Hunter: Hunters alone are blamed for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years. Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline. In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number of them had recently fed on deer.
In the hunter’s argument, the boldface portion plays which of the following roles?
A. It is the main conclusion of the argument.
B. It is an objection that has been raised against the main conclusion of the argument.
C. It is a judgment that the argument opposes.
D. It is a finding that the argument seeks to explain.
E. It provides evidence in support of the main conclusion of the argument.
[A]
鹿群的减少是finding. 而黑熊在其中扮演了重要角色则是hunter's conclusion.[attach]5046[/attach]Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
Garnet and RenCo each provide health care for their employees. Garnet pays for both testing of its employees’ cholesterol levels and treatment of high cholesterol. This policy saves Garnet money, since high cholesterol left untreated for many years leads to conditions that require very expensive treatment. However, RenCo dose not have the same financial incentive to adopt such a policy, because ______.
A. early treatment of high cholesterol dose not entirely eliminate the possibility of a stroke later in life
B. the mass media regularly feature stories encouraging people to maintain diets that are low in cholesterol
C. RenCo has significantly more employees than Garnet has
D. RenCo’s employees are unlikely to have higher cholesterol levels than Garnet’s employees
E. the average length of time an employee stays with RenCo is less than it is with Garnet
[E]
在单位呆的时间长短对公司是否采用该法有影响，所以E对，虽然没讲界限，但对问题没影响，因为说出原因不需要充分性。请注意DE的区别。一个胆固醇高点低点有何影响原文没信息，一个时间长点短点有影响。
题目说明两家公司的策略不同 而AB属于identical choice 没法说明两家公司的差别 排除
GWD-5-Q31:
GWD-8-Q14:
Studies in restaurants show that the tips left by customers who pay their bill in cash tend to be larger when the bill is presented on a tray that bears a credit-card logo. Consumer psychologists hypothesize that simply seeing a credit-card logo makes many credit-card holders willing to spend more because it reminds them that their spending power exceeds the cash they have immediately available.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly supports the psychologists’ interpretation of the studies?
A. The effect noted in the studies is not limited to patrons who have credit cards.
B. Patrons who are under financial pressure from their credit-card obligations tend to tip less when presented with a restaurant bill on a tray with credit-card logo than when the tray has no logo.
C. In virtually all of the cases in the studies, the patrons who paid bills in cash did not possess credit cards.
D. In general, restaurant patrons who pay their bills in cash leave larger tips than do those who pay by credit card.
E. The percentage of restaurant bills paid with given brand of credit card increases when that credit card’s logo is displayed on the tray with which the bill is prepared.
B是通过加强原文证据对结论的证明力来加强结论。即B说明看到LOGO会让人想到信用卡的状况，从而影响付TIPS行为。如果信用卡的状况是不好，则付TIPS少（B所说），如果信用卡的状况好，则付TIPS多（原文证据），是一个规律的两个方面。所以加强了结论。
几类特殊的支持题可以预测答案：
前提和结论无密切关系的：直接支持结论
因果：文章给出两件事，说一件导致另一件的，支持的答案为：无因无果或有因有果；排除它因；因果没有颠倒；因的来源没有问题
充分必要：就是结论带条件的（充分必要指示词见lawyer的文章），答案为充分条件存在，必要条件一定存在。
类比：两类事物具可比性
调查：调查数据充分，具代表性
OG的解释非常强调文章中两者的关系，relationship。本题一样，其实文章就是想建立起两者之间的relationship，LOGO会影响人们的消费行为。LOGO和消费之间有relationship。既然存在固定的ralationship，就会出现同比上升和同比下降两种情况，所以加强经常是给出同比上升或同比下降中文章所没有提到的那一种。
GWD-4-Q16:
Economist: Tropicorp, which constantly seeks profitable investment opportunities, has been buying and clearing sections of tropical forest for cattle ranching, although pastures newly created there become useless for grazing after just a few years. The company has not gone into rubber tapping, even though greater profits can be made from rubber tapping, which leaves the forest intact. Thus, some environmentalists conclude that Tropicorp has not acted wholly out of economic self-interest. However, these environmentalists are probably wrong. The initial investment required for a successful rubber-tapping operation is larger than that needed for a cattle ranch. Furthermore, there is a shortage of workers employable in rubber-tapping operations, and finally, taxes are higher on profits from rubber tapping than on profits from cattle ranching.
In the economist’s argument, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?
A. The first supports the conclusion of the economist’s argument; the second calls that conclusion into question.
B. The first states the conclusion of the economist’s argument; the second supports that conclusion.
C. The first supports the environmentalists’ conclusion; the second states that conclusion.
D. The first states the environmentalists’ conclusion; the second states the conclusion of the economist’s argument.
E. Each supports the conclusion of the economist’s argument.
Newspaper editorial:
In an attempt to reduce the crime rate, the governor is getting tough on criminals and making prison conditions harsher. Part of this effort has been to deny inmates the access they formerly had to college-level courses. However, this action is clearly counter to the governor’s ultimate goal, since after being released form prison, inmates who had taken such courses committed far fewer crimes overall than other inmates.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. Not being able to take college-level courses while in prison is unlikely to deter anyone from a crime that he or she might otherwise have committed.
B. Former inmates are no more likely to commit crimes than are members of the general population.
C. The group of inmates who chose to take college-level courses were not already less likely than other inmates to commit crimes after being released.
D. Taking high school level courses in prison has less effect on an inmate’s subsequent behavior than taking college-level courses does.
E. The governor’s ultimate goal actually is to gain popularity by convincing people that something effective is being done about crime.
C说 The group of inmates who chose to take college-level courses were not already less likely than other inmates to commit crimes after being released. 就是说这帮修大学课程的家伙进来的时候和那帮不要修大学课程的人一样危险，一样的犯罪可能性和倾向, 这样的话,原文的结论修大学课程有用就成立了,因为这帮原来都一样混的家伙修了大学课程后，斯文了很多，比没修课程的人文明了不少。
C把NOT按掉，The group of inmates who chose to take college-level courses were (not) already less likely than other inmates to commit crimes after being released.
这帮修课的人进监狱的时候就已经很斯文了，那不就是说修课没有用么，削弱了原文.
GWD-4-Q15:
Brochure: Help conserve our city’s water supply. By converting the landscaping in your yard to a water-conserving landscape, you can greatly reduce your outdoor water use. A water-conserving landscape is natural and attractive, and it also saves you money.
Criticism: For most people with yards, the savings from converting to a water-conserving landscape cannot justify the expense of new landscaping, since typically the conversion would save less than twenty dollars on a homeowner’s yearly water bills.
Which of the following, if true, provides the best basis for a rebuttal of the criticism?
A. Even homeowners whose yards do not have water-conserving landscapes can conserve water by installing water-saving devices in their homes.
B. A conventional landscape generally requires a much greater expenditure on fertilizer and herbicide than does a water-conserving landscape.
C. A significant proportion of the residents of the city live in buildings that do not have yards.
D. It costs no more to put in water-conserving landscaping than it does to put in conventional landscaping.
E. Some homeowners use more water to maintain their yards than they use for all other purposes combined.
错 关键词没看清楚
Which of following most logically completes the argument?
The last members of a now-extinct species of a European wild deer called the giant dear lived in Ireland about 16,000 years ago. Prehistoric cave paintings in France depict this animal as having a large hump on its back. Fossils of this animal, however, do not show any hump. Nevertheless, there is no reason to conclude that the cave paintings are therefore inaccurate in this regard, since ______.
A. some prehistoric cave paintings in France also depict other animals as having a hump
B. fossils of the giant deer are much more common in Ireland than in France
C. animal humps are composed of fatty tissue, which dose not fossilize
D. the cave paintings of the giant deer were painted well before 16,000 years ago
E. only one currently existing species of deer has any anatomical feature that even remotely resembles a hump
Shipping Clerk: The five specially ordered shipments sent out last week were sent out on Thursday. Last week, all of the shipments that were sent out on Friday consisted entirely of building supplies, and the shipping department then closed for the weekend. Four shipments were sent to Truax Construction last week, only three of which consisted of building supplies.
If the shipping clerk’s statements are true, which of the following must also be true?
A. At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction last week was specially ordered.
B. At least one of last week’s specially ordered shipments did not consist of building supplies.
C. At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction was not sent out on Thursday of last week.
D. At least one of the shipments that were sent out on Friday of last week was sent to Truax Construction.
E. At least one of the shipments sent to Truax Construction last week was sent out before Friday.
[E]
A不一定，因为并没有说明剩下的一个是什么
B 不知道其它时间如周一或周四等送出的有没有BS。
C 也不一定，也可能周二的货也有BS
D 不一定，也可能其它时间发的BS
E 周五送出的全都是BS，所以有一个不是BS的，肯定是周五之前发的。
因为从原文只知周五SHIPMENT的都包括building supplies，不知其他时间SHIPMENT是否包括building supplies，所以去TC的四个SHIPMENT不知何时送出（除知一个不是周五，因为没有building supplies），也有可能除周五外的其他时间，因为也可能其它时间SHIPMENT的有building supplies。因为不知何时送出，所以也不知至少有一个周四送出，何况周四送出也不一定是specially ordered（specially ordered都周四送出，不等于周四送出的都是specially ordered）。所以A和原文信息还差远，不可能是MUST BE。又因为不知其他时间的SHIPMENT是否有building supplies，所以B也错。至于A，B是否相当，我认为两者差别太大了，谈不上相当。
Although most smoking-related illnesses are caused by inhaling the tar in tobacco smoke, it is addiction to nicotine that prevents most smokers from quitting. In an effort to decrease the incidence of smoking-related illnesses, lawmakers in Sandonia plan to reduce the average quantity of nicotine per cigarette by half over the next five years. Unfortunately, smokers who are already addicted to nicotine tend to react to such reductions by smoking correspondingly more cigarettes.
The information above most strongly supports which of the following predictions about the effects of implementing the Sandonian government’s plan?
A. The average quantity of tar inhaled by Sandonian smokers who are currently addicted to nicotine will probably not decrease during the next five years.
B. Sandonian smokers who are not already addicted to nicotine will probably also begin to smoke more cigarettes during the next five years than they had previously.
C. The annual number of Sandonian smokers developing smoking-related illnesses will probably decrease during the next five years.
D. The proportion of Sandonians attempting to quit smoking who succeed in that attempt will probably decrease during the next five years.
E. The number of Sandonians who quit smoking during the next five years will probably exceed the number who quit during the last five years.
[A]
本文只提已上瘾的人，未上瘾的无关
GWD-4-Q38:
Two centuries ago, Tufe Peninsula became separated form the mainland, isolating on the newly formed Tufe Island a population of Turfil sunflowers. This population’s descendants grow to be, on average, 40 centimeters shorter than Turfil sunflowers found on the mainland. Tufe Island is significantly drier than Tufe Peninsula was. So the current average height of Tufe’s Turfil sunflowers is undoubtedly at least partially attributable to changes in Tufe’s environmental conditions.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. There are no types of vegetation on Tufe Island that are known to benefit from dry conditions.
B. There were about as many Turfil sunflowers on Tufe Peninsula two centuries ago as there are on Tufe Island today.
C. The mainland’s environment has not changed in ways that have resulted in Turfil sunflowers on the mainland growing to be 40 centimeters taller than they did two centuries ago.
D. The soil on Tufe Island, unlike that on the mainland, lacks important nutrients that help Turfil sunflowers survive and grow tall in a dry environment.
E. The 40-centimeter height difference between the Turfil sunflowers on Tufe Island and those on the mainland is the only difference between the two populations.
[C]
200年前岛屿分化分离之前，两个地方的条件是一样的，从而排除了他因导致sunflower变得更矮小，进一步说明确实是分离后岛屿的环境改变才导致这种高度不一的
即：大陆的情况没变化（高度都差不多，至少差不到40以上），是海岛的环境变了，所以才导致高度差别大了。
Kate: The recent decline in numbers of the Tennessee warbler, a North American songbird that migrates each fall to coffee plantations in South America, is due to the elimination of the dense tree cover that formerly was a feature of most South American coffee plantations.
Scott: The population of the spruce budworm, the warbler’s favorite prey in North America, has been dropping. This is a more likely explanation of the warbler’s decline.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls Scott’s hypothesis into question?
A. The numbers of the Baltimore oriole, a songbird that does not eat budworms but is as dependent on South American coffee plantations as is the Tennessee warbler, are declining.
B. The spruce-budworm population has dropped because of a disease that can infect budworms but not Tennessee warblers.
C. The drop in the population of the spruce budworm is expected to be only temporary.
D. Many Tennessee warbler have begun migrating in the fall to places other than traditional coffee plantations.
E. Although many North American songbirds have declined in numbers, no other species has experienced as great a decline as has the Tennessee warbler.
[A]异因同果
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