Roman city of Sepphoris have uncovered numerous detailed mosaics depicting several readily identifiable animal species: a hare, a partridge, and various Mediterranean fish. Oddly, most of the species represented did not live in the Sepphoris region when these mosaics were created. Since identical motifs appear in mosaics found in other Roman cities, however, the mosaics of Sepphoris were very likely created by traveling artisans from some other part of the Roman Empire.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. The Sepphoris mosaics are not composed exclusively of types of stones found naturally in the Sepphoris area.
B. There is no single region to which all the species depicted in the Sepphoris mosaics are native.只要不是S这样文章就可成立。
C. No motifs appear in the Sepphoris mosaics that do not also appear in the mosaics of some other Roman city.
D. All of the animal figures in the Sepphoris mosaics are readily identifiable as representations of known species.
E. There was not a common repertory of mosaic designs with which artisans who lived in various parts of the Roman Empire were familiar.
挖掘古罗马城市S的时候发现了许多detailed mosaics描绘了许多的动物：野兔、鹌鹑、和许多地中海的鱼类。奇怪的是，大多数动物在这些detailed mosaics制造的时候都没有生活在S。在古罗马其他城市有出现了相同的主题在detailed mosaics上，因此S的detailed mosaics很有可能是那些去古罗马其他城市旅行过的工匠制作的。----如果所有的工匠都有统一的设计方案，那么他们不需要去旅行就可以知道这些不是当地的动物的形象。因此E答案排出这个可能性。
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29. GWD26-Q29
Educational Theorist:
Recent editorials have called for limits on the amount of homework assigned to children. They point out that free-time activities play an important role in childhood development and that large amounts of homework reduce children’s free time, hindering their development. But the average homework time for a ten year old, for example, is little more than 30 minutes per night. Clearly, therefore, there is no need to impose the limits these editorials are calling for.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the educational theorist’s argument relies?
A. The free-time activities that ten year olds engage in most are all approximately equally effective at fostering development
B. Regularly doing homework assignments improves children’s academic performance.
C. Individual teachers are not the best judges of how much homework to assign the children they teach
D. In most schools, if not all, the homework assignments given are of a length that does not diverge widely from the average.
E. Free-time activities rarely teach children skills or information that they can use in their academic work.
最近的编辑认为应该给孩子做家庭作业的时间予以限制。他们指出休息时间的活动有助于孩子的发展，而大量的写作业时间减少孩子休息时间阻碍他们的发展。但是10岁孩子的平均写作业时间少于每天半小时，因此这个限制是没有必要的。---D答案是排除了以偏概全的可能性，因为作者是基于平均水平，但是有可能有的学校时间特长，而有的特短，因此才有平均的结果。
GWD-TN-18
Political advocacy groups have begun to use information services to disseminate information that is then accessed by the public via personal computer. Since many groups are thus able to bypass traditional news sources, whose reporting is selective, and to present their political views directly to the public, information services present a more balanced picture of the complexities of political issues than any traditional news source presents.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument above depends?
A. Information services are accessible to enough people to ensure that political advocacy groups can use these services to reach as large a percentage of the public as they could through traditional news sources.
B. People could get a thorough understanding of a particular political issue by sorting through information provided by several traditional news sources, each with differing editorial biases.
C. Information on political issues disseminated through information services does not come almost entirely from advocacy groups that share a single bias.
D. Traditional news sources seldom report the views of political advocacy groups accurately.
E. Most people who get information on political issues from newspapers and other traditional news sources can readily identify the editorial biases of those sources.
政治拥护的群体开始使用information services来散步信息通过私人电脑向公众传播。一些群体因此可以避开传统的新闻渠道，它们报道具有选择性而且直接向公众传播它们的政治观点。而information services则体现了一个更加平衡的多元化的政治问题，比起传统的新闻渠道。-----如果information services只传达了一方的观点那也不能体现多元化。因此C排除了这个可能性。
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