Exposure to certain chemicals commonly used in elementary schools as cleaners or pesticides causes allergic reactions in some children. Elementary school nurses in Renston report that the proportion of schoolchildren sent to them for treatment of allergic reactions to those chemicals has increased significantly over the past ten years. Therefore, either Renston’s schoolchildren have been exposed to greater quantities of the chemicals, or they are more sensitive to them than schoolchildren were ten years ago.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. The number of school nurses employed by Renston’s elementary schools has not decreased over the past ten years.
B. Children who are allergic to the chemicals are no more likely than other children to have allergies to other substances.
C. Children who have allergic reactions to the chemicals are not more likely to be sent to a school nurse now than they were ten years ago.
D. The chemicals are not commonly used as cleaners or pesticides in houses and apartment buildings in Renston.
E. Children attending elementary school do not make up a larger proportion of Renston’s population now than they did ten years ago.
E比较的是学校内部的比例，原文讲的是Elementary school nurses in Renston repots that..., 说的就是在Renston地区的小学，而E的意思是说在Renston地区上小学的人数并不比10年前所占人口的比例大，问题在于E说的是一个比例，而不是一个绝对数，有可能现在总的地区人口数下降，而上小学的人数不变，可所占总人口数的比例还增高了（如E）,
我觉得如果E说的是现在上小学的人数不比10年前上小学的人数多，则也是一个取非削弱。
E的错误是把比例当成了绝对数C [attach]5073[/attach]
GWD-8-Q19:
Certain politicians in the country of Birangi argue that a 50 percent tax on new automobiles would halt the rapid increase of automobiles on Birangi’s roads and thereby slow the deterioration of Birangi’s air quality. Although most experts agree that such a tax would result in fewer Birangians buying new vehicles and gradually reduce the number of automobiles on Birangi’s roads, they contend that it would have little impact on Birangi’s air-quality problem.
Which of the following, if true in Birangi, would most strongly support the experts’ contention about the effect of the proposed automobile tax on Birangi’s air-quality problem?
A. Automobile emissions are the largest single source of air pollution.
B. Some of the proceeds from the new tax would go toward expanding the nonpolluting commuter rail system.
C. Currently, the sales tax on new automobiles is considerably lower than 50 percent.
D. Automobiles become less fuel efficient and therefore contribute more to air pollution as they age.
E. The scrapping of automobiles causes insignificant amounts of air pollution.
正确答案D：虽然新车进入少，但现有的车随着老化，污染更严重，所以污染仍然大，仍然没有好转。故SUPPORT专家观点。
A。无关。车辆是否是最大污染源与专家观点无关
B。无关，最好是WEAKEN。扩大地铁系统也许会使车辆减少减少量大些，从而使空气污染少些。
C。无关
E。无关，说的是拆旧车。D
Of patients over 65 years old who survived coronary bypass surgery—a procedure widely prescribed for people with heart disease—only 75 percent benefited from the surgery. Thus it appears that for one in four such patients, the doctors who advised them to undergo this surgery, with its attendant risks and expense, were more interested in an opportunity to practice their skills and in their fee than in helping the patient.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument?
A. Many of the patients who receive coronary bypass surgery are less than 55 years old.
B. Possible benefits of coronary bypass surgery include both relief from troubling symptoms and prolongation of life.
C. Most of the patients in the survey decided to undergo coronary bypass surgery because they were advised that the surgery would reduce their risk of future heart attacks.
D. The patients over 65 years old who did not benefit from the coronary bypass surgery were as fully informed as those who did benefit from the surgery as to the risks of the surgery prior to undergoing it.
E. The patients who underwent coronary bypass surgery but who did not benefit from it were medically indistinguishable, prior to their surgery, from the patients who did benefit.
D的意思为受益和没受益的的两批人都被告知手术的危险性。而结论是医生对没受益的动机不纯。显然DWEAKEN不了结论。还有点加强医生动机不纯，医生完全可以说一套做一套。
E的意思为：受益和没收益两批人手术前在医疗上是分不出的。既然分不出，医生就无法对一批人动机好，对另一批人动机不好。
GWD-8-Q21:
Although the earliest surviving Greek inscriptions written in an alphabet date from the eighth century B.C., a strong case can be made that the Greeks actually adopted alphabetic writing at least two centuries earlier. Significantly, the text of these earliest surviving Greek inscriptions sometimes runs from right to left and sometimes from left to right. Now, the Greeks learned alphabetic writing from the Phoenicians, and in the process they would surely have adopted whatever convention the Phoenicians were then using with respect to the direction of writing. Originally, Phoenician writing ran in either direction, but by the eighth century B.C. it had been consistently written from right to left for about two centuries.
In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A. The first is the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second reports a discovery that has been used to support a position that the argument opposes.
B. The first is the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second presents an assumption on which the argument relies.
C. The first presents evidence that is used in support of the position that the argument seeks to establish; the second presents an assumption on which the argument relies.
D. The first is an objection raised against a position that the argument opposes; the second is the position that the argument seeks to establish.
E. The first is an objection raised against a position that the argument opposes; the second is evidence that has been used to support that position.
拉拉理解：本题前后没有转折，所以从AB中选。A是发现，是事实，B是假设，文章说：希腊人最早写作题字是八世纪前，但可能表明是在更早，这些表明更早的是从两个方向写的，现在的希腊文是从P学来的，最初P人也是两个方向的，持续了两个世纪，到八世纪前，改成一个方向了，所以，第二个BF就成了一个假设，即希腊人继承了P人的任何写字习惯，否则无法认定更早两个世纪的题字是希腊人的。搭桥
would也是假设的一种提示？
GWD-7-Q21: 比较搞
Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
Each species of moth has an optimal body temperature for effective flight, and when air temperatures fall much below that temperature, the moths typically have to remain inactive on vegetation for extended periods, leaving them highly vulnerable to predators. In general, larger moths can fly faster than smaller ones and hence have a better chance of evading flying predators, but they also have higher optimal body temperatures, which explains why ______.
A. large moths are generally able to maneuver better in flight than smaller moths
B. large moths are proportionally much more common in warm climates than in cool climates
C. small moths are more likely than large moths to be effectively camouflaged while on vegetation
D. large moths typically have wings that are larger in proportion to their body size than smaller moths do
E. most predators of moths prey not only on several different species of moth but also on various species of other insects
每个品种的飞蛾对于effective flight飞行有个最佳温度,当空气温度远低于此值时, 飞蛾趴在蔬菜上长期不动,这样使得它们容易被predator攻击.总的来说, 大飞蛾比小飞蛾飞的快,因而更容易逃生, 但是这些大飞蛾需要较高的最佳温度, 这可以解释为什么大飞蛾在温暖气候比寒冷的气候下相应地较多.(b)
如果直选，都不像答案，B相对正确。
but they also have higher optimal body temperatures, which explains why ______. 填空题关键找和空格前内容相符的内容。就是最紧密联系的，别的不用考虑太多
A significant number of complex repair jobs carried out by Ace Repairs have to be reworked under the company’s warranty. The reworked jobs are invariably satisfactory. When initial repairs are inadequate, therefore, it is not because the mechanics lack competence; rather, there is clearly a level of focused concentration that complex repairs require that is elicited more reliably by rework jobs than by first-time jobs.
跳跃修饰不错，但是我认为加and就错了，concentration在两个定从中地位不同，前者是做宾语，后者做主语，所以两个定从不是平行结构，可以将concentration that complexs repairs require中的定从和concentration之间的关系看成‘修饰词和核心词’的关系，作为一个短语，而后面的定从是修饰前面短语中的核心词。语法问题
The argument above assumes which of the following?
A. There is no systematic difference in membership between the group of mechanics who do first-time jobs and the group of those who do rework jobs.
B. There is no company that successfully competes with Ace Repairs for complex repair jobs.
C. Ace Repairs’ warranty is good on first-time jobs but does not cover rework jobs.
D. Ace Repairs does not in any way penalize mechanics who have worked on complex repair jobs that later had to be reworked.
E. There is no category of repair jobs in which Ace Repairs invariably carries out first-time jobs satisfactorily.
AR作的大多数维修工作必须重修，重修很令人满意。首次修理不太充分，不是修理人员没水平，而是要求的侧重点不同，二修要求高点。结论两个TAHT并列修饰LEVEL
There is no systematic difference in membership between the group of mechanics who do first-time jobs and the group of those who do rework jobs.(对A取非，即两组修理工间有系统差别，则削弱题中所述“一修不充分，不是因为修理工缺乏能力”。因此选A)
Printwell’s Ink Jet Division manufactures ink-jet printers and the ink cartridges they use. Sales of its ink-jet printers have increased. Monthly revenues from those sales, however, have not increased, because competition has forced Printwell to cut the prices of its printers. Unfortunately, Printwell has been unable to bring down the cost of manufacturing a printer. Thus, despite the increase in printer sales, the Ink Jet Division must be providing the company with much smaller than it used to.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
A. Ink-jet printers in regular use frequently need new ink cartridges, and Printwell’s printers only accept Printwell’s ink cartridges.
B. Unlike some competing companies, Printwell sells all of its printers through retailers, and these retailers’ costs account for a sizable proportion of the printers’ ultimate retail price.
C. Some printer manufacturers have been forced to reduce the sale price of their ink-jet printers even more than Printwell has.
D. In the past year, no competing manufacturer of ink-jet printers has had as great an increase in unit sales of printers as Printwell has.
E. In the past year, sales of Printwell’s ink-jet printers have increased more than sales of any other type of printer made by Printwell.
简单！削弱“不赢利的说法”，可以说明在墨盒cartridges的销售上取得了成功，选项中应该有cartridges
结论部分说的是这个分公司对于总公司的贡献下降~
削弱就可以从这里入手了,找一个原因使得总体贡献不会下降就可以了~
Escalating worldwide demand for corn has led to a sharp increase in the market price of corn, and corn prices are likely to remain high. Corn is extensive used as feed for livestock, and because profit margins are tight in the livestock business, many farmers are expected to leave the business. With fewer suppliers, meat prices will surely rise. Nonetheless, observers expect an immediate short-term decrease in meat prices.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to justify the observers’ expectation?
A. The increase in corn prices is due more to a decline in the supply of corn than to a growth in demand for it.
B. Generally, farmers who are squeezed out of the livestock business send their livestock to market much earlier than they otherwise would.
C. Some people who ate meat regularly in the past are converting to diets that include little or no meat.
D. As meat prices rise, the number of livestock producers is likely to rise again.
E. Livestock producers who stay in the business will start using feed other than corn more extensively than they did in the past.
结论应该和肉或是牲畜有关。B对的原因：那些被挤出生意的农民，为结束生意，通常没等livestock长到一定程度就卖掉（因为他们状况一样，被挤出市场时间差不多），从而导致市场短期供应过多而价格短期下降。
D可能会导致long term的猪肉价格下跌（但不保证），但绝不会导致 "immediate short-term decrease".
再次强调审题的重要性，审题就是审结论
Journalist: Well-known businessman Arnold Bergeron has long been popular in the state, and he has often talked about running for governor, but he has never run. However, we have just learned that Bergeron has fulfilled the financial disclosure requirement for candidacy by submitting a detailed list of his current financial holdings to the election commission. So, it is very likely that Bergeron will be a candidate for governor this year.
The answer to which of the following questions would be most useful in evaluating the journalist’s argument?
A. Has anybody else who has fulfilled the financial disclosure requirement for the upcoming election reported greater financial holdings than Bergeron?
B. Is submitting a list of holdings the only way to fulfill the election commission’s financial disclosure requirements?
C. Did the information recently obtained by the journalists come directly from the election commission?
D. Have Bergeron’s financial holdings increased in value in recent years?
E. Had Bergeron also fulfilled the financial disclosure requirements for candidacy before any previous gubernatorial elections?
Answer: E
Magazine Publisher: Our magazine does not have a liberal bias. It is true that when a book review we had commissioned last year turned out to express distinctly conservative views, we did not publish it until we had also obtained a second review that took a strongly liberal position. Clearly, however, our actions demonstrate not a bias in favor of liberal views but rather a commitment to a balanced presentation of diverse opinions.
Determining which of the following would be most useful in evaluating the cogency of the magazine publisher’s response?
A. Whether any other magazines in which the book was reviewed carried more than one review of the book
B. Whether the magazine publishes unsolicited book reviews as well as those that it has commissioned
C. Whether in the event that a first review commissioned by the magazine takes a clearly liberal position the magazine would make any efforts to obtain further reviews
D. Whether the book that was the subject of the two reviews was itself written from a clearly conservative or a clearly liberal point of view
E. Whether most of the readers of the magazine regularly read the book reviews that the magazine publishes
观点：我们的杂志没有倾向自由派，是中立的。理由：去年我们委托的书评持保守派观点，我们没立即出版，而是等到持自由派观点的书评出来才一起出版。问题：评估原文ARGUMENT。原文理由中明显看出杂志倾向自由派，如果相反，持自由派观点的书评先出来，而杂志没先出版，而等持保守派观点的书评出来才一起出版，才能证明杂志没有倾向自由派。即C
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