When a new restaurant, Martin’s Cafe, opened in Riverville last year, many people predicted that business at the Wildflower Inn, Riverville’s only other restaurant, would suffer from the competition. Surprisingly, however, in the year since Martin’s Cafe opened, the average number of meals per night served at the Wildflower Inn has increased significantly.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase?
A. Unlike the Wildflower Inn, Martin’s Cafe serves considerably more meals on weekends than it does on weekdays.
B. Most of the customers of Martin’s Cafe had never dined in Riverville before this restaurant opened, and on most days Martin’s Cafe attracts more customers than it can seat.
C. The profit per meal is higher, on average, for meals served at Martin’s Cafe than for those served at the Wildflower Inn.
D. The Wildflower Inn is not open on Sundays, and therefore Riverville residents who choose to dine out on that day must either eat at Martin’s Cafe or go to neighboring towns to eat.
E. A significant proportion of the staff at Martin’s Cafe are people who formerly worked at the Wildflower Inn and were hired away by the owner of Martin’s Cafe.
B说M店就餐的人在M店开张之前大多都没在R地吃过饭（说明M的开张增加了总的吃饭人数），而且M店总是有人抢不到位置吃饭（说明增加人数有部分没吃到饭）——》只好到W店去吃了
[attach]5050[/attach]It is true of both men and women that those who marry as young adults live longer than those who never marry. This does not show that marriage causes people to live longer, since, as compared with other people of the same age, young adults who are about to get married have fewer of the unhealthy habits that can cause a person to have a shorter life, most notably smoking and immoderate drinking of alcohol.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument above?错两次
A. Marriage tends to cause people to engage less regularly in sports that involve risk of bodily harm.
B. A married person who has an unhealthy habit is more likely to give up that habit than a person with the same habit who is unmarried.
C. A person who smokes is much more likely than a nonsmoker to marry a person who smokes at the time of marriage, and the same is true for people who drink alcohol immoderately.
D. Among people who marry as young adults, most of those who give up an unhealthy habit after marriage do not resume the habit later in life.
E. Among people who as young adults neither drink alcohol immoderately nor smoke, those who never marry live as long as those who marry.
本题没看明白：原文第一句话是一个事实，第二句开始是conclusion，即：婚姻不是导致长寿的原因，strengthen的是这个conclusion，E充分地strengthen这个结论。而B/D都是削弱，证明婚姻导致长寿。
拉拉的C无关
GWD-11-Q9:错
Lightbox, Inc., owns almost all of the movie theaters in
Which of the following, if true about
A. Though little change in the size of the population is expected, a pronounced shift toward a younger, more affluent, and more entertainment-oriented population is expected to occur.
B. The sales of snacks and drinks in its movie theaters account for more of Lightbox’s profits than ticket sales do.
C. In selecting the mix of movies shown at its theaters, Lightbox’s policy is to avoid those that appeal to only a small segment of the moviegoing population.
D. Spending on video purchases, as well as spending on video rentals, is currently no longer increasing.
E. There are no population centers in the county that are not already served by at least one of the movie theaters that Lightbox owns and operates.
没看清，如果说会有赢利，他因说有其它观众群即可。A題目的焦點是: 看電影"人口"的問題!
虽然人口没有增加，但电影消费群扩大了，断桥削弱 [A]
GWD-13-Q14:
Maize contains the vitamin niacin, but not in a form the body can absorb. Pellagra is a disease that results from niacin deficiency. When maize was introduced into southern
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the contrasting incidence of pellagra described above?
A. Once introduced into southern
B. Maize grown in the
C. Traditional ways of preparing maize in the
D. In southern
E. Before the discovery of pellagra’s link with niacin, it was widely believed that the disease was an infection that could be transmitted from person to person.
[C]
没看明白，题目要解释为什么European和American都吃maize，为什么E得病，而A不得病。
前提提到得P病的原因是n的不足，而n不足是因为m里面的n不可以吸收。因此可以推出如果n可以吸收的话，那么就不会有P了。
C就解释了用传统方法做m，n就可以吸收，所以A就没有病了。同时暗含E没有用传统方法做m。
GWD-5-Q19: 错B
GWD-7-Q28:
GWD-11-Q13:
Historian: In the Drindian Empire, censuses were conducted annually to determine the population of each village. Village census records for the last half of the 1600’s are remarkably complete. This very completeness makes one point stand out; in five different years, villages overwhelmingly reported significant population declines. Tellingly, each of those five years immediately followed an increase in a certain Drindian tax. This tax, which was assessed on villages, was computed by the central government using the annual census figures. Obviously, whenever the tax went up, villages had an especially powerful economic incentive to minimize the number of people they recorded; and concealing the size of a village’s population from government census takers would have been easy. Therefore, it is reasonable to think that the reported declines did not happen.
In the historian’s argument, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A. The first supplies a context for the historian’s argument; the second acknowledges a consideration that has been used to argue against the position the historian seeks to establish.
B. The first presents evidence to support the position that the historian seeks to establish; the second acknowledges a consideration that has been used to argue against that position.
C. The first provides a context for certain evidence that supports the position that the historian seeks to establish; the second is that position.
D. The first is a position for which the historian argues; the second is an assumption that serves as the basis of that argument.
E. The first is an assumption that the historian explicitly makes in arguing for a certain position; the second acknowledges a consideration that calls that assumption into question
整段话都是historian的观点。 第二个BF是historian的中心论点。（排除A） 2，文章前半段全是中心论点的推理过程。第一个BF是推理的起点。 3，如果缺乏第一个BF，即records不完整，则推理不成立。因为如果records不完整，则可能1600s中大部分年都有population decline，而其中只有五年followed an increase in a certain Drindian tax，这样的话就不能推出人口下降是由于避税而虚报的。
这一段话整个是historian的一个argument，前后看来的对立其实是表面的。粗看题目容易理解成历史学家说人口下降而作者通过分析提出人口并未下降，导致倾向选A。事实不是如此，A说的第二部分意在推翻historian的结论并不存在，因为整个reasoning都是历史学家的，第二部分正是他的结论本身。[C]
补充一点，再次读A选项The first supplies a context for the historian’s argument;和C选项The first provides a context for certain evidence that supports the position that the historian seeks to establish;会发现其中的细微差别，是这个选项中很关键的。
其实第一个画线内容就是一个事实，并且它是第二画线句的推理过程的一个环节，期支持作用
我觉得这道题目的意义在于，对于BF题目，除了转承关系词，找到作者支持的结论，以及这个结论用的前提，作者反对的结论，以及这个反对结论用的前提外，还要注意哪一些是背景的东西，或者说是属于大家公用的前提的东西。 这道题目就是考了一个公用的前提。
这个题有个快捷方法.第二个黑体部分明显是结论.所以从选项的尾部看:
ABE都说是consideration.明显不对.排.
D:说是assumption.也不对.排.
只有C:说是position. 结论.对.Scientists typically do their most creative work before the age of forty. It is commonly thought that this happens because aging by itself brings about a loss of creative capacity. However, studies show that a disproportionately large number of the scientists who produce highly creative work beyond the age of forty entered their field at an older age than is usual. Since by the age of forty the large majority of scientists have been working in their field for at least fifteen years, the studies’ finding strongly suggests that the real reason why scientists over forty rarely produce highly creative work is not that they have simply aged but rather that they generally have spent too long in a given field.
In the argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?
A. The first is the position that the argument as a whole opposes; the second is an objection that has been raised against a position defended in the argument.
B. The first is a claim that has been advanced in support of a position that the argument opposes; the second is a finding that has been used in support of that position.
C. The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second is a finding that has been used in support of that explanation.
D. The first is an explanation that the argument challenges; the second is a finding on which that challenge is based.
E. The first is an explanation that the argument defends; the second is a finding that has been used to challenge that explanation.
[D]
这道题目就是因果结构。
第一句话就说明了结果：40岁之前做出的成就多。然后给了两个原因：一个是年龄问题（作者反对的解释），另外一个是加入这个行业时间长短问题（作者支持的解释）。
从这个结构上就很清楚地看出来应该选择D
所以我觉得在做BF题的时候也要注意一下文章的结构。
In Teruvia, the quantity of rice produced per year is currently just large enough to satisfy domestic demand. Teruvia’s total rice acreage will not be expanded in the foreseeable future, nor will rice yields per acre increase appreciably. Teruvia’s population, however, will be increasing significantly for years to come. Clearly, therefore, Teruvia will soon have to begin importing rice.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. No pronounced trend of decreasing per capita demand for rice is imminent in Teruvia.
B. Not all of the acreage in Teruvia currently planted with rice is well suited to the cultivation of rice.
C. None of the strains of rice grown in Teruvia are exceptionally high-yielding.
D. There are no populated regions in Teruvia in which the population will not increase.
E. There are no major crops other than rice for which domestic production and domestic demand are currently in balance in Teruvia.
A明显是答案，E是无关，不要说题外的作物
GWD-5-Q26:
GWD-11-Q21:
Healthy lungs produce a natural antibiotic that protects them from infection by routinely killing harmful bacteria on airway surfaces. People with cystic fibrosis, however, are unable to fight off such bacteria, even though their lungs produce normal amounts of the antibiotic. The fluid on airway surfaces in the lungs of people with cystic fibrosis has an abnormally high salt concentration; accordingly, scientists hypothesize that the high salt concentration is what makes the antibiotic ineffective.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the scientists’ hypothesis?
A. When the salt concentration of the fluid on the airway surfaces of healthy people is raised artificially, the salt concentration soon returns to normal.
B. A sample of the antibiotic was capable of killing bacteria in an environment with an unusually low concentration of salt.
C. When lung tissue from people with cystic fibrosis is maintained in a solution with a normal salt concentration, the tissue can resist bacteria.
D. Many lung infections can be treated by applying synthetic antibiotics to the airway surfaces.
E. High salt concentrations have an antibiotic effect in many circumstances.
[C]
BC易混。B中的unusually low concentration不好，不如CWind farms, which generate electricity using arrays of thousands of wind-powered turbines, require vast expanses of open land.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the planner’s argument?
A.
B. The total population of
C. Some of the electricity generated by wind farms in
D. Wind farms require more land per unit of electricity generated than does any other type of electrical-generation facility.
E. Nearly all of
[E]
x的人口（虽然多于y）都集中在很小的地方，所以空地可能很多。Over the past five years, the price gap between name-brand cereals and less expensive store-brand cereals has become so wide that consumers have been switching increasingly to store brands despite the name brands’ reputation for better quality. To attract these consumers back, several manufacturers of name-brand cereals plan to narrow the price gap between their cereals and store brands to less than what it was five years ago.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question the likelihood that the manufacturers’ plan will succeed in attracting back a large percentage of consumers who have switched to store brands?
A. There is no significant difference among manufacturers of name-brand cereals in the prices they charge for their products.
B. Consumers who have switched to store-brand cereals have generally been satisfied with the quality of those cereals.
C. Many consumers would never think of switching to store-brand cereals because they believe the name brand cereals to be of better quality.
D. Because of lower advertising costs, stores are able to offer their own brands of cereals at significantly lower prices than those charged for name-brand cereals.
E. Total annual sales of cereals—including both name-brand and store-brand cereals—have not increased significantly over the past five years.
原文的推理是：name-brand cereals 生产商计划用将差价缩小的方法将丢失的顾客吸引回来（价格仍然比STORE高，说明主要仍要靠质量吸引顾客，降价只是消除STORE的优势，消除顾客买STORE谷物的原因----理解这点很重要）（方法目的型）
D。STORE有能力提供低价对name-brand cereals 要缩小差价的方法起不了什麽作用，因为STORE价格本来就低，你说STORE有能力提供低价不等于白说吗。没有削弱作用
B。name-brand cereals 生产商想要象原来一样靠质量吸引他们，现在这个因素不存在了（顾客现在对STORE的质量满意，不考虑NAME优势）。吸引他们的因素没了。顾客有何理由回去。价格吗?(质量已经不重要)，name-brand cereals 生产商价格降价后还是比STORE高。
GWD-11-Q12: 模糊性大C E 存疑
Which of the following most logically completes the argument?
The irradiation of food kills bacteria and thus retards spoilage. However, it also lowers the nutritional value of many foods. For example, irradiation destroys a significant percentage of whatever vitamin B1 a food may contain. Proponents of irradiation point out that irradiation is no worse in this respect than cooking. However, this fact is either beside the point, since much irradiated food is eaten raw, or else misleading, since _______.
A. many of the proponents of irradiation are food distributors who gain from food’s having a longer shelf life
B. it is clear that killing bacteria that may be present on food is not the only effect that irradiation has
C. cooking is usually the final step in preparing food for consumption, whereas irradiation serves to ensure a longer shelf life for perishable foods
D. certain kinds of cooking are, in fact, even more destructive of vitamin B1 than carefully controlled irradiation is
E. for food that is both irradiated and cooked, the reduction of vitamin B1 associated with either process individually is compounded
E有道理,但不能作为MISLEADING的论据. E 倾向于表明无法分清是DAMAGE 营养更多. 如果原文改为, or else insufficient,since--------------.则E为较好的答案.
C 明显misleading. proponent之所以把cooking拉出来比,就是想找个替罪羊, C 选项明确说出,两者并不同时存在,一个是保鲜,一个是烧, 保鲜过程对营养的破坏是不能扯到后期的cook 上的.
所以我觉得C 在逻辑上完成了ARGUMENT
作者抨击现有的保存食物的方法——irradiation，并给出了理由指明其缺点，相对应的肯定存在有更好的保持食物的方法，而那些支持irradiation的人们，比如生产食物的农民觉得irradiation成本相对低，指出irradiation的缺点只是很小的缺点，即与cooking相比irradiation损失的B1一样少
这明显是那些支持irradiation的人们在误导读者，现有的保存食物的方法——irradiation只能与更好的保存方法相比，怎么能与cooking相比呢？！irradiation只损失一点点的B1，而新的保持方法可以不损失B1，那当然还是要舍弃irradiation而用新的，与cooking损失多少B1有什么关系呢？这就是文章最后讲this fact is misleading的原因。
所以只要指出irradiation与cooking根本就不是一回事不具有可比性，就可以了。
因为Irradiation 和 Cooking 的破坏VB1的作用是幂数增加的（即（1-x%)^n，类似于利息），而FACT则仅是Cooking only和Irradiation only的比较。Irradiation支持者举出FACT来支持他们的论点时，忽略选项E这个事实，所以misleading。
不同意C，因为it's off the topic of “this repect”: destroy VB1。
把proponents的意思用通俗一点的方法讲出来大家就明白了：“你们别看irradiation对营养有破坏作用，其实它对营养的破坏还没cooking大呢！——你们平时做菜不都要cook的么？所以不管你们用不用irradiation，这些营养最终都会被cooking破坏。因此irradiation并不会给你们带来额外的营养损失！”
GWD-11-Q20: 错了
Nitrogen dioxide is a pollutant emitted by automobiles. Catalytic converters, devices designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions, have been required in all new cars in Donia since 1993, and as a result, nitrogen dioxide emissions have been significantly reduced throughout most of the country. Yet although the proportion of new cars in Donia’s capital city has always been comparatively high, nitrogen dioxide emissions there have showed only an insignificant decline since 1993.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the insignificant decline in nitrogen dioxide emissions in Donia’s capital city?
A. More of the cars in Donia’s capital city were made before 1993 than after 1993.
B. The number of new cars sold per year in Donia has declined slightly since 1993.
C. Pollutants other than nitrogen dioxide that are emitted by automobiles have also been significantly reduced in Donia since 1993.
D. Many Donians who own cars made before 1993 have had catalytic converters installed in their cars.
E. Most car trips in Donia’s capital city are too short for the catalytic converter to reach its effective working temperature.
[E]
比如1993年前11万辆，1993后10万辆。那末要求1993年后的车装CONVERTER，肯定污染会明显减少。A解释不了原文的现象。E短程，达不到CC工作需要的温度，也就不能减少污染。Which of the following most logically completes the argument?
Although the pesticide TDX has been widely used by fruit growers since the early 1960’s, a regulation in force since 1960 has prohibited sale of fruit on which any TDX residue can be detected. That regulation is about to be replaced by one that allows sale of fruit on which trace amounts of TDX residue are detected. In fact, however, the change will not allow more TDX on fruit than was allowed in the 1960’s, because ______.
A. pre-1970 techniques for detecting TDX residue could detect it only when it was present on fruit in more than the trace amounts allowed by the new regulations
B. many more people today than in the 1960’s habitually purchase and eat fruit without making an effort to clean residues off the fruit
C. people today do not individually consume any more pieces of fruit, on average, than did the people in the 1960’s
D. at least a small fraction of the fruit sold each year since the early 1960’s has had on it greater levels of TDX than the regulation allows
E. the presence of TDX on fruit in greater than trace amounts has not been shown to cause any harm even to children who eat large amounts of fruit
[A]
以前，监测到有RESIDUE就不能卖，新规定允许有trace amounts 。（虽然说条件放宽了），但较松的规定却没有让更多的苹果通过监测。A说的是原来的技术其实单纯的RESIDUE是检查不出来的，只有到了TDX的量高于trace amounts ，才能检查成有RESIDUE。这样虽然条件放宽了，但技术水平使实际检查到的TDX的量是差不多的。所以说较松的规定却没有让更多的苹果通过监测。
Wolves generally avoid human settlements. For this reason, domestic sheep, though essentially easy prey for wolves, are not usually attacked by them. In Hylantia prior to 1910, farmers nevertheless lost considerable numbers of sheep to wolves each year. Attributing this to the large number for wolves, in 1910 the government began offering rewards to hunters for killing wolves. From 1910 to 1915, large numbers of wolves were killed. Yet wolf attacks on sheep increased significantly.
Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase in wolf attacks on sheep?
A. Populations of deer and other wild animals that wolves typically prey on increased significantly in numbers from 1910 to 1915.
B. Prior to 1910, there were no legal restrictions in Hylantia on the hunting of wolves.
C. After 1910 hunters shot and wounded a substantial number of wolves, thereby greatly diminishing these wolves’ ability to prey on wild animals.
D. Domestic sheep are significantly less able than most wild animals to defend themselves against wolf attacks.
E. The systematic hunting of wolves encouraged by the program drove many wolves in Hylantia to migrate to remote mountain areas uninhabited by humans.
[C]
C比D好，
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